Descriptions of course

Degree Program B.Sc. degree in Geographic Information Science

Module Title
Course Name Geo-statistics
Course Code GISc 3102
ECTS 5 ECTS/3Cr.Hr
Course Information: Academic Year:_________ Year:_________ Semester:_____
Meeting Day _____ Meeting Time____ Meeting Location________
Instructor’s Name: Habitamu Taddese (PhD)
Instructor’s Contact Office:
Information: Phone : +251911548703
Email: [email protected]
Office location: Inside the former MRV project coordination office building
Office hour:
ECTS 5 CP/ 135 hr
Student Work Load Lecture Lab. Assignments Tutorial Home Total
Practice Study
30hrs 40hrs 9hrs 16hrs 40hrs 135hrs
Course Status Core
upon the completion of this course students will be able to :
Course objective and  Apply geo-statistics and surface analysis to generate information about
competences to be geographic features.
acquired  Define Geostatistics
 Knows History, advantage and applications of Geostatistics
 Review Probability Theory Review
 Apply statistical approach to analyses Univariate, Bivariate and
Multivariate
 Understand the concept of Regionalized Variable Theory
 Differentiate between Conventional Analysis (Nongeostatistical) and
Spatial Continuity Analysis (Geostatistical)
 Examine Exploratory data analysis
 Computing the Variogram and Modeling Variogram
 Understand of regionalized variable theory.
 Understand how to apply geo-statistics methods in spatial interpolation.
Course Description Geo-statistics is the branch of statistics which deals with spatially autocorrelated
data. It has become an invaluable tool for characterizing data from field
observation. This course covers brief introduction to Geostatistics, over view of
Probability Theory Review; Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis;
concept of Regionalized Variable Theory, Conventional Analysis
(Nongeostatistical), Spatial Continuity Analysis (Geostatistical), The Variogram
and Modelling, Exploratory data analysis, Geostatistical Prediction,
Nongeostatistical (Deterministic) Estimation, Geostatistical (Probabilistic)
Estimation, ArcGIS Geostatistical Analysis.
Course Status Core
Schedule
Week Date Topic and Subtopic Required Reference
1. Introduction to Geostatistics Ye Zhang. 2011.
1.1 Definition and History of Geostatistics Introduction to
1.2 Advantages of geostatistics Geostatistics -Course
1.3 Geostatistical Prediction Notes, University of
1.4 Geostatistics versus Simple Interpolation Wyoming.Pp.1-6
1 1.5 Applications of Geostatistics
1.5.1 Mining and Engineering
1.5.2 Environmental Pollution
1.5.3 Precision Agriculture (PA)
1.5.4 Fisheries
1.6 The essence of Geostatistics

Activities: Define Geostatistics; Explain

Applications of Geostatistics; List advantages of
Geostatistics; Differentiate between Geostatistics
and Simple Interpolation.
2. Probability Theory Review Ye Zhang. 2011.
2.1 Nomenclature and Notation Introduction to
2.2 Univariate Description Geostatistics -Course
2.2.1 Frequency Tables and Histograms Notes, University of
2.2.2 Cumulative Frequency Tables and Wyoming.Pp.15-31
2&3 Histograms
2.2.3 Normal and lognormal Probability Edward H. I. 1989.
Plots Applied Geostatistics.
2.2.4 Summary Statistics New York Oxford
2.2.5 Measures of Spread Oxford University
2.2.6 Measures of Shape Press.Pp. 3 -38
2.3 Bivariate Description
2.3.1 Comparing Two Distributions
2.3.2 Scatterplots
2.3.3 Correlation
2.3.4 Linear Regression
2.3.5 Conditional Expectation
2.4 Multivariate Description
2.4.1 Multiple Regression Analysis
2.4.2 Multivariate Analysis of Variance
2.4.3 Factor Analysis
2.4.4 Cluster Analysis
2.4.5 Canonical Correlation
2.4.6 Classification Analysis
2.4.7 Principal Component Analysis
2.5 Gaussian Distribution
2.6 Central Limit Theorem
 Activities: The student make Univariate, Bivariate
and Multivariate analysis using different
techniques; Frequency Tables and Histograms,
Scatterplots, Correlation, Linear Regression;
Multiple Regression Analysis, Cluster Analysis,
Principal Component Analysis

3. Regionalized Variable Theory Ye Zhang. 2011.

3.1 Random Variables Theory Introduction to
4 3.2 Regionalized Variable Theory Geostatistics -Course
3.3 Stationarity Notes, University of
3.4 Spatial analysis Wyoming.Pp.15-31
3.4.1 Conventional Analysis
(Nongeostatistical)
3.4.1.1 Data Posting
3.4.1.2 Contour Map
3.4.1.3 Symbol Map
3.4.1.4 Indicator Map
3.4.1.5 Moving Window
3.4.2 Spatial Continuity Analysis
(Geostatistical)
3.4.2.1 Experimental Variogram
3.4.2.2 h-Scatterplot
3.4.2.3 Variogram versus Univariate
Statistics
3.4.2.4 Higher Dimensions &
Statistical Anisotropy
3.4.2.5 Pure Nugget Variogram
3.4.2.6 Standard Deviation of ^°(h)
3.4.2.7 Exploring Anisotropy

Activities: Explain Random and Regionalized

variable theory, Demonstrate Conventional
Analysis and Spatial Continuity Analysis;
Determine Anisotropy.
4. Exploratory data analysis
4.1 Exploratory analysis scope
5 4.2 Experimental distribution
4.2.1 Histogram
4.2.2 Ogive
4.2.3 Summary statistics
4.2.4 The box plot
4.3 Transformations and outliers
4.3.1 Normality
4.3.2 Outliers
4.4 Normality tests and independence
 4.5 Spatial structure
4.6 The experimental variogram
4.7 Meaning of experimental variogram
4.7.1 Scale
4.7.2 Near the origin
4.7.3 Large-scale behavior

Activities: Exploratory data analysis (Histogram,

Box plot); Normality test and independence;
interpret experimental variogram.

5. The Variogram and Modelling Ye Zhang. 2011.

5.1 The Experimental Variogram Introduction to
5.1.1 Computing the Variogram from Geostatistics -Course
Regular Sampling in One Dimension Notes, University of
5.1.2 Computing the Variogram from Wyoming.Pp.75-89
Regular and Irregular Sampling in
Two Dimensions
5.2 Factors Affecting the Reliability of
6&7 Experimental Variograms
5.2.1 Sample Size
5.2.2 Sampling Interval and Spatial Scale
5.2.3 Lag Interval and Bin Width
5.2.4 Statistical Distribution
5.2.5 Anisotropy
5.2.6 Trend
5.3 Modelling the Variogram
5.3.1 Principal Features of the Variogram
5.3.2 Variogram Model Functions
5.4 Factors Affecting the Reliability of
Variogram Models
5.4.1 Fitting Models.
5.5 Stochastic Modelling (Time Series Analysis)
and Forecasting
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.1.1 Stochastic Processes
5.5.1.2 The Autocorrelation Function
 Moran’s i Statistics
 Geary’s c Statistics
5.5.1.3 Stochastic Modelling (Time
Series Analysis)
5.5.1.4 Physical Significance in
Relation to Estimation of Blocks
of Ore
5.5.1.5 Moving Average Process
 5.5.1.6 Auto-regressive and moving
average process

Activities: Computing the variogram from regular

sampling in one dimension; computing the
variogram from regular and irregular sampling in
two dimensions; The autocorrelation (Moran’s I
statistics and Geary’s C statistics); make time
series analysis
6. Geostatistical Prediction: Kriging Edward H. I. 1989.
6.1 Introduction Applied Geostatistics.
6.2 Theory New York Oxford
8 6.2.1 Kriging Weights Oxford University
6.2.2 Kriging Neighbourhood Press.Pp.278-416
6.2.3 Punctual and Block Kriging for
Mapping
6.2.4 Anisotropy
6.2.5 Simple Kriging
6.2.6 Lognormal Kriging
7. Estimation
7.1 The problem of estimation Edward H. I. 1989.
9 7.2 Non-geostatistical (deterministic) estimation Applied Geostatistics.
7.2.1 Global estimation New York Oxford
7.2.2 Local estimation Oxford University
7.3 Estimation criteria Press.Pp.184-194.
7.4 Geostatistical (probabilistic) estimation Ye Zhang. 2011.
7.4.1 Random function models Introduction to
7.4.2 Ordinary kriging Geostatistics -Course
7.4.3 Co-kriging & collocated co-kriging Notes, University of
7.4.4 Kriging with moving neighbourhood Wyoming.Pp.91-119
Activities: Non-geostatistical (deterministic)
estimation; geostatistical (probabilistic) estimation
 8. Types of kriging.
8.1 Simple kriging: Webster R. & M.A.
8.1.1 Assumption Oliver. (2001).
10 8.1.2 Equation Geostatistics for
8.1.3 Interpolation Environmental
8.1.4 Error Scientists.
8.2 Ordinary kriging Chichester, Widely.
8.2.1 Assumption
8.2.2 Equation
8.2.3 Interpolation
8.2.4 Error
8.3 Indicator kriging
8.4 Cross-validation
8.5 Universal kriging
8.6 Co-kriging

Activities: Differentiate between different types of

kriging
9. ArcGIS Geostatistical Analysis ArcGIS Tutorial
9.1 Exploratory spatial data analysis graphs
11&12 9.2 Geostatistical Wizard
9.2.1 Deterministic methods
9.2.1.1 Global polynomial interpolation
9.2.1.2 Local polynomial interpolation
9.2.1.3 Inverse distance weighted
9.2.1.4 Radial basis functions
9.2.2 Geostatistical methods
9.3 Geostatistical Analyst toolbox
9.4 Raster Interpolation(Under 3D Analysis
Tools)
Activities: Using ArcMap for Geostatistical
Analysis
10. ArcGIS Spatial Statistics Tools
10.1. Analysing Patterns ArcGIS Tutorial
10.2. Mapping Cluster
13&14 10.3. Measuring Geographic Distribution
10.4. Modelling Spatial Relationship
10.5. Rendering
10.6. Utilities
10.7. Hotspot Analysis
10.8. Functional Surface
10.9. Local Analysis
10.10. Multivariate Analysis
10.11. Neighbourhood Analysis
Activities: Using ArcMap Toolbox for Statistical
Analysis
 15 Project work and Presentation
16 Final Examination
Teaching & learning The mode of delivery of the course incorporates lecture, group discussion,
method laboratory practical, demonstration and assignments. The theoretical class
will be conducted using different teaching aids (white board, LCD
projector, etc.) The laboratory practical will be demonstrated using LCD
projector, Computer with software and other materials.
Summary of Assessment Test/Quiz (20%)
Methods Laboratory practical= 10%
Project Work= 30%
Final examination = 40%

Course Expectation The students are expected to attend lecture and practical sessions, complete
the assignments given, and report the assignment on time. Reading of
course text before attending the lectures and practical sessions is also highly
expected from the students. They should obey for the rules and regulation
the university.
Course Policy Attendance: students should attend at least 90% of both lecture & practical.
The students are encouraged to co-operate each other for group work and
resource share (lecture material, laboratory manual, etc.). Cheating on
examination and other teaching and learning process results serious penalty.
Students should respect regulation of laboratory to handle the different
laboratory equipment and materials with care.
Reference:  Webster R. & M.A. Oliver. (2001). Geostatistics for Environmental
Scientists. Chichester, Widely.
 Francis Harvey. 2008. A Primer of GIS Fundamental Geographic and
Cartographic Concepts, Chapter 14. The Guilford Press, New York
London.Pp.321.
 Ye Zhang. 2011. Introduction to Geostatistics -Course Notes,
University of Wyoming.Pp.149.
 Edward H. I. 1989. Applied Geostatistics. New York Oxford Oxford
University Press.Pp.587.
 Sarma, D.D.2009. Geostatistics w.ith Applications In Earth
Sciences.2nd Edition, Springer
 J¨urgen Pilz. 2009. Interfacing Geostatistics and GIS. Springer
 Kitanidis, P. K. 1997. Introductionto Geostatistics: Applications to
Hydrogeology. Stanford University, Cambridge University Press.
Pp.271.