QUARTER 3 WEEK 2

LO 2: TERMINATE/CONNECT ELECTRICAL
WIRING/ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.
LO 3: TEST TERMINATION/CONNECTIONS OF
ELECTRICAL WIRING/ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS
 Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
Occupational safety and health (OSH)
is a planned system of working to prevent illness and injury where you work by recognizing and identifying
hazards and risks.
Health and safety procedure is the responsibility of all persons in the computer and technology
industries.
It is a must to identify the hazards where you are working and decide how dangerous they are.
 Five basic workplace hazards:
1. Chemical hazards, 2. Biological hazards, 3. Physical hazards,

4. Psychological hazards or stress. 5. Ergonomic hazards or job-related hazards

Fire Safety Guidelines
1. Know the location of fire extinguishers, how to
use them and which to use for electrical fires and
for combustible fires.
2. Find an escape route in case a fire gets out of
control.
3. Know how to contact emergency services quickly.
4. Keep the workspace clean.
5. Keep most solvents in a separate area.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are protective clothing or gear used to protect workers from
injury or illness caused by having contact with the dangers/hazards in the workplace, whether they are
chemical, biological, radiation, physical, electrical, or mechanical.
Goggles - should be worn when working with hazardous fluids, particularly mineral oil, to
prevent splashes into the eye. They should always be worn when washing down the internal
parts of oil circuit breakers.
Safety shoes/footwear should be routinely worn in all working areas and the shoes or
boots should incorporate steel toe cap and non-slip soles.
Protective hearing device - are only required when in a noisy situation, that can occur during
construction works.

Apron A garment worn over the front of the body as a protection for one’s cloth

Face Mask A covering for the face to prevent the inhaling or absorbing dust and other chemicals

Gloves The covering material with a separate sheath for each finger used for hand protection.

Helmet/hard hat -worn only when working on outdoor switchgear, where they serve
to protect against falling objects and collisions with solid objects at head height.
 Joints and Terminations
Joint
The connection of two lengths of conductors
by a method which ensures a continuous path for
the unobstructed flow of an electrical current.

Termination
Electrical termination is an electrical industry
term used to describe the specific point at which a
conductive device, such as wire or cable, ends or
starts. A wire typically ends, or terminates, at the
terminal block; but the electricity or signal may be
passed onto the terminal connectors. It is applied
to the end of a conductor prepared in such a way
that it is suitable for connection to the terminal to
which it is to be connected by mechanical means.
 Joint Making Methods.
Soldering - It is defined as "the joining of metals by a fusion of alloys which have relatively low melting points. Consider
that soldering is more like gluing with molten metal. The metal used for joining copper surfaces is solder, which is an
alloy of tin and lead. It melts at comparatively low temperatures.
Welding - Welding is the joining of two metal surfaces by melting adjacent portions so that there is definite fusion
between them to an appropriate depth. The heat supplied is from an electric arc or a gas torch. The welded joint is a
non-separable contact. This process is sometimes used for large sections conductors such as busbars.
Clamping - A clamped joint is easy to make no preparation being required. The effective cross sectional area of the
conductor is not affected though the extra mass of metal round the joint of termination makes a larger bulk. However, the
joint or termination is cooler in operation. This method provides a separable contact. Surfaces must be clean and in
definite mechanical contact. Precautions must be taken to make sure that the bolts and nuts are locked tight.
Bolting - This method involves drilling or punching holes in materials and more suitable for busbars. The holes tend to
reduce the effective area of the material. Contact pressure also tends be less uniformly distributed in a bolted joint
than in one held together by clamps.
Riveting - If well-made riveted joints make good connection. There is the disadvantage that they cannot be easily be
undone or tightened in service
Crimping - This is a mechanical method for conductor joints, a closely fitting sleeve is placed over the conductors to be
joined together and crimped together or squeezed together by a hydraulic or pneumatically – operated crimping tool.
Crimped lugs are also available for conductor terminations
 Wire Termination
Wire termination or cable termination means properly connecting the ends of the wire by making neat,
secure, low resistance, and trouble-free connections that allows it to connect to a device such as switch or terminal.
A properly terminated wire or cable uses connectors or terminals designed for application.

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are

joined by melting and then flowing a filler metal into the joint—
the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. Soldering
iron is a tool used for melting solder and applying it to metals
that are to be joined.

Crimping is a type of solderless electrical connection. Crimp

connectors are typically used to terminate stranded wire. Crimping
is normally performed by first inserting the terminal into the crimp
tool. The terminal must be placed into the appropriately sized crimp
barrel. The wire is then inserted into the terminal with the end of the
wire flush with the exit of the terminal to maximize cross-sectional
contact.
 Ethernet vs Internet Comparison Table
ETHERNET INTERNET

Internet is a system of interconnected computer

Ethernet is a system where the computers are
networks which use the TCP/IP protocol to link
connected within a primary physical space.
devices worldwide.

An example of Ethernet is LAN (Local Area An example of the Internet is WAN (Wide Area
Network). Network).

Ethernet is more secure because outside devices Internet is less secure as anyone can access the
have no access to the network. network and gain information.

Uses broadcast network to implement Internet uses point to point network to

communications. implement communications.

It allows multiple communications taking place

It allows only one communication at a time.
concurrently along its different paths.
 How to Create Ethernet Cable
ETHERNET CABLE
❑ is a common type of network cable used with wired networks.
❑ connect devices such as PCs, routers, and switches within a local area network.
❑ Modern Ethernet cables feature a small plastic plug on each end of the cable. That plug is inserted into RJ45 jacks
of Ethernet devices.
❑ Registered Jack 45 (RJ45) is a standard type of physical connector for network cables. RJ45 connectors are to
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable. UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables.

Tools and materials in creating ethernet cable:

UTP Cable (Cat5e), Lan Tester RJ45 Wire Stripper Crimping Tool.
T568A and T568B Wiring Standard
refer to the two major standards used in the networking and telecommunications
industries. These standards determine the order of the wires placed in a RJ45
connector. The only difference between the two-color codes is that the orange
and green pairs are interchanged.
Steps of Crimping Ethernet Cable
1. Cut into the plastic sheath 1 2. Unwind and pair the 3. Follow wiring 4. Make a straight cut
inch from the end of the cut similar colors and pinch standards for straight- across the wires 1/2 inch
cable. the wires between your through and cross-over from the cut sleeve to the
fingers and straighten. LAN cable carefully. end of the wires.

5.Take view from the top. Push 6. Make sure the wires are all
7. Push the connector inside the
the wires into the connector. Wire the way in and no short and
crimping tool and crimp.
fits into a slot in the RJ45 cut wires.
connector. Note the position of
the blue plastic shielding. Also
note how the wires go all the way
to the end.
Steps of Crimping Ethernet Cable
8. For a standard "Straight-Through" cable, repeat all steps and
wire color order on the other end of cable. For a cross-over
cable - the other end will have a different color.

9. To make sure that each end of cable is successfully

terminated, test the Ethernet cable
LO3: Test termination/connections of electrical wiring/electronics circuits
✓ Whenever testing any terminated/connected electrical wiring
and electronic circuit, safety is a must.
✓ Every technician must always take safety precautions before
starting any test.
✓ Electricity must be handled properly to avoid injury or any
accident.
✓ Electrical shock may happen.
✓ A serious shock may stop your heart and if large electric current
flows through your body, you will receive serious burns.
✓ Always unplug or turn off the power before you begin to work.
 Analyzing Multimeter Parts of Multimeter

A multimeter (circuit analyzer, multitester, or

Meter Cover
VOM (Volt-Ohmmeter) Volt Ohm Milliammeter
Scale
(VOM). An instrument used to measure AC/DC
Pointer
voltage, resistance and small amount of DC
Test Pin
current (milliampere). Most multimeters have Zero Position
a knob on the front that lets you select what
Adjuster Knob
Ω
you want to measure.
Range Selector Knob
What each symbol on multimeter means?
Setting/Symbol Function
Direct Current Voltage measures direct current (DC) voltage in things like batteries
(DCV)
measures the voltage from alternating current sources, which is pretty much anything
Alternating Current that plugs into an outlet, as well as the power coming from the outlet itself
Voltage (ACV)

measures how much resistance there is in the circuit. The lower the number, the easier it
Resistance (Ω) is for the current to flow through, and vice versa.
Continuity Usually denoted by a wave or diode symbol. This simply tests whether a circuit is
complete by sending a very small amount of current through the circuit and seeing if it
makes it out the other end.

Direct Current Like DCV, but instead of giving you a voltage reading, it will tell you the amperage.
Amperage (DCA):
Direct Current Gain (hFE): test transistors and their DC gain, but it’s mostly useless, since most electricians and
hobbyists will use the continuity check instead
Reading Voltages from the Meter Scale
Voltmeter is used to measure the amount of voltage present in the circuit or stage under test.
There are two voltmeter functions,
One is DC used for measuring voltage from a battery, or output of the rectifier circuit or power supply.
The other is AC which is used for measuring AC voltages from the 220V power line, AC generator, and the
output of a transformer
AC and DC Voltage Reading
Voltage Selector Range Scale Reference Value Per Division Maximum Reading

1000 0-10V (X100) 20V (0.2 X 100) 1000

250 0-250 5 250

50 0-50 1 50

10 0-10 0.2 10
2.5 0-250 0.05 2.5

0.5 0-50 0.01 0.5

0.1 0-0.1 0.002 0.1

Note:
When measuring voltage, confirm the range to use before measurement. Measuring range, should be higher voltage
than the value to be measured as well as where the pointer of a meter moves to a considerable extent. However,
select the maximum range and measure in case the extent of value to be measured cannot be predicted
For example, assume the meter pointer rest on the scale as shown
by the number in the scale below. The process of calculating the
measured voltage applies to both AC and DC measurements.
Meter Voltag Reading Remark
Pointer e Range

1 10 1.8 At 10V scale; 9x0.2,

(0.2V/division)

2 50 27 At 50v scale; 20+

(7x1), (1V/division)

3 250 220 At 250V scale; 200

+(2x10),
(10V/division)
Measuring DC Voltages
1. Adjustment of meter zero position so that the pointer may align to the zero position.
2. Set the range selector knob to an appropriate DCV range. For unknown DC voltage, set the range switch
to the highest DCV range.
3. Connect the black test pin to the minus potential of the DC measured circuit and the red test pin to the
plus potential.
4. Read the V and A scale where the pointer rest

Measuring AC Voltages
1. Turn the range selector knob to an appropriate AC Voltage range. For unknown AC voltage, set the range
switch to the highest ACV range.
2. Connect the test leads of the VOM to the terminals of the AC circuit under test.
3. Read the V and A scale where the pointer rest. (For 10VAC read the lower scale)

Ohmmeter
The ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. The
topmost scale of the VOM is used for resistance
measurements. Zero is located at the right most side of
the meter, and infinity is at the left side. The ohmmeter
scale is not equally divided unlike with the voltage
scale.
List of all value per division in the ohmmeter scale.
Scale Value / Scale Value / Division Scale Value /
Division Division
0-1 0.2 20-30 2 300-500 100

1-2 0.2 30-50 2 500- 1K 500

2-5 0.5 50-100 5 1K-2K 1K

5-10 0.5 100-200 20

10-20 1 200-300 50
Function of Different Ohmmeter Ranges:

1. RX1- used for measuring low resistance

not exceeding 500 ohms.
2. RX10- more accurate for measuring
resistance higher than 100 ohms but less than
1000.
3. RX1K- from values 1K but not more than
200K. 4. RX10K- from values 10K up to
10M.
Reading Measured Resistance
To read the measured resistance,
You simple multiply the number where the pointer of the meter rest from the scale and resistance range
where it is set.
Example: Suppose we want to check the resistance of a 100Ω resistor.
The resistance range X1 or X10 can be used.
At RX1 the meter indication is a direct reading because 100 multiplied by 1 equals 100.
At RX10, the meter reading is `10, which is multiplied by 10 also equal to 100.

WARNING! Do not measure a resistance in a circuit where a voltage is present.

 Procedures in Measuring Resistances:
1. Set the pointer of the meter to zero (0) Ω. Short the red and black
test pins and turn the 0 Ω adjuster so that the pointer may align
exactly to 0Ω (If the pointer fails to swing up to 0Ω even when the
0Ω adjuster is turned clockwise full, the internal battery is weak, and
you need to replace it with a fresh one).
2. Turn the range selector knob to an appropriate Ω range.
3. Connect the test pins to measured resistance under test.
4. Read the Ω scale where the meter pointer rest.
Measuring DC Current (DCmA)
The scale used in reading the measured DC current is the one being used in the DC and
AC voltage measurement. The Current ranges is located in the bottom left portion of the range selector switch.
Below are the current ranges and their corresponding current per division. For current ranges other than listed
below, you can refer to the instrument’s manual.
Voltage Selector Scale to Use Value per Division
Range
0.25A 250V (reading /1000) (5/1000) = 0.005

25m 250V (reading / 10) (5/10) = 0.5

2.5m 250V (reading / 100) (5/100) = 0.05

WARNING! Connect the meter in series with the load.

Procedures:
1. Turn the range selector knob to an appropriate DCA range.
2. Take out measured circuit and apply the black test pin to the minus potential of
measured circuit and the red test pin to the plus potential.
3. Read the move of the pointer by V and A scale.
 Storage and Other Precautions
1. Avoid giving the tester any excessive shock or vibration by loading it on the motorbike and the like.
2. Keep off dust and moisture from the tester.
3. Do not leave the tester for a long time in places of a high temperature (higher than 55OC), a high
humidity (higher than 80%), and dew condensation.
4. The meter cover is treated with antistatic coating. Do not wipe it hard or clean it with volatile solvent.
Use a soft brush to remove dusty.

Replacing The Fuse

If an overload voltage (about 100V) is applied to DCA and Ω ranges, the fuse is blown to
protect the circuit and the meter pointer may not move. To replace the fuse;
1. Loosen the screws fixing the rear case and remove it.
2. Pull out the fuse from the holder on the circuit board and replace it.
3. Put back the rear case where it was and tighten the screws.
Check and see whether indications of respective ranges are normal (check other parts for any
failure).
THANK YOU…