2iR 3/2(Tr

—T1/2)
2.252. q — o ,„_ =40 W/m2, where i = 3, d is the
9n"'"lclaNA JI M
effective diameter of helium atom.
2.253. X = 23 mm > 1, consequently, the gas is ultra-thin;
q = p (v) (t 2— t1)I6T (7 —1) = 22 W/m2, where (v)
= 118RTInM, T = 1/2 (T1± T2).
2.254. T = 7' 1 +1nT(2.11-
2/TR10 In Rri
2.255. T =T1+
T21—T111R2 ( R1 r)
1IR
2.256. T = T o (R2— r2) iv/4x.
2.257. T = T o + (R2 — r2) w/6x.
3.1. The ratio Fei/Fgr is equal to 4.1042 and 1.1036respectively;
q/m = 0.86.10-10 C/kg.
3.2. About 2.1016 N.
3.3. dq/dt = 3/2a 2neomg//.
qlq2
3.4. T V
-1/ (1TH-12)2(F ' r3— /714F2
17 •

3.5. AT— 8naeor2

lq° •
3.6. E = 2.7i — 3.6j, E = 4.5 kV/m.
ql
3.7. E-
'1(Izeo (12±,2)3/2

q R2 — 0.10 kV/m.
3.8. E= 2312 60
ql q
3.9. E— For r the strength E 4neos as
43180 (0+12 )3/2
in the case of a point charge. Eniax = q for 1=r1-11I.
6 j/ 180r2
3q R2
3.10. E- 47Esox4 •

3.11. F — 43-EsoR •
48X ; (b) E— X0 R2 xR the
3.12. (a) :R For
460 (x2 + R93/2 •
strength E— P
4n eox3'
where p= nR2X0.
3.13. (a) E= ; (b) E= In both cases
4Eor
n V a2 d-r2 go (r2 — a2) •
E— 4 neqor2 for r >> a.
3.14. E= X 1r5 The vector E is directed at the angle 45° to
4nsoy •
the thread.
3.15. (a) n17 72- • (b) E O.
4 eoR
 3.16. E = — 1/3ar/e0.
3.17. E = —1/3ka0/80, where k is the unit vector of the z axis
with respect to which the angle 0 is read off. Clearly, the field inside
the given sphere is uniform.
3.18. E = —1/6aR2/e0.
3.19. I (1) I = 1/2kR/e0 . The sign of (I) depends on how the direc-
tion of the normal to the circle is chosen.
3.20. I (D I 1
eo 171+ (R//)2 /• The sign of 413 depends on
how the direction of the normal to the circle is chosen.
3.21. I (I)I = 1/33tpro (R2 — 4)/80.
3.22. Emax =Xhted.
3.23. E = 1/2 a0/80, with the direction of the vector E corres-
ponding to the angle cp =
3.24. (1) = 421.//a.
3.25. (a) E-----12-
338:(1-1T-3r1 for r<R, E-- 12 P°R3 for r>.- R;
8, 71
(b) Emax 1/9 poR/e0 for r,„= 213 R.
3.26. q= 22tR2a, E = 1/2a/80.
3.27. E=--132
--1°r2 pot and
r2 (1—e-ar3). Accordingly, E 38o
E
Po
Uoar2 •
3.28. E = 1/3ap/so-
3.29. E = 1/2ap/g 0 , where the vector a is directed toward the
axis of the cavity.
1
3.30. Acp r, 1 , )
ateon 1+ (a/R)2
3.31. cp l cp2 = —
— 288o In = 5 kV.
3.32. (p. = 1/2 aR/ec,, E= 114c1/Eo.
3.33. co al Cjil + (R/02-1),a /,,
e° ± R. When
l—,- 0, then (p= , E= 2a80 ; when / ), R, then cp q
43180/
E z 4aq8012 ' where q=-- aaR2.
3.34. IT = GR/neo.
3.35. E = —a, i.e. the field is uniform.
3.36. (a) E —2a (xi — yj); (b) E = —a (yi — xj). Here i, j
are the unit vectors of the x and y axes. See Fig. 16 illustrating the
case a >0.
3.37. E = —2 (axi ayj bzk), E = 217a2 (x2 + y2) + b2z2.
(a) An ellipsoid of revolution with semiaxes licp/a and 1/4/b. (b)
In the case of (ID >0, a single-cavity hyperboloid of revolution;
when = 0, a right round cone; when cp < 0, a two-cavity hyper-
boloid of revolution.
3q
3.38. (a) (po meoR ;(b) cpc, — 312 ) , r<R.

20*
 3.39. E -----17E;. + E,23 — 43,8Pors yi+3 cost 0 , where E,. is the
radial component of the vector E, and Ee is its component per-
pendicular to Er.
3.40. E z — 43p 3 cos2 0-1 ,
so 7.3 1 - 4neo'
p 3 sin 60cos
.1-'
g
cos 0

±p at the points located on the lateral surface of a cone whose axis

is directed along the z axis and whose semi-vertex angle 0 is found

(a) (b)
Fig. 16.
from the relation cos 0 = 111/ 3 (01= 54.7°, 02 = 123.5°). At these
PV T .
points E = E1— 4ngor3
v-
3.41. R =
4neoEo.
kl ;a
3.42. cp c.--.', 2nsor cos 0 E ;---..,-• nL leor_
2'
4nqleo R2 —2x2
'

qt x
3.43. cp ,--- 4nso (R2+,2)3/2 ' x — Where
(R24-x2)5 /2 '

Fig. 17. Fig. 18.

Ex is the projection of the vector E on the x axis. The func-

q
tions are plotted in Fig. 17. If I x I
tions R, then • — 4n80 and
Ex;z--: 2n80x3 .
3.44. cp = ai 01R2
Ex= See Fig. 18.
ao X2+ R2 ao (x2H-R2)3/2
 x aiR2
3.45. cp ;--.:.: -I- --:r/.--- (1 ) , E,•,=:-.1 ,, If xR,
2e0 1 1 s 2 1 112
-- 2e0(x2 + R2)3," '
then cp ,-...z.-, ± 40: x2 and E ,--:-.', 2318Poxs , where p= nR2al. In the
formulas for the potential cp the plus sign corresponds to the
space adjoining the positively charged plate and the minus sign
to the space adjoining the negatively charged plate.
3.46. (a) F = 0; (b) F = n _XP 2 ; (c) F -= .., 4
4 ngor Itsr2
3p2
3.47. F = 2neot 4 = 2.1.10-16 N.
3.48. cp = —axy const.
3.49. cp = ay (3 — x2 ) + const.
3.50. cp = —y (ax bz) const.
3.51. p = 6e0ax.
3.52. p = 2e0AT/c/2; E = pdieo.
3.53. p = —6e0a.
3.54. q= 41 17 neokx.
2
3.55. A= 16aso/
q
q
3.56. (a) F = (2 8
i! :311
2 ) q2 ; (b) E= 2 (1
5 lig 1 neo12
3.57. F = (2 323t8012 q2
3.58. F = 3132
327[8,0 '
ql
3.59. a -= 3/2 t qind = q•
2 7t (12 + r2)-
3.60. (a) F1= 47t)'820/ ; (b) a = (4x2) .
3.61. (a) a = (b)a (r) 2n 1712+r2
lq
3.62. (a) — (b) E= , 0
(/2 + R2)3/2 42L8 41
2 +1/4 (R/1)93/2
1
`= 471E0 R\ 1 1/1+4 (i/R)2
3.63. (p =
4neol •
1 1 _L 1
3.64. cp= 4aeo 1- Rg
Ri -
11r-114 if a < r < b,
3'65' q2 a q1; (1—bla) r if r > b.
3.66. (a) E 23 = Acp/d, E12 = E34 = 112 E23; (b) al =
= 1/2804M, az = I as I = 3/2804/d.
3.67. q1 = —q (1 — x)I1, q2= —qx/l. Instruction. If the charge
q is imagined to be uniformly spread over the plane passing through
that charge and parallel to the plates, the charges ql and q 2remain,
obviously, unchanged. What changes is only their distribution, and
the electric field becomes easy to
calculate. fx
3.68. dFldS = 1/262/80.
2
qoR2 0.5 kN.
3.69. F = 32xce —
0
3.70. F = 1/4nR2aV80.
3.71. N — (e nel) 1) 4E
3.103,— Fig. 19.
-

where no is the concentration of molecules.

3.72. F= 3131)2
4:1260/7
1.1R (attraction)
3.73. (a) x = R/17- ; (b) x =
{ 0.29R (repulsion). See Fig. 19.
,

3.74. P — ee
i
1
l r, q = e e l q.

3.76. qinn = — q (8-1)1e, q;,,,t =q (e —1)/8.

r
(a)

Fig. 20.

3.77. See Fig. 20.

3.78. E cos2 ao + 82 sin2 ao = 5.2 V/m;
al = go (8_1)
tan a = 8 tan ao , hence, a = 740; e E0cos ao =64 pC/m2.
3.79. (a) () E dS =-- 8—e 1nR2E0 cos 0; (b) § D dr=--so (6-1) X
X 1E0 sin 0.
1 p/1
pdlc
ee00 for 1<d, f — p/2/2880 for 1<d,
3.80. (a) E=
for / > d, (1)=-1 — (d/2e + 1— d) pd/e0
for 1_>-d.
The plots Ex (x) and p (x) are shown in Fig. 21. (b) a' = pd (e — 1)/8,
p' = —p (a — 1)/8.
1 pr/3808 for r < R,
3.81. (a) E =
pR3/380r2 for r > R;
(b) p' = —p (8 — 1)/8, a' = pR (8 — 1)/3e. See Fig. 22.
3.82. E = —dP/480R.
3.83. E = —Po (1 — x21d2)18 0, U = 4dP0/3co.
 3.84. (a) E1 =2sE0/(e + 1), E 2 =2E0/(e + 1), D1 = D2 =
2860E0/(e + 1); (b) E1= Eo, E2 = EVE, D1 =D2 = a0E0.
3.85. (a) = E2 = Eo, D1= 8 0E0, D2 = 8D1; (b) E2
= 2E0/(e + 1), D1 = 2e0E0/(e + 1), D2 = 8131.
3.86. E = q/2ne, (e + 1) r2.
3.87. p = po e/(e — 1) = 1.6 g/cm3, where a and po are the per-
mittivity and density of kerosene.

Fig. 21. Fig. 22.

3.88. cr;flax = (e — 1) NE = 3.5 nC/m2, nR2(e — 1) 80E=

= 10 pC.
3.89. (a) Since the normal component of the vector D is contin-
uous at the dielectric interface, we obtain
= —ql (e — 1)/2nr3 (e + 1), for 1 0 and a' -4- 0;
(b) q' = —q (8 — 1)/(e + 1).
3.90. F = q2(a — 1)/161te012 (e + 1).
q/2n (1 + e) r2 in vacuum,
3.91. D =
eq/2n (1 + e) r2 in dielectric;
E = q/2neo (1 + e) r2
both in vacuum and in dielectric.
cp = q/2neo (1 + e) r
3.92. a' = ql (8 — 1)/2nr3e (e -I- 1); for 1 0 and a' 0.
3.93. a' = ql (a — 1)/2nr3e.
3.94. E1= Ph/eod (between the plates), E2. = —(1 — h/d)P/c o,
= D2 = Phld.
3.95. p' = —2a, i.e. is independent of r.
3.96. (a) E =
3.97. E0 = E — P/360.
3.98. E = 3E0/(e + 2), P = 3e0E0 (e — 1)/(a + 2).
3.99. E —P/280.
3.100. E = 2E0/(e + 1); P = 280E0 (e 1)/(e + 1).
4neoaR1
3.101. C —
1-1-(8-1) R1/R2 '
3.102. The strength decreased 1/2 (e + 1) times; q=
=112C6 (8 — 1)/(e 1).
80S 81- 82
3.103. (a) C = d1/e1 ±d2/e2 (b) a' = eoT78,42+
; 82di .
3.104. (a) C= co (e2 — el) Sid In (e2/e1); (b) p' = — q(e2 — ei)/dSe2.
 3.105. C = 4asoa/In (R2/R1).
3.106. When s iRi El m = 82R2E2m.•
3.107. V = [ln (R2/R1) (81/ 82) In (R3/R2)1
3.108. C 2T80 In (b/ a).
3.109. C 2Itso/ln (2b1a).
3.110. C z 2neosa. Instruction. When b >> a, the charges can
be assumed to be distributed practically uniformly over the sur-
faces of the balls.
3.111. C 4asoa.
3.112. (a) Ctotal Cl C2 + C3; (b) Ctotai = C.
3.113. (a) C = 2s0S/3d; (b) C = 380S/2d.
3.114. V V1 (1 Ci/C 2) = 9 kV.
3.115. U = 61(1 + 3rd + 12) = 10 V.
3.116. C x = C (11/5 — 1)/2 = 0.62C. Since the chain is infinite,
all the links beginning with the second can be replaced by the ca-
pacitance Cx equal to the sought one.
3.117. V1 = q/C1 =10 V, V2 = q/C2 = 5 V, where q =
= (WA — cpB + 6) C1C2I(C1 + C2).
3.118. V 1= (62— 60/(1 + C11C2), V2 =(6., — 62)41 + c2/c1).
3.119. q = 61 — 621 c1c2/(c1 + C2).
3.120. TA — TB= (C c2cs—cic4 In the ease when C1 /C2=
1 C2) (C3+c4)
C3/C4.
V
3.121. q-— 1/C1
1/C2 1/C3_
0.06 mC.
3.122. q1 = gC2, q2= — gUtC2/(Ci -FC2)•
3.123. q1 = 6C1(C1 C2)/(C1
- — = 24 .tC,
—

42= gC2 (C1 — C2)/(C1 + C2) — 36 I.LC, q3 = 6 (C2— C1) = + 6011C.

3.124. WA— TB (C2g2—Cigi)/(C1 1- C2+ CO-
W1 (C2+ CS)
3.125. (pi =W2C2 + W1C3+
ci d-c,-Fc3
W3c3— W2 (C1+ C3) W1 C1W2C2 -43 (C1+ C2)
4)2 =
(
C1+C2±C3 W3 Ci+C2±C3
,
2C1C2 +C3 (C1 +C2)
3.126. Ct otal =
ci+C2+2c3
3.127. (a) W = (4/- -P 4) q2/4neoa; (b) W=(1/2-4)
= 2 q2/43teoa;
(c) W= — 172q2143180a.
21n 2 q2
3.128. W — 4:180 a •
3.129. W = —q2/85t80 /.
3.130. W = 41q 2/4aso /.
3.131. AW = — 1/2172C1C2/(C1 + C2) = —0.03 mJ.
3.132. Q = e2cco/(2c +
3.133. Q = 1/2ce22. It is remarkable that the result obtained is
independent of 61.
1 q? 4_ q2 q1q2
3.134. W = W2 +
4n60 \ 2R1 2R2 R2 •
312
 3.135. (a) W = 3q2/20ne 0R; (b) W1/W2 = 1/5,
3.136. W = (q2/8ne0 e) (1/a — 1/b) = 27 mJ.
3.137. A = (0182180) (11R1— 11R2).
1 1
3.138. A—q(4o+q12)
47E80 \ R1 R2 )
3.139. F1 = a2/2e0.
3.140. A = (q2/8ne0) (1/a — 1/b).
3.141. (a) A = q2 (x2— x1)/2e0S;
(b) A -----80SV 2 (x2— xl)/2x1x2.
3.142. (a) A = '12CV211(1 — 1)2 = 1.5 mJ;
(b) A = 112CV 2ria (a — WEE — 1 (a — 1)12 =0.8 mJ.
3.143. Ap = 808 (a — 1) V2/2d2 = 7 kPa = 0.07 atm.
3.144. h = (a — 1)62/2a0epg
3.145. F = nRe0 (a — 1) V2/d.
3.146. N = (8 — 1) e0R2V 2/4d.
3.147. I = 2na0aEv = 0.5 RA.
3.148. I 27(60 (a — 1) rvV Id = 0.11 p,A.
3.149. (a) a = (al la2)/(1 i); (b) a (a2 rlai)/(1 -1- 1).
3.150. (a) 516R; (b) 7/12R; (c) 3/ 4R.
3.151. Ric = (ij-— 1).
3.152. R = (1 -1-1/ 1 + 4R21R1) R 112=6 Q. Instruction. Since
the chain is infinite, all the links beginning with the second can be
replaced by the resistance equal to the sought resistance R.
3.153. Imagine the voltage V to be applied across the points A
and B. Then V = IR = I 0R0, where I is the current carried by the
lead wires, 10 is the current carried by the conductor AB.
The current / 0 can be represented as a superposition of two cur-
rents. If the current I flowed into point A and spread over the
infinite wire grid, the conductor AB would carry (because of symmet-
ry) the current 1/4. Similarly, if the current I flowed into the grid
from infinity and left the grid through point B, the conductor AB
would also carry the current I/4. Superposing both of these solutions,
we obtain /0 = 1/2. Therefore, R = R0/2. RAc= iRo
3.154. R = (p/2a/) In (b/a).
3.155. R = p (b — a)/4aab. In the case of b oo R = p/4.1-Ea.
3.156. p = 4nAtabl(b — a) C In
3.157. R = p/2na.
3.158. (a) j = 2a1V1pr3; (b) R = p/4na.
3.159. (a) j = Z VI2pr2 In (11a); (b) RI = (p/n) In (11a).
3.160. I = VC/paa0 =1.5 [LA.
3.161. RC = pea,.
3.162. a = D, = D cos a; j = D sin cr:/ 8801)•
3.163. I = VS (a 2 — al)/d In (62/a1) = 5 nA.
3.165. q= so (p2 — pi)
3.166. a = c0 V (8 21)2 — eiPi)/(Pidi p 2d2 ), a = 0 if gip,. =
E2P2•
3.167. q = 801 (8 21)2 —

3.168. p = 2e0V (rt — 1)/d2 (7) + 1).

 3.169. (a) 111= 23-ca/S2; (b) E 231a//S2.
3.170. t = -RC In (I - VIVO = 0.6 tis.
3.171. p = %leo In 2 = 1.4.1013 5-2•m.
3.172. I = [(11 - 1) g 1 I1] e-rit/RC.
3.173. V = + 1) = 2.0 V.
3.174. (pi - = (el
- + R2
) - e, = -4 V.
3.175. R = R2 - R1, Acp = 0 in the source of current with in-
ternal resistance R2.
3.176. (a) I = a; (b) CPA - tP B = 0.
3.177. PA - B = (el - R1/(R1 + R2) = -0.5 V.
3.178. /1 = eR2/(RR1 RiR 2 R 2R) = 1.2 A, 12 = 11R1/R2=
= 0.8 A.
3.179. V = V oRx1ER1 R (1 - x) x111; for R > Ro V
V ox11.
3.180. t = (g 1R 2 g2R1)/(Ri + R2), Ri = R 1R 2/(R1+ R2).
3.181. I = (R16 2 - R261)1(RR1 R1R2+ R2R) = 0.02 A, the
current is directed from the left to the right (see Fig. 3.44).
3.182. (a) = [R3 +(et - Rol + gov(R,R, + R2R3 +
+ R3R1) = 0.06 A; (b) (pA - cpB = gi 101 = 0.9 V.
3.183. I = [6 (R 2 + R3) + 0R 3]1[11 (R 2+ R3) + R2R3].
3.184. TA .- (I) B = [e2R3 (R1 + R2) - g1R1 (R2 +R3)11(14112+
▪ R 2R3 R3R1)=- -1.0 V.
3.185. /1= [R3 ((Pi - (1)2) -4-R2 (Cl (P3)11(R1R2 R2R3
▪ R3R1) = 0.2 A.
3.186. I= Ri+R2 1) = 1.0 A.
R2 ( R1 [I ± R2R4 (R1+ R3) /RIR 3 (11 2 R4)]
The current flows from point C to point D.
3.187. R AB = r (r 3R)1(R 3r).
3.188. V = 1/2e (1 e -2tniC).
3.189. (a) Q = 4/3 q2R1 At; (b) Q = 1/2 In 2.q2R/At.
3.190. R = 3R0.
3.192. Q I (g - v) = 0.6 W, P = -IV = -2.0 W.
3.193. I = V12R; Pmax = V 2/4R; 11 = 1/2.
3.194. By 2i = 2%.
3.195. T - T o = (1 - e-htic) V2/kR.
3.196. Rx = + R2) = 12 52.
3.197. R = R1R2 I(R1 + R2);
Qyna. = (e1R2 + F 2111)214R1R2(R1 + R2).
3.198. n 111■ TrIR = 3.
3.199. Q = 112C6 21111(R1 + R2) = 60 mJ.
3.200. (a) AW = -1/2CV2i/(1 1) = -0.15 mJ; (b) A
= 112CV2111(1- 11) = 0.15 mJ.
3.201. AW = -1/2 (a - 1) CV2 = -0.5 mJ, A rnech
= 1/2 (a - 1) Cr 0.5 mJ.
3.202. h 1 /2 a0 (a - 1) V2/pgd2, where p is the density of water.
3.203. (a) q = qoe-1/806P; (b) Q = (1/a - 1/b) Oneo e.
3.204. (a) q = qo (1 - e-t/RC) = 0.18 mC; (b) Q
= (1 - e -Inic)q/2C = 82 mJ.
 3.205. (a) I = (V 0IR) e-2tIRC- (b) Q = 1 /4
3.206. elm = lcor/qR = 1.8.1011 ' C/kg.
3.207. p = lImle = 0.40 RN • s.
3.208. s = enl (v)11, 107 m, where n is the concentration of
free electrons, (v) is the mean velocity of thermal motion of an
electron.
3.209. (a) t = en1SII = 3 Ms; (b) F = enlpl = 1.0 MN,
where p is the resistivity of copper.
3.210. E (I12:-ce0 r) ym/2eV=32 V/m, 6,9=(//4neo) V m/2eV =
= 0.80 V.
3.211. (a) p (x)= — 419E0ex-213; (b) j = 4/9E,a3/ 2V 2e/m.
3.212. n = Idle (u: ii-(;) VS = 2.3.108 cm-3.
3.213. uo = (1)0/2/2Vo.
3.214. (a) n i = I sat IeV = 6.109 cm--3 .s -1; (b) n = V nilr
6.107 cm-3.
3.215. t= 1)/ V rni = 13 ms.
3.216. t = EAU/enid2 = 4.6 days.
3.217. I = ev aead.
3.218. j = (ecui — 1) enila.
3.219. (a) B = µ,I/2R = 6.3 p.T; (b) B = 1A0 R2I12(112 x2)312=
= 2.3 RT.
3.220. B = ntio / tan (n/n)/2nR, for n oo B = I.10//2R
3.221. B = 414l/ltd sin 9 = 0.10 mT.
3.222. B = (n — 9 tan 9) Ro//2nR = 28ta.
3.223. (a) B = P4'91. (2n : (1) + b) ) ; (b) B = 43.t1 (4: + .17b 2 .
3.224. B Roh//1-t2Rr, where r is the distance from the cut.
3.225. B = RoIln2R.
3.226. (a) B = (p,0/4n) (nER); (b) B = (p,0/41t) (1 + 3n/2) PR;
(c) B = (p,0/411) (2 n) IIR.
3.227. B= (110 /4n)1y 2/i = 2.01LT.
3.228. (a) B = (110/4n) V4 I n2 I1R = 0.30 RT; (b) B = (p.0/4n) X
--

x 1/2 +2n + n2 PR=0.34p,T; (c) B = (p.0/4n) V 2 1/R= P.11 ELT.

3.229. (a) B = Ni/2; (b) B = Rot between the planes and
B = 0 outside the planes.
ttoix inside the plate,
3.230. B=
Roid outside the plate.
3.231. In the half-space with the straight wire, B = p,o//2nr,
r is the distance from the wire. In the other half-space B = 0.
3.232. The given integral is equal to Rol.
1 / 2u0 [Jr] for r-<„,11,
3.233. B
1/2p,o [jr] R2/rz for
3.234. B = 1 /2p.0 UM i.e. field inside the cavity is uniform.
3.235. j (r) = (b I p, 0) (1 a)
 3.236. B = Ron//1/1 (2R//)2.
3.237. (a) B 1/2 p,0n1 (1 — x/V x2 + R2), where x> 0 outside
the solenoid and x < 0 inside the solenoid; see Fig. 23; (b) xo =
R (1— 21)12V 1(1— 5R.
0.3 mT, r<R,
3.238. B = .{(1-411h)11 (1— (h12311)2=
(110 /431) 21/r, r > R.
3.239. r1x N/Jt = 8.102.
3.240. (110/47t) = 70 B/6a
= 1.0 pWb/m.
3.241. (121 = (120 0 /2 = kn/S/2, •8
where (Do is the flux of the vec- 0.
for B through the cross-section of 0#
the solenoid far from its ends.
3.242. (I) = (110 /4n) 2INh In 1= .02
= 8 [Mb.
3.243. pm = 23-cR3BI110 = 0 ,Z'/?
= 30 mA • m2.
3.244. pm = d2 = Fig. 23.
=0.5 A • m2.
LOIN (b/a) 7 N;
3.245. ()a B 2 (b— a)
(b) P m = 113nIN (a2 ab b 2) = 15 mA • m2.
3.246. (a) B = 1 /2p. 0 60)R; (b) p m = 1 /4260)R4.
3.247. B = 2 /3p.060)R = 29 pT.
3.248. pm =1 / 5qR2co; pml M = q/2m.
3.249. B = 0.
3.250. FmlFe = 110 80722 =(v/c)2 = 1.00.10-6.
3.251. (a) F1= 110.12 /4R = 0.20 mN/m; (b) F1 = 120/21211 =
= 0.13 mN/m.
3.252. B = ad2aml4RI = 8 kT, where am is the strength of
copper.
3.253. B = (2pgS I I) tan 0 = 10 mT, where p is the density
of copper.
3.254. B = 0.4 T.
3.255. (a) F = 4.0.1101n (412— 1) = 0.40 p.N; (b) A=
= (11 oall0/n) In )(21 1)/(2ri — 1)] = 0.10 J.
3.256. R Yµ0/s0 (ln i)/n = 0.36 kS2.
3.257. F1 = p,01.2/3-1, 2R.
2111 2
3.258. F1= 4 In (1 + b/a).
3.259. F1 = /3 1/21..t 0.
3.260. In all three cases F1 = (B: — B:)/2110. The force is direct-
ed to the right. The current in the conducting plane is directed
beyond the drawing.
3.261. Ap = IBla = 0.5 kPa.
3.262. p = p.0 /2/8n2R2.
3.263. p = 1/2p.0n212•
 3.264. him = V 2F11in/RonR.
3.265. P = v2B2d2RI(R pd/S)2; when R = pd/S, the power
is P = P max = 114v2B2dS1p.
3.266. U = 1/4110/2/n2R2ne = 2pV.
3.267. n = jBleE = 2.5.1028 m--1; almost 1 : 1.
3.268. u0 = 1/1B = 3.2.10-3 m2/(V•s).
3.269. (a) F = 0; (b) F = (110/4n) 2/pm/r2, F11 - . B; (c) F
= (p,0/4n) 2Ip,,Ir2, F r.
3.270. F = (R 0l4n) 6nR2Ipmxl(R2 + x2)512.
3.271. F = 312R0PimP2,1n14 = 9 nN.
3.272. 2Bx3/R9R2 = 0.5 kA.
3.273. B' =B R2sine cos2 a.
3.274. (a) %, H dS = nR2B cos 9 1)/N-10;
(b) ic;IB dr = (1— [) B1 sin O.
3.275. (a) Isu,. = (b) 1;ot = xI; in opposite directions.
3.276. See Fig. 24.
3.277. B — R0111R2 I
111+14 nr •
3.278. B = 2B0[11(1
3.279. B = 3B9[t/(2
3.280. H, = NIll = 6 kA/m.
3.281. H bBliuond =
=0.10 kA/m. 0 2-
3.282. When b << R, the per-
meability is 12 2aRBI(p,0NI Fig. 24.
bB) = 3.7-103.
3.283. H = 0.06 kA/m, Rmax z 1.0.104.
3.284. From the theorem on circulation of the vector H we
obtain
B tio N I
11°3-cd H =1.51 — 0.987H (kA/m).
b
Besides, B and H are interrelated as shown in Fig. 3.76. The requir-
ed values of H and B must simultaneously satisfy both relations.
Solving this system of equations by means of plotting, we obtain
H z 0.26 kA/m, B z 1.25 T, and p, = B/R0H z 4.103.
3.285. F z 112xSB21110 •
3.286. (a) xn, = 1/ V 47i; (b) X = RoFmax V e/a/VB 3.6.10-4.
3.287. A 1 /2xVB2/R 0•
3.288. e1 = By178wIa.
3.289. I = Byll(R 111,,), where Rp, = M2/(RI. + B2).
3.290. (a) Acp = 1 12(o2a2mle = 3.0 nV; (b) 1 /2o1Ba2 =
= 20 mV.
c
3.291..c E dr = — 1 /2c0Bd2 = —10 mV.
A
 3.292. gi = 1/2(-1)- Bafit, where n = 1, 2, . . . is the num-
ber of the half-revolution that the loop performs at the given mo-
ment t. The plot gi (t) is shown in Fig. 25 where t„, = V2nn/13.
3.293. /ind = a/r, where a =
µu .2( sI a2
3.294. gi_ 4n ±va) .
3.295. ei 1/2 (wa3/33 + 2mg sin tot)laB.
3.296. v
mgR sin a
B2/2 •
3.297. w g sin a.
1+12B2cim •
3.298. (P) = 1 /2(no.ia2B)2/R.
3.299. B = '12qRINS = 0.5 T.
1.;orta in b +a
3.300. q=-- i.e. is indepen-
Fig. 25.
dent of L.
3.301. (a) / = 1j2°51
1:;,'iv In 21;; (b) F=i-(11 : ln -bw )2 .
3.302. (a) s = vom11112B2, (b) Q = 1.12mv:.
3.303. v= am— (1— e-at), where ar =B2/2/mR.
3.304. (a) In the round conductor the current flows clockwise,
there is no current in the connector; (b) in the outside conductor,
clockwise; (c) in both round conductors, clockwise; no current in
the connector, (d) in the left-hand side of the figure eight, clockwise.
3.305. I = ,o)B ,f (a — b)/p = 0.5 A.
3.306. cm. = 1 /3na2/1Ta)Bo.
3.307. gi = 3 /2W/ Bt2 =12 mV.
{ 1/2p,onir for r <a,
3.308. E=
1/2I-Lonia 2/r for r> a.
3.309. I = 1/41.t onSdi/p = 2 mA, where p is the resistivity
of copper.
3.310. E = 1/tab (ri — + 1).
3.311. co= — -26
+- n B(t).

3.312. Ft max fZaRTb: .

3.313. Q = i/3a2t3/R.
3.314. I =114(b2 a2) nh/p.
3.315. /=1/-4n/oL/R0 = 0.10 km.
3.316. L = 2-2- where p and po are the resistivity and the
4n Ippo
density of copper.
3.317. t= -- R in (1
= 1.5 s.
 3.318. /i'Dmpo
= 0.7 ms, where p is the resistivity, po is the
density of copper.
3.319. Li — 1/21:: In = 0.26 p,H/m.
3.320. L p,N2a In (1 +1) .
3.321. L1 = tioldb = 25 nH/m.
3.322. Li Pi'. In 1.
3.323. (a) I = na2B/L; (b) A = 1/2n2a4B2/L.
3.324. I = I (1 + = 2 A.
3.325. / = jia8B — 50 A.
[to ln —2)

3.326. I= + (1— 1) e-tliR/L].

3.327. I =1- (1— e—t-R/29.
3.328. 1.," R (.1,1L
+2L2) R' (Li+ L2)
3.329. Lie= 4 1'21 In (1 -1-÷) .
Li2 p,0
3.330. 2N in b
3.331. (a) L1 1/211, 03-ta2/b; (b) 021 = 1121-Lona2 //b.
3.332. pm = 2aRqlp,oN.
2
3.333. L12^---% 112 p,o na4113.
3.334. /2 = aLR12 (1 e-tR/L2).
/42
3.335. Q 2R2(1+ Rol R) —3 J.
3.336. W = 0.5 J.
3.337. W = BlIa2a2b = 2.0 J, where H = 1/2 NI/nb.
3.338. (a) Wgap /Wm pb/nd = 3.0; (b) L aNdi2 — 0.15 H.
3.339. Wi = Rdt,26)2a2/831.
3.340. E = solo = 3.108 V/m.
3.341. wm/ive =go110002a4/ 2 1.1.10-15.
3.343. (a) Lt otat = 2L; (b) Ltotat = L/2.
3.344. L12=1/- L1L2.
3.346. W12= P2b2 /1/2 cos 0.
3.347. (a) ja = --i; (b) Id = qieogP•
3.348. The displacement current should be taken into account
in addition to the conduction current.
3.349. Em = InzleocoS = 7 V/cm.
3.350. H = Hmcos (cot ±a,), where 117n -7 2; V 62 + (8°"))2
and a is determined from the formula tan a = com/a.
319
 1/2:Eir for r < R,
3.351. fd-={
12BR2Ir for r > R.
1

Here h= p,on/mo)2 sin cot.

qv
3.352. (a) jd = 42itqrv3 ; (b) jd 4nr3
3.353. xn,=-. 0, id max — 4,,qva3 •
Evri •
3.354. H— q4nr3
3.355. (a) If B (t), then V X E —OBI& 0. The spatial
derivatives of the field E, however, may not be equal to zero
(V x E 0) only in the presence of an electric field.
(b) If B (t), then V X E = 0. But in the uniform
field V x E = 0.
(c) It is assumed that E = of (t), where a is a vector which is
independent of the coordinates, f (t) is an arbitrary function of time.
Then —awat = V X E = 0, that is the field B does not vary with
time. Generally speaking, this contradicts the equation V x H =
= apiat for in this case its left-hand side does not depend on time
whereas its right-hand side does. The only exception is the case
when f (t) is a linear function. In this case the uniform field E can
be time-dependent.
3.356. Let us find the divergence of the two sides of the equation
VXH=j °plat. Since the divergence of a rotor is always equal
to zero, we get 0 = V•j + 4F (V •D). It remains to take into
account that V•D = p.
3.357. Let us consider the divergence of the two sides of the
first equation. Since the divergence of a rotor is always equal to
zero, V • (mat) = 0 or --aa-F(V•B) = 0. Hence, V•B = const which
does not contradict the second equation.
3.358. V X E
3.359. E' =
3.360. a = eovB = 0.40 pC/m2.
3.361. p = —2eo)B= —0.08 nC/m3, a = eoczo)B= 2 pC/m2.
[r]
3.362. B= [yr]r3 •
3.364. E' = br/r2, where r is the distance from the z' axis.
a [rv]
3.365. B' = c2r2 ' where r is the distance from the z' axis.
tan a
3.367. (a) E' = E V c°82 a =9 kV/m; tan a'
132 VO2
V1 —,P2
PE sin a
whence a 51'; (b) B' — -14 IA.
c171-132
320
 3.368. (a) E' = 13B — 1.4 nV/m;
cv'1— R2
1-132 cos2 a
(b) B' =B 0.9 T, 51°.
t32
3.370. B' B 1 — (E I cB)2^.e., 0.15 mT.
3.371. Suppose the charge q moves in the positive direction of
the x axis of the reference frame K. Let us pass into the frame K'
at whose origin of coordinates this charge is at rest (the x and x'
axes of the two frames coincide and the y and y' axes are parallel).
In the frame K' the field of the charge has the simplest form: E'
1 r', with the following components in the plane x, y
= 4nso q3
q , 1 q
4neo r's x 4neo is Y •
Now let us make the reverse transition to the initial frame K. At the
moment when the charge q passes through the origin of coordinates
of the frame K, the x and y projections of the vector r are related
to the x and y' projections of the vector r' as
x = r cos 0 = x1 1/ 1 — (v/c)2, y = r sin 0 = y',
Besides, in accordance with the formulas that are reciprocal to
Eqs. (3.6i),
Ex = Ex, Ey = E;11/-1-- (vIc) 2.
Solving simultaneously all these equations, we obtain
1 qr 1 —f32
E. Exi E yi — 452s 3 (1— 02 sine 0)2/2
0 r
Note that in this case (v = const) the vector E is collinear with
the vector r.
3
3.372. v = V 9I2alelm= 16 km/s.
2
3.373. tan a = a4 V 2eV 3
3.374. (a) x = 2Eola; (b) w
3.375. t 1l T (T+2m0C2) 3.0 ns.
ceE
eE
3.376. w — m, (1+ Thnoc2)3 '
eEt
3.377. (a) tan 0 = V1 — (vo/c)2, where e and moare the charge
movo
and the mass of a proton; (b) vx =vo/V1 + (1— vVc2)(eEtImoc2)2.
3.378. a = arcsin (dB V ,v-) = 30°.
3.379. (a) v= reBlm= 100 km/s, T = 2=1 eB = 6.5 Rs; (b) v

ci I/ 1 + (moc/reB12 =0.51 c, T— ,
271m9 — 4.1 ns.
eB V1— (v/c2)
21-9451 321
 3.380. (a) p=qrB; T =m0c2 (1/-1+ (qrBlmoc)2—1); (c) w =
C2
r [1+ (moclqrB) 2]•
3.381. T = imoc2, 5 keV and 9 MeV respectively.
3.382. Al = lac 2mv I eB2cos a= 2.0 cm.
8n2v
3.383. t2 (B2 —B1)2 •
leB
3.384. r 2p I sin (cp/2) I , where p m
—
eBy sin a, (1) mv cos a
3.385. rmax ---- aevo/b, where b= )1°—
2n m
I.
V V
3.386. v — rB (b I a) ' qlm = r2B2In (b la)
2n2mEn 2 voB
3.387. (a) yn = 913, ; (b) tan a = 2nEn •

17B y; for z <1 this equation reduces to

3.388. z = 1 tan V-2q—T;-
y = (2mElq12B2) z2.
3.389. F = mEl I qB = 20 [IN.
2nmE
3.390. Al — eB2 tan cp 6 cm.
a (a+2b) B2
3.391. 2EAx •
3.392. (a) x = a (cot — sin cot); y = a (1 — cos cot), where a =
= mElqB2, co qB/m. The trajectory is a cycloid (Fig. 26). The
y
2u

,z•
Fig. 26.

motion of the particle is the motion of a point located at the rim

of a circle of radius a rolling without slipping along the x axis so
that its centre travels with the velocity v = E/B; (b) s = 8mE/gB2;
(c) (v x) = EIB.
3.393. V = 2 nt 21-'
1-) 2 ln -a-
4n b
2ba2
3.394. B< b' VIL 11 V.

3.395. y = x= ÷ 2(0, (sin cot— cot cos cot),

t sin cot, where
a = qEmlm. The trajectory has the form of unwinding spiral.
3.396. V > 2n2v2 mrAr/e = 0.10 MV.
 (e2r B)2 =--- T
3.397. (a) T = 12 MeV; (b) v MHz.
7E2Vm r2 =17
17 ps; (b) s 4a9v2mr2 0.74 km.
3.398. (a) t= m eV 3eV
N
Instruction. Here s ti E vn -1/n, where vn is the velocity of
the particle after the nth passage across the accelerating gap.

Since N is large, lin z V n dn.

J
3.399. n = 2avW/eBc2 = 9.
3.400. w = wo/l/ I + at, where coo = qB1m, a = qBAWInm2c2.
3.401. v = 112rqB1m, p = r/2.
3.402. N = W led) = 5.106 revolutions, s = 2ItrN = 8.103 km.
3.403. On the one hand,
dp e
eE= 2ar dt '
dt
where p is the momentum of the electron, r is the radius of the orbit,
41) is the magnetic flux acting inside the orbit.
On the other hand, dp/dt can be found after differentiating the
relation p = erB for r = const. It follows from the comparison of
the expressions obtained that dBoldt = 1 /2 d (B) / dt. In particular,
this condition will be satisfied if Bo =1/2 (B).
3.404. 7.0 =1/-213o/3a.
3.405. dEldr = B (r0) — 112 (B) = 0.
3.406. OW = 2ar2eB/At = 0.10 keV.
3.407. (a) W= Oil (reBlmoc)2—1) moc2; (b) s= WAtIreB.
4.1. (a) See Fig. 27; (b) (vx/a(o)2 (xla)2 = 1 and wx = —w2x.

Fig. 27.

4.2. (a) The amplitude is equal to a/2, and the period is T

= at/w, see Fig. 28a; (b) vx = 4w2x (a — x), see Fig. 28b.
4.3. x = a cos (wt a) — 29 cm, vx = — 81 cm/s, where
a = Vx: + (Vx0/6))2? a = arctan (— vx0/0)xo)•
21•