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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED ELEVATOR

CONTROL SYSTEMS

Conference Paper · January 2011

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 Proceedings of the
Conference on Engineering Research, Innovation and Education 2011
CERIE 2011, 11-13 January 2011, Sylhet, Bangladesh

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICROCONTROLLER

BASED ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEMS

1
Muhibul Haque Bhuyan*, 2Md. Maidul Haque, 2M. Abdur Rauf
and 2Md. Mazharul Islam Khan
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Daffodil International University, Shukrabad, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Presidency University, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
In this paper, we have designed and implemented a prototype elevator and its control systems using a very
low cost microcontroller (PIC16F84) based circuit. Thus the conventional analog control circuit has been
replaced. The elevator is operated by using DC motors and gears along with timing belt. Forward and
reverse direction of motion of the DC motor is obtained by using a MOSFET bridge. An assembly language
program has to be developed for the microcontroller for implementing different logic operations, such as,
floor selection, sensor signal detection, alarm signal transmission and reception etc. Different mechanical
parts, such as, cabin, doors, gears, guide, timing belt etc. have also been designed for the prototype system.
Before implementation of the system, we have simulated the microcontroller based control circuit using
‘Proteus’ software. It was found that the simulation results are satisfactory and practical systems work very
well. We also expect that this will save our valuable foreign currency if we go for practical implementation.

Key words: Microcontroller, DC motor, elevator, gear, control circuit.

1. INTRODUCTION the controller circuit have been tested for various

conditions of the elevator operation and it has been
An elevator (or lift in British English) is vertical observed that the system works very well.
transport equipment that efficiently moves people
or goods between floors or levels of a building [1]. 2. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
At present, many high rise buildings are being built
in Bangladesh to be used as apartments, offices, The overall system architecture is shown in Fig. 1
shopping malls, hospitals etc. So, all these high rise as a block diagram. The circuit configuration is
buildings require elevator. But these are very costly each component is briefly described in this section.
because they are being imported from different The 8-bit PIC microcontroller IC 16F877 was
foreign countries. chosen to obtain the analog data from the
Elevators are generally powered by electric motors sensor circuit in transmitting to control the DC
that either drive traction cables and counterweight motors. This microcontroller has a 25 MHz
systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to processor (the current compiler runs the processor
raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. So, these at 20 MHz), 33 input/output (I/O) pins, (8k*14
motors need to be controlled by sophisticated words) of Enhanced FLASH program memory,
control circuits. If the costs of these control circuits (386*8bytes) of RAM, (256*8bytes) of data
and other parts can be reduced then the overall EEPROM. The PIC does not have an operating
costs of the elevator will be reduced. In this work, system and simply runs the program in its
we have developed a low cost elevator system memory when it is turned on. This PIC
using microcontroller based control circuit. microcontroller has several hardware features that
Because microcontroller has emerged as one of the are very useful for use in a UAV and simplify the
low cost controller IC and many works have been interfacing of sensors and motors with the
found in the literatures using microcontroller for microcontroller, such as an analog to digital
minimizing the cost [2-5]. The whole system and converter (ADC), interrupts, timers, and

*
Corresponding Author: Muhibul Haque Bhuyan,
E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN: 978-984-33-2140-4 Page 504
capture/compare/pulse width modulation (CCP)
channels. One microcontroller circuit produces the
required signals for controlling the levels and
another microcontroller produces the control
signals for the car. For each floor, one board is
needed and for car control each level requires one
such board.

Fig. 2 Program architecture

Fig. 1 Block diagram of microcontroller based

elevator control system

Our designed system has the various electrical and

mechanical parts. The main components are the two
DC motors with gear, one motor for the car
operation and the other motor for the door
open/close. Besides, motors’ driver circuits have to
be designed. There are various sensors for the
transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) circuit, one
microcontroller (PIC16F84) circuit. Power supplies
for various controller circuit and motors have also
been designed. Since this system is a prototype
system, therefore, only a +12V DC power supply
was required.

3. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
The program is developed for the microcontroller
using the MPLAB software in assembly language
and then debugged and edited as required. Finally
the hex codes are generated to be loaded into the
microcontroller by the TOP2049 Universal
Programmer using the TOPWIN software [8]. Fig. 3 Flow chart of the program for level board
MPLAB is an Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) tool for this task. The
architecture and flow chart of the developed
program are shown in Figs. 2-4. The clock
frequency used for this program is set at 4 MHz.
The program is written in assembly language. A
typical assembly language program consists of
assembler directives, sub-routines (if needed) and
the main program code.
Assembler directives are a collection of commands
that tell the assembler such things as the type of
microcontroller being used, its clock speed, etc.
They also allow names to be used for memory
locations, ports and registers for making the
program more readable [8].
In Figs. 3-4, we have shown two flow charts [9],
one for the level board microcontroller’s and the
other for the car board microcontroller’s. The flow Fig. 4 Flow chart of the program for car board
charts are self explanatory.

Page 505
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Then we have to design the mechanical parts of the
system. Of them, the door control panel is shown in
At first, we develop the motor control circuit as Fig. 8. This is a wooden frame where different
shown in Fig. 5. This circuit uses opto-couplers and switch boards and LEDs are connected. The
relays to control the DC motor’s operation. The photograph of the complete system is shown in Fig.
circuit is designed in such a way so that the motor 9. It is a 3-storied prototype elevator model.
can be driven in forward or reverse direction.

Fig. 5 Motor control circuit diagram

Fig. 8 Door control panel
Then we design the sensor circuit for the car board
and level board as shown in Fig. 6. In this circuit,
the photo diode transmits the signal and the
phototransistor receives it. Then we develop the
microcontroller circuit to integrate these circuits.
The complete hardware circuit is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 9 The complete system

5. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 6 Sensor circuit diagram
In this work, we have designed and implemented a
prototype elevator and its control systems using a
very low cost microcontroller based circuit. Thus
the conventional analog control circuit has been
replaced. The elevator is operated by using DC
motors and gears along with timing belt. Forward
and reverse direction of motion of the DC motor is
obtained by using a MOSFET bridge. An assembly
language program has been developed for the
microcontroller for implementing different logic
operations. Different mechanical parts have also
been designed for the prototype system. Before
implementation of the system, we have simulated
the control circuit. It was found that the simulation
results are satisfactory and practical systems work
very well. We also expect that this will save our
valuable foreign currency if we go for practical
implementation. As future scopes, the main
controller can be re-designed in such a way so that
Fig. 6 Complete hardware circuit without
a three phase induction motor can be operated
microcontroller circuit
through a speed control circuit.

Page 506
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Page 507

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