ESSAY

Azerbaijan Republic
Azerbaijan is a country on the border of Europe and Asia. Borders with Russia,
Georgia, Armenia,Iran, and Turkey. The total area of Azerbaijan is 86,600 km 2. The
capital of the country is Baku. Thetotal number of inhabitants (according to the 2011
estimate) is 9.165.000. It is an independentstate since 1991, and before that it was a
republic within the Soviet Union.
Azerbaijan is a democratic state. In a democratic state, rights of people are
protected. People have a right to live, study, express their opinion, rest, acquire a flat,
marry, and a number of other rights. These rights are called human rights and protected
by the state.
It is a continental state because there is no exit to the sea or the ocean.The
Azerbaijani language, spoken by the majority of the population, is a member of the
Turkishlanguage group (the most famous member of this group is Turkish). The most
represented religion isIslam, and most Muslims in Azerbaijan are Shiites.
More than 90% of the people are ethnic Azerbaijanis. Minorities include Russians,
Georgians and other minorities.
Azerbaijan was historically part of Iran and the name of Azerbaijan comes from
Atropates. He was a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire.
After the Arab conquest in the 7th century the country has been always under
Muslim influence, when its people became Muslim, until the Russian Empire entered the
Caucasus region.
There are 106 species of mammals, 97 species of fish, 363 species of birds, 10 species of
amphibians and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in
Azerbaijan. The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse. It is a mountain-
steppe racing and riding horse native to Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan's flora is more than 4,500 species of higher plants. Due the unique
climate in Azerbaijan, the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of
the other countries of the South Caucasus. About 67 percent of the species growing in the
whole Caucasus can be in Azerbaijan.
The culture of Azerbaijan has come about as a result of many influences. Today,
Western influences, including globalized consumer culture, are strong. National traditions
are well kept in the country. Some of the main parts of the Azerbaijani culture are: music,
literature, folk dances and art, cuisine, architecture, and movies.
 Karabakh is Azerbaijan
One of Azerbaijan`s ancient settlement and culture centres, Nagorno-Karabakh is
part of the Karabakh region. In 1923, the Soviet government established the Nagorno-
Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), covering a total area of 4,400 км², in the
mountainous part of Karabakh. This laid the foundation of separatist trends in that region.
But in fact, the root cause of the problem goes back to the 18th century when the
Armenians, who were resettled in Azerbaijan, laid claims to Azerbaijani lands.
The Armenia-Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict started with the Armenians`
open territorial claims to Azerbaijan`s historical lands and ethnic provocations in 1988. In
the early 1980s, the Armenians in the Soviet Union leadership, leaders of Armenian SSR
and the Armenian diaspora abroad exploited the weakening of the central government of
the USSR to embark on a campaign to annex the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
to Armenia.
The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war was a war between the Azerbaijani Armed
Forces and the allied Artsakh Defence Army and Armed Forces of Armenia in the
disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. This is the most recent event during the Nagorno-
Karabakh conflict.
The clashes began on the morning of 27 September 2020 along the Nagorno-
Karabakh Line of Contact. Both sides reported military and civilian casualties. In
response to the clashes, Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh placed curfews, martial law
and total mobilization, while Azerbaijan introduced martial law and a curfew.
On 28 September partial mobilization was declared in Azerbaijan.
On 10 October, both Armenia and Azerbaijan agreed to a ceasefire, the stopping of
any military action, for a short time.
On 9 November, with the help of Russian President Vladimir Putin, both Armenia
and Azerbaijan signed a ceasefire agreement in Moscow, ending the war the next day.
Under the agreement, Azerbaijan kept not only the territory it won during the war, all the
territories still controlled by Armenians outside the Nagorno-Karabakh region, were
given by Putin to Azerbaijani control. In the rest of Nagorno-Karabakh, which are
controlled by Armenians, Russian peacekeepers have been stationed for a period of five
years. Under the agreement, when the five year term ends on 9 November 2025, the
peacekeeping mission of Russia can be renewed for another five years or ended if
Azerbaijan or Armenia do not want it to continue.
 What is a computer
The term computer is used to describe a device made up a combination of
electronic and electromechanical components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and
is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:

 Hardware
 Software
 People
 Procedures
 Data / information
The units that are visible in any computer are hardware. Thus, the input, storage,
processing and control devices are hardware.
When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer
system, connectively becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in
which the various individual systems are connected – for example, by phone lines,
microwave transmission, or satellite – is an element of the total computer system.
The software is not visible. It is the set of computer programs, procedures and
associated documentation.
Software is the term used to describe the transactions that tell the hardware how to
perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn`t know that what to do.
People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create
the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions
present.
The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers accept
information in the form of instruction called a program and characters called data to
perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw
material while information is organized, processed, refined an useful for decision.
Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store
information in the digital form.
The modern world of high technology is possible mainly due to the development
of the computer. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of
automation and they have enhanced modern communication systems.
 Types of modern computers
In the modern computer science types of computers differ depending on their
assignment, size and functional capabilities.
There are following types of computers according to their assignment.
General purpose computers are intended for the decision of various tasks. These
computers are characterized:
1) A variety of forms of the processed data (numerical, character, etc) at the big range of
their change and split-hair accuracy of representation;
2) In internal memory high capacity;
3) Developed system of the organization of input-output of the information providing
connection of various input-output devices.
Job orientated computers serve for the decision of narrower circle of the tasks
connected as a rule, with control by technological objects, registration, accumulation and
handling of small data volumes, performance of calculation by simple rules.
Specialized computers are applied to the decision of very narrow circle of tasks.
These computers control operation of input-output devices and external memory. Such
devices are called as adapters or controllers.
According to their size and functional capabilities there are four types of computers:
the super computer, big, small and the microcomputer
Super computers are powerful multiprocessor computers with huge speed
performance. A considerable quantity of processors allows to solve tasks operatively and
increases memory sizes that considerably accelerates decision process. They are often used
for the decision of the experimental tasks, for example, for carrying out of chess tournaments
with the person.
The big computers are characterized by a multiple user mode (to 100 users
simultaneously can solve the tasks). The main direction is the decision of scientific and
technical tasks, operation with great volumes of the data, control of computer networks and
their resources.
Small computers are used as controlling computers for control over technological
processes. They are also applied to calculations in multiple user systems, in systems of
modeling of simple objects, in artificial intelligence systems.
The organization of microcomputer system is the same as that of a larger computer
system. Microcomputers are also called personal computers of home computers. The most
compact are called laptops.
Personal computers are designed for use at homes, schools and offices. Personal
computers were made possible by two technical innovations in the field of microelectronics;
the integrated circuit and the microprocessor. That is why a microcomputer includes both a
microprocessor unit and internal memory.
 The history of PC
In 1957, IBM made a computer called the 610 Auto-Point. They said that it was
the “first personal computer”. But it was not a PC like the ones millions of people have in
their homes today. It was large and expensive. It was called a personal computer because
it only needed one person to work it. The first real PCs were not made until 15 years later.
The first computers (like Colossus) didn`t have computer chips; they used glass
tubes. That is why they were so big. But in the 1960s, technicians found a way to make
chips with thousands of very small transistors on them. In 1971, Intel made a computer
chip called the 4004. It had 2250 transistors. Three years late, they made the 8800, a
better and faster chip with 5000 transistors. An American inventor called Ed Roberts used
the Intel 8800 chip to make one of the first PCs. He called his PC the Altair 8800 (The
name comes from the film Forbidden Planet). It cost less than 400 dollar, and Ed Roberts
sold 2000 in the first year. The personal computer was on its way.
In 1976, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs created the Apple Computer Company. In
1977, their second computer, the Apple II, appeared. IBM made their first PC in 1981.
Since Intel made the 4004 chip in 1971 with 2250 transistors, computer chip have
become much faster. In fact, the computer technician Gordon Moore made this prediction
in 1965. The number of transistors on computer chips will double every 18 months. This
prediction often called “Moore`s Law” and it seems to be true. The Intel Premium 4 chip,
made in the year 2000, has 42 million transistors.
Today`s computer chips are so fast, modern PCs can do amazing things. They can
put music onto CDs, and videos onto DVDs, and they can even understand spoken
language. A modern PC is much faster than the very large and expensive computers from
the 1970s.
 Programming language
A programming language is an artificial language designed to express
computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming
languages can be used to create programs that control the behaviour of a machine, to
express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication.
A programming language is a very concise language with strict rules in which a
computer program must be written. There are two kinds of programming languages^
1) Low-level languages and high-level languages
Low-level languages (assembly languages) are similar to the binary codes that the
computer uses itself. Both assembly language and machine code are complex to use and
are often designed for a particular processor and can`t be easily tranferred to another. The
advantage of low-level languages are their speed as they need little or no translation.
High-level languages use English-like words what made programming very much
easier. They are BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN, C++, C, ADA and COBAL. Each
language has a unique set of keywords and a special syntax fo organizing program
instructions. A vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to
perform specific tasks.
High-level programming languages are more complex than the languages the
computer actually understands, called machine languages. Each different type of CPU
has its own unique machine language.
Lying between machine languages and high-level languages are languages called
assembly languages. Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are
much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for
numbers. Machine languages only consist of numbers.
Lying above high-level languages are languages called fourth-generation
languages (usually abbreviated 4GL). 4GLs are far removed from machine languages and
represent the class of computer languages closest to human language.
Regardless of what language you use, you need to convert your program into
machine language so that the computer can understand it. There are two ways to do this:
1.interpret the program, 2. Compile the program
An interpreter takes a single line of source code, translates it and carries out the
instruction immediately. This process is repeated line by line until the whole program is
translated and run. A compile translates the whole program before the program is run and
turns it into a self-contained program which can be run independently.
 BIOS
In IBM PC Compatible computers, the basic input-output system (BIOS), also
known as the System BIOS is a fact standard defining a firmware interface.
The BIOS software is built into the PC and is the first code run by a PC when
powered on. The primary function of the BIOS is to load and start an operating system.
When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is to initialize and identify
system devices such as the video display card, keyboard and mouse, hard disk, CD/DVD
drive and other hardware. The BIOS then locates software held on a peripheral device
(designed as a `boot device`), such as a hard disk or a CD loads and executes that
software, giving it control of the PC.
This process is known as booting or booting up, which is short for bootstrapping.
BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip built into the system on the mother
board.
The BIOS software is specifically designed to work with the particular type of
system in question, including having a knowledge of the workings of various devices that
make up the complementary chipset of the system.
In modern computer systems, the BIOS chip`s contents can be rewritten allowing
BIOS software to be upgraded.
The BIOS provides a small library of basic input-output functions used to operate
and control the peripherals such as the keyboard, text display functions and so forth, and
these software library functions are callable by external software.
In the IBM PC and AT, certain peripheral cards such as hard-drive controllers and
video display adapters carried their own BIOS extension ROM, which provided
additional functionality.
Operating systems and executive software designed to supersede this basic
firmware functionality will provide replacement software interfaces to applications.

My spare time
My spare time...
I try to spend my free time effectively. I read books, listen to music, make creative
crafts, draw and do some other things. I have read several books, but these books are the
most effective and memorable. Like everyone else. My favorite book, and the book that
influenced me, was Varis's book "The last thing that dies is hope...". This book tells about
two young people who love each other and their end. This work is spoken by someone
else. Although every work starts well at the beginning, it does not end well. Just like in
this work. In addition to reading books, I love listening to music. It's like I'm living the
music. It's safe to say that I spend most of my day listening to music. And most
importantly, in my free time, I have been making handicrafts since childhood. I even sold
it. As a handicraft, I make decor, creative flowers, paper figures and other figures.

My future plans
My future plans..
Like everyone has future plans, I have a number of future plans. In fact, we have
been making plans for the future since childhood. Some can realize these plans, some
cannot. But I always worked hard to achieve my goal. I worked hard. My childhood plans
were different, now they are completely different.
I did most, if not all, of the plans I made at that time. For example, I studied, I
graduated from school, I was admitted to the university, I graduated from the university
with excellent grades, and then I was admitted to the Master's degree. And now I am a
master's student. I have achieved many of my plans, that is, my dreams.
Now I am making plans for the future.
Career...
I have finished my master's degree with excellent marks and I want to work in a good job
according to my qualification. I plan not to stay in this job permanently, but to work in
better places. And I am sure that I will achieve my dreams and plans. Because that's what
I'm working for.