Now let's look at some basic operators. In python.

Operators basically help us do basic

arithmetic and logical operations. We look at a bunch of operators and let's say if I say two
plus three, this is called an operator, and the operator is operating on two and three, right?
So these are called operands. These are called operands, right. This is called an operator
letter, and both two and three are called operands, just to get the terminology here, right.
Okay. Having said that, let's go and look at a bunch of examples. Right? So we have all these
arithmetic operators. We'll go and see what each of them are. I would prefer to execute
some of this just to show you. This is assigning ten to X and 20 to Y. And I can just say this is
simple addition, as you would expect. I can of course do subtraction, very simple,
straightforward. Again, of course, ten -20 is minus ten. As you can see, the output here. Let
me just highlight the output for you. This is where the output is. Just FYI. Next, I can of
course do simple multiplication. Ding dong ding. Straightforward. And of course division. Of
course, ten by 20 is half. Here is an interesting operation. I'll just not use the same things
here. Suppose if I have 15 percentile two, this is your percentage symbol. So what it does is.
So for those of you who do not know what this percentage operator is, it's also called a
modulo operator. What it does is it divides 15 by two. So two sevens of 14, it gives you the
reminder that you get, which is one in this case, and that's what is the output of 15 modulo
two. It's nothing. But what is the reminder that you get when you divide 15 by two? Those
of you who have some familiar with any programming language would immediately
recognize this. Okay, the next thing is a floor operator. For example, if I just say double, if I
do double division symbol instead of using a single division symbol. Okay, let's do 15 by 215
by two is 7.5. So what is floor? Floor basically is if I have any real value. So 15 by two is 7.5,
floor of 7.5. Mathematically, it's often written as this. Floor of 7.5 is basically the integer
which is closest to 7.5 and less than 7.5. So on the number scale, if this is your 7.5 and this is
your eight and this is your seven, the closest integer to 7.5 is seven and it should be less
than 7.5. So you get seven. That's what you got here as an output. Right? This is what floor
division means. Now the next interesting question is what happens to floor division if I do -
15 floor division? Two. Right? So this is interesting, this is a fun hack, because what is -15 by
two? -15 by two is -7.5 on my number line. Here is my minus seven point minus, of course,
here is my zero. Here is my minus seven. Here is my minus eight. Right. In floor operation,
what should happen is you should find a number. An integer could be negative integer,
which is closest to my number, but still less than this. That's why you get minus eight and
not minus seven. This is important when you're doing a floor operation. So the floor of -7.5
is not minus seven, it's minus eight. Lot of people get this wrong. So the other interesting
operation is called exponent. So what is exponent? Exponent is basically x power y. So I can
represent it with the two stars. So two power four. Any guesses? 16. Right. So two power 36,
34. This will be harder, of course. I couldn't have guessed it. Okay, so what it's doing is it's
basically computing x. So if this is x and this is y, it's doing x power y. So if you have x star
star y, this is nothing but x power y. Right? So we also have the exponent function, sorry,
exponent operator in Python very nicely and useful for us again. All these mathematical
operators will come in extremely handy for us again. Then we have all these basic logical
operators and what the output is basically boolean. They give us boolean outputs. For
example, if I just run this snippet of code here, of course A is ten, b is 20, and so is print a
less than b. Of course A is less than B, so it prints true here. Right? This is your greater than
operation. This is your less than operator, this is your double equal to is a equal to B. This is
is a not equal to b greater than, equal to and less than equal to. If you have any familiarity
with basic mathematical comparison or any programming language, this is straightforward
for most of you. Having said that, let's go to logical operators, which are fun, right? So you
have your logical and. And logical, or so what is a logical and so let me just give you a quick
table here. So, true and true is true, right? True and false is false, false and false is of course
false and false and true is false. Right? Similarly, what about your r table? Your r table is,
okay, true or true is true, true or false, same, false or true, both of them are true, only false
and false is false. Okay, these are your simple logical operators that you would have learned
in basic logic in your high school. And. Exactly, that's what it does. So this logical and is
exactly like double ampersand in C. Your or is like your double line in C, not is exactly like
that. Okay, so instead of using these symbols in python, you can just explicitly call them out
with names. Next comes a very interesting topic called bitwise operators. These are a little
tricky. Only computer science folks typically understand what these bitwise operators are,
but they're very, very straightforward. Let's go and understand. So a equals to ten, b equals
to four. So how is ten represented in binary representation? So a equals to ten. So what is
1010 is, sorry, ten is basically, you can write it as two power three plus two power one.
Right. So this is eight and this is two. So that's ten. So this is two part zero, two power one,
two part two, and two power three. Right. So zero here because there is no value here, one
here, zero here, and one here. This is the boolean representation or the binary
representation of ten. Right. Similarly, so this is what your ten is represented in binary.
What about four? Four can be represented as 0100 because two part two is four. Right. So
this is how you represent it. Now, when you say, and this symbol is a single ampersand,
when you do it, it does a bitwise. And so ten and four is, now you do, okay, zero and zero is
zero, one and zero is of course, zero, zero and one is zero. One and zero is zero. So what you
should get here as output, you should get zero as output. And that's what you get. Sorry,
that's what you get here. Right. Similarly, what about R? Let's just quickly see that. Okay,
let's just quickly see R here. When you do r, you get 14. Why? Because again, simply ten or
40, or zero is zero, one or zero is 10, or one is one. One and zero is one. And this is 14
because two part zero, two power one, two part two, two part three. Eight plus four plus
two, that's 14, right. Works out similarly. You can do all these operations like or not, not
basically does the exact. So basically not of ten, not of ten would basically not of ten would
just say, would just flip these into 0101, right? So these are very simple bitwise operators.
Those of you who have studied computer science or have any familiarity with programming
languages will quickly understand this. Next comes the interesting assignment. Operators,
of course, we have seen equal to. So what does this do? It assigns the value of ten to a right.
Now comes the other interesting operations like plus equals to ten. So those of you who
have seen C would easily understand this. Okay, let me scroll up a little. Okay, so a plus or
equals to is nothing but. So this is nothing but a equals to a plus ten. So minus equal to is
nothing but a equals to a minus ten star. Equal to is nothing but a equals to a multiplied by
ten, and so on and so forth. We have seen the floor division, the modulo operator, exponent
operator, et cetera. It's just exactly the same thing. So whenever you have plus and equal to,
basically a basic operator, and an equal to this will just unroll it into this format. This is a
more concise representation of this statement, except that there is not much difference
here. Okay? So those of you who have some familiarity with c would recognize this
immediately. So a plus or equal to ten should be equal to 20, because a already has a value
of ten here, ten plus ten plus ten will be 20, right. So again, very basic stuff here. Now here
comes an interesting thing called identity operators in Python. So there are two such
operators. One of them is called ease, and other is called ease, not right. So let's say I assign
a value of five to a. Similarly, I assign a value of five to B. Now, if I say print a is B,
surprisingly, you'll get it true, because what's happening internally is. I think we discussed
this in one of our previous videos. There is a memory location where five is stored and a
points to it, and B also points to the same object. Right? So when you say, is it true that a is
b? Yes, of course it's true, and hence it prints it, right? Now, the same thing is not true for
lists. So here, if you look at it, I have a list, l one, which is one two, three. I also have a list,
one two three, you might say. Okay, probably this list, one two three is being created in a
memory location, and both l one and l two are pointing to it. No, this is not true. It's only
true for variables like this, for numbers, for simple variables, not for complex variables like
your lists and dictionaries and tuples, more complex data structures. It's not true. Okay, so
this returns false for you. What about strings? Even for strings, this is not the same. Even
though, even though it's the same string, I have s one and s two, you might assume that AAIC
is a string being created in memory and s one is pointing to it and s two is pointing to it. And
that's true. That's exactly how strings work, right? Because here, let's just go here. So I told
you, right? Only for complex data types. So if I say, if I run this, I get true. I could say ease
not, then you get false, right? So even for strings, everything works just like your numbers
there, your numbers up here, okay, only for slightly more complex data types like list,
tuples, et cetera, it doesn't work. There is another very interesting operators in python,
called in and not in, which are called membership operators. Let's look at it. Suppose if I
have a list LST with four numbers, 1234, I could say one in list. If one is there in this list, it
would return me. True, that's what it does. Very, very useful, right? Because now you can
say whether an element is there in a list or not. You can do this for strings, for lists, for
tuples, dictionaries, sets, et cetera. So let's do another example, right? Let's say I have a
dictionary here. This is a dictionary. This is my key one, this is my value one. This is my key
two. This is my value two. So I can search in the keys very easily. If I say is print one and d,
since one is present in the keys, it would print true. Let's go to this code snippet and see
what happens. If I say is a and d, right, it says false. I can only check in the keys, not in the
values, right? Can I say two indie? Of course it's there. What about three? Indeed, of course
three is not there should be written as false. So in dictionaries, the in operator is only used
to check if a given value is in the keys. In the set of keys here, this is k one value one, k two
value two. It only works in the keys and not in values, right? That's a membership operator.