Triangle

b C a

 It is a 3 sided closed plane figure A B

 With ABC the triangle formed by 3 lines c
as shown below, Cosine rule:
D E
a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A
A
b2  a2  c2  2ac cos B and
P c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C
Q R C
c2  a 2  b2 if C is acute angle
F H
B c2  a 2  b2 if C is right angle
G
I c2  a 2  b2 if C is obtuse angle
1. Angles P,Q and R are the interior angles, a b c
Sine rule:  
the sum of which is always equal to 180o . sin A sin B sin C
2. Angles DAB, EAC, FBA, GBC, ICB and  Altitude: of a triangle is the
HCA are called the exterior angles. perpendicular dropped from any vertex
3. Every exterior angle is equal to the sum on to the side opposite to it. So any
of two interior opposite angles. triangle has 3 altitudes.
Ex EAC  Q  R  DAB  Orthocenter: is the point of intersection
4. Sum of three ordered exterior angles is of the altitudes of the triangle
360o  Median: is the line joining any vertex
 Acute angle triangle: Triangle with all and the midpoint of the side opposite to
acute angles it. So any triangle has 3 medians and
each median divides the area of the
 Right angled triangle: Triangle with one
triangle in to two equal halves.
right angle
 Centroid: is the point of intersection of
 Obtuse angle triangle: Triangle with one
the medians, it divides each median in
obtuse angle
the ratio of 2(from vertex to centroid) :1.
 Scalene triangle: Triangle with unequal
 Angle bisector: it is the line starting
sides
from the vertex and bisects the angle at
 Isosceles triangle: Triangle with two
that vertex
equal sides
 Incenter: is the point of intersection of
 Equilateral triangle: Triangle with all
the angle bisectors of the triangle. The
equal sides
perpendicular distance of incenter from
 In any triangle sum of any two sides is
each side is the same.
greater than the third side
 Perpendicular bisector: is the line
 In any triangle difference of any two
perpendicular to and bisecting any side
sides is less than the third side
of the triangle.
 Consider the triangle shown below
 Circumcenter: is the point of Problems:
intersection of the perpendicular
1. Given that BO and CO are the angle
bisectors of the triangle.
bisectors of the angles at the vertices B
 Basic proportionality theorem: Any
and C respectively and the angle at the
line parallel to one side of a triangle
divides the other two sides vertex A is 70o , find the value of
proportionally angle 
A
A

70o
D E O
θ
B C
B C
2. Given that BO and CO are the external
In this figure DE is parallel to BC so
angle bisectors of the angles at the
AD AE AD AE
 and  . vertices B and C respectively and the
DB EC AB AC
angle at the vertex A is 70o , find the
 BPT also says that the line joining the
value of angle 
midpoints of two sides of a triangle it is A
parallel to the other side.
70o
 Interior angle bisector theorem: The
angle bisector of an angle in a triangle B C

divides the opposite side internally in the

ratio of the remaining two sides θ
A
O

3. In the triangle shown if the angle at B is

60o and at C it is 40o , if AD  BC and
B D C AE is the bisector of the angle at A, find
BD DC the value of x in degrees.
 A
AB AC
 Exterior angle bisector theorem: The
angle bisector of an exterior angle in a x
triangle divides the opposite side B D E C
externally in the ratio of the remaining 4. In the triangle shown if the angle at A is
two sides 80o , BE bisects the internal angle at B
D
and CE bisects the external angle at C,
A
find the value of x in degrees.
E
A
x
B C

BD BC
Here 
AD AC B C
D
 Congruent triangles 2. Find the relation between p,a and b in
 Three sides of one triangle equal to the the triangle shown below
B
corresponding Three sides of another
D
triangle c
a
 Two sides and angle included between p

them of one triangle are same as the C b A

corresponding two sides and the angle
3. Find the relation between x,y and z in
included of another triangle
the following figure
 Two angles and the side included P
R
between them of one triangle are same
as the corresponding two angles and the x
Q
y
side included of another triangle z

 Two angles and the side not included A B C

between them of one triangle are same 4. In the triangle shown AB||QR, what is
as the corresponding two angles and the the value of PB if length of AB is 3cm,
side not included of another triangle QR is 9cm and that of PR is 6cm
 Hypotenuse and one side of a right P

angled triangles are same

A B
Similar triangles

 Two angles of one triangle are equal to Q R

the corresponding two angles of another DE 2

5. In the figure shown below if 
triangle BC 3
 Two sides of one triangle are and AD=10cm, find AB
A
proportional to the corresponding two
sides of another triangle and the D
E
105o
included is same
 Three sides of one triangle are B
75o 65o
C

proportional to the corresponding Three 6. In the figure shown below, AD=12cm,

sides of another triangle AB=20cm and AE=10cm find EC
Problems
1. Find the relation between a,b and c in A

the following triangles

E
D
123o

b 60o c
c
a 57o
120o B C

a b
7. In the figure shown, BC is the
hypotenuse of the triangles ABC and
 BCD, in this we can see 5 triangles,
which two triangles among them are
similar.
D
A
O

B C

8. In the figure shown if BC is parallel to

AD, find the value of x
A D
3 O x-5

x-3
3x-19

B C
9. In the figure shown below if BC||PQ,
determine the relation between different
sides of the triangles
B

P
A

Q
C

10. In an equilateral triangle ABC if the

point D trisects BC, find the relation
between AD 2 and AB 2
A

B D C