Dr: Walaa Ahmed Elsanabary Lecture 8

Lecturer at Information Systems Department map, and graph

Sadat Academy for Management sciences methods
 COURSE 05
TOPICS
Remote Sensing
1
04
Geocoding concept &
Topology rules
Steps of building GIS project 03

Spatial analysis (1,2)

02
GIS functions (Output)
(Queries , Buffering, overlaying, (map, chart, and graph methods)
Network analysis)

01
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Map types
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Map Types
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Graphs
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Graphs

Different types of graphs are

used for data exploration.

A graph may involve a single

variable or multiple variables,
and it may display individual
values or classes of values
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Graphs
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displays data as a line. The line graph

example in figure shows the rate of
population change from 1990 to 2000 in
the United States along the y-axis and the
state along the x-axis. Notice a couple of
“peaks” in the line graph.
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also called a histogram, groups data into

equal intervals and uses bars to show the
number or frequency of values falling
within each class. A bar chart may have
vertical bars or horizontal bars. The next
figure uses a vertical bar chart to group rates
of population change in the United States
into six classes. Notice one bar at the high
end of the histogram.
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A cumulative distribution graph is one type

of line graph that plots the ordered data
values against the cumulative distribution
values. The cumulative distribution value
for the ith ordered value is typically
calculated as (i − 0.5)/n, where n is the
number of values. This computational
formula converts the values of a data set to
within the range of 0.0 to 1.0. the next figure
shows a cumulative distribution graph.
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uses markings to plot the values of two

variables along the x- and y-axes. The next
figure plots percent population change
1990–2000 against percent persons under 18
years old in 2000 by state in the United
States. The scatterplot suggests a weak
positive relationship between the two
variables. Given a set of variables, a
scatterplot matrix can show the pair-wise
scatter plots of the variables in a matrix
format.
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are a variation of scatterplots. Instead of

using constant symbols as in a scatterplot,
a bubble plot has varying-sized bubbles
that are made proportional to the value of a
third variable.
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also called “box and whisker” plots,

summarize the distribution of five statistics
from a data set: the minimum, first quartile,
median, third quartile, and maximum. By
examining the position of the statistics in a
boxplot, we can tell if the distribution of
data values is symmetric or skewed and if
there are unusual data points (i.e., outliers).
The next figure shows a boxplot based on
the rate of population change in the United
States.
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 THINK 16
What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram? Which method shows hierarchical data in a nested format?
a) The distance between categories is equal across the range of a) Tree maps
interval/ratio data b) Scatter plots
b) Ordinal data can be rank ordered, but interval/ratio data cannot c) Area charts
c) Interval/ratio variables contain only two categories
What are the common types of data visualization?
What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram? a) Charts
a) Bar charts are circular, whereas histograms are square b) Tables
b) There are no gaps between the bars on a histogram c) All of the above
c) Bar charts represents numbers, whereas histograms represent
percentages What are specific examples of methods to visualize data?
a) Bubble Cloud
What is an outlier? b) Dot Distribution Map
a) A type of variable that cannot be quantified c) All of the above
b) A score that is left out of the analysis because of missing data
c) An extreme value at either end of a distribute A useful chart for displaying multiple variables is the .............
a) scatter chart
What is true about data visualization? b) scatter chart matrix
a) Data Visualization helps users in analyzing a large amount of data c) two-dimensional graph
in a simpler way
b) Data Visualization is a graphical representation of data
c) All of the above
 THINK 17
A data visualization tool that updates in real time and gives multiple
outputs is called .................
a) a data dashboard
b) a metrics table
c) a data table

A system that merges maps and statistics to present data collected

over different geographies ..................
a) The heat map
b) Geographic information system
c) None of the above