Computer History  Only built a small part, as he also had to

construct the tools to build it

In 40 years, computers went from being giant expensive  The difference engine wasn’t finished, and he
machines that only corporations could own to the went on to design the Analytical engine.
personal computer we see today.
Difference Engine 1821
Early Calculating Devices
 The first mechanical computer
People have been using devices to aid in calculation for
 Created by Charles Babbage a “father of
thousands of years.
computing”
Devices include :  Compiled mathematical tables
o add, subtract, polynomial functions
 fingers
 tally sticks (animal bones carved with notches) Ada Lovelace
 counting rods ( I, II, III, IIII, IIIII, T)
 She wrote the first algorithm that would have
 the abacus, … been executed by the Analytical Engine
Abacus – Calculator 2700-2300 BC  She is considered the world’s first programmer

 A counting device What are Punch Cards?

 Beads are moved to perform arithmetic  Stiff paper that holds commands
functions
 Commands and data are indicated by holes/no
 Still used by traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, … holes
Slide Ruler 1620  Early computers used these as input commands

 An early analogue computer used primarily for Herman Hollerith

multiplication and division.
 During the Industrial revolution the population
 Invented by William Oughtred 30% each decade.
 Slide rulers were taken to the moon in the  They were still tabulating census data by hand.
1960s
 In 1887 they still had not completed tallying the
Pascaline 1642 1880 census data
 Herman Hollerith an MIT prof introduced punch
 Blaise Pascal created the first mechanical cards and a machine to read them to tally this
calculator information.
 Performed addition and subtraction  Took only 6 weeks to tally the 1890 census
 Was too expensive for the time, hence it didn’t  He continued to improve the machine, and
become a commercial device. created the company IBM
Tables 1st Generation Computers 1951 – 1959
 Mathematical tables were created by people  Based on Vacuum tubes
called ’computers’.  Vacuum tubes: Control electric current using
 They were large charts showing the results of the vacuum, and
calculations, e.g. multiplication, division, and  Can be used to start/stop, or change the flow
trigonometry based on the current
 However, these were known to be error prone,
thus, the need for more accurate math drove Alan Turing
innovation.
 During WWII Turing created an
Charles Babbage electromechanical machine to break German
Ciphers.
 Noticed errors in mathematical tables (1820)  It is estimated that his efforts in breaking the
 Created the difference engine to compute this ciphers reduced the length of the war by 2 – 4
math more accurately years.
 Used tons of grant money as well as his own
Harvard Mark 1 1944
  A electro-mechanical computer  Replaced vacuum tubes
 Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper  Invented at Bell laboratories
 Developed and built by IBM  Enabled computers to be smaller, cheaper,
 Could store 72 numbers more reliable, and efficient
 Multiplication took 6 seconds  Transistors work as switches on current, turning
 Used in WW II to compute artillery tables it on or off (like binary 0 or 1).
 Produced Mathematical Tables  Still generate a lot of heat, but less than vacuum
tubes
First Computer Bug 1947
IBM 1400 1960
 Grace Hopper found the first computer bug
while working on the Harvard Mark II  General purpose system
 A moth was trapped between two relay  Used punch cards for input and line printer for
switches output
 She took a photo to document it
Third Generation Computers
ENIAC 1946
 Modern computers 1965-1971
 First electronic general purpose computer  Used Integrated Circuits
 Created at the University of Pennsylvania  Keyboards instead of punch cards
 Cost almost $500,000 (approx. $6,000,000  Monitors for display
today)  Different applications used through operating
 One of first programs a study of the hydrogen system
bomb
Integrated Circuits
 A secret military project designed to improve
the construction of artillery firing tables  Small chips containing thousands of transistors
 Contained 17,500 Vacuum tubes 7,200 crystal  Invented by Jack Kilby, Nobel Laureate of
diodes, … Physics
 Tubes burnt out fast, hence the machine
normally could only run for 10 to 30 minutes at IBM 360 1964
a time  Small and large applications
 Speed was 1000 times of electro-mechanical  Commercial and Scientific applications
machines (Wikipedia)  From 8K to 8M of memory
 5000 adds, 357 multiplications, and 38 divisions  Room sized
per minute  A whole suite of compatible computers for
UNIVAC different needs

 Inventors of ENIAC made UNIVAC which is a Fourth Generation Computers

programmable (held data and printed)  Microprocessor
 Few people bought it as they didn’t understand  Development of the personal computer
the value 1971 – 1981
 Then they used it to project the 1952  Addition of GUI’s, the mouse, and handheld
presidential election, and it got the answer with devices
<1% error
Microprocessor
Second Generation Computers
 Thousands of Integrated Circuits were built on a
 Based on Transistors silicon chip.
 1959-1965  Created by Intel corp.
 Stored instructions in memory  Becomes the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Relied on punch cards for input and printers for  Allow computers to be smaller, more powerful,
output faster, and cheaper
Transistors Altair 8080 1975
  First personal computer Spreadsheets and Word Processing
 Make it yourself kit
 In 1978 VisiCalc was created for Spreadsheets
 Switches for input, lights for output
and WordStar was created for Word Processing
 No keyboard, and no monitor
 People were so excited, within 3 months 4000 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
orders were placed
 Altair 8080  In 1972 Apple and Xerox were working on
 Gates and Allen were trying to meet with MITS making a graphical user interface
founder who created the Altair  WYSIWIG (What you see is what you get)
 They built an interpreter for the 8080 to make  The idea being you want to be able to preview
programming software for the machine easier. your work on the computer
 Allen created a Bootstrapper to load the tape to Apple’s 1984 Commercial
load the program on a plane ride on final
approach to their meeting  As Microsoft was aiming their products towards
business users, apple tried to make the first
Apple I and II 1976 user friendly PC.
 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built the Apple I Fifth Generation Computers
in Wozniak’s garage
 Apple II had a color monitor, sound, and game  1990 - Present
paddles  Enhancement of Artificial Intelligence
 Nanotechnology
IBM PC 1981  Natural Language Processing
 IBM released it’s first personal computer Cellular Phones and Smart Phones
 Sold in companies such as Sears
 Now we’re able to have a ton of processing
BASIC power is such tiny devices
 Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Wearable Computing
Code
 A programming language that students could  Now we can track so much of what we do, and
learn have the internet at our finger tips
 Used by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to write a
3D Printing
program for the Altair
 Uses digital files to create 3d plastic objects
MS-DOS (Disc Operating System)
 3D Printing is being used for:
 IBM hired Bill gates and Paul Allen to build an  Prosthetic Legs in Dogs
Operating System for the IBM PC  Human Organs (Not ready yet)
 They bought the rights to an existing operating  Clothing
system built in Seattle
Artificial Intelligence
 IBM allowed Gates and Allen to keep the
marketing rights to DOS  Teaching a computer to learn to think
 Imagine the future of:
Reverse Engineering
 SIRI
 Companies like Compaq took apart IBM  Video Game Characters
computers, and reverse engineered their BIOS  Self Driving Cars
to create very similar machines.  Online Customer Support
 They built a fully compatible machine, and sold  Purchase Predictions,…
it for a bit cheaper.
 In first year, they sold 47,000 pcs and made 111
million dollars
 Hence, the competition began
 And everyone bought Microsoft OS