CHAPTER ONE

1.Introduction
1.1Background of Study
Green spaces are areas covered by vegetation (e.g. grass, bushes or trees), where water can permeate
through the soil and vegetation, filtrating part of the sediment and pollutants before reaching the
underlying groundwater. Green spaces and permeable surfaces are particularly relevant in urban
settings, where they help to uptake and infiltrate water, decreasing runoff rates.(Corkery, 2019)

Urban green refers to the presence of vegetation and green spaces within urban areas. Today, there is a
growing recognition of the importance of urban green for the health and well-being of city residents, as
well as for the environment.(Rutt & Gulsrud, 2016)

Urban green space development policies are clearly stated and have a strong constitutional foundation.
Nevertheless, it is considered that the Growth and Transformation Program 2010–2015 (GTPI), Growth
and Transformation Program 2016–2020 (GTPII), and Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) are some
of the initiatives promoting the 2 M. B. MOISA ET AL. importance’s of UGS .(Narita et al., 2017)

In recent years, there has been a movement towards increasing the amount of urban green in cities
around the world. This has been driven by a growing awareness of the negative impacts of urbanization
on the environment and public health, as well as by the potential economic benefits of investing in
urban green infrastructure.(Rutt & Gulsrud, 2016)

Land suitability refers to the potential of a particular piece of land to support a specific use or activity,
such as agriculture, forestry, urban development, or conservation. It is determined by evaluating various
physical, environmental, and socio-economic factors that affect the land's ability to meet the
requirements and objectives of the intended use(Sharma et al., 2022).It is the fitness of a given type
of land for a defined use. The land may be considered in its present condition or after improvements.
(Corkery, 2019)

Land suitability analysis is a process of evaluating the capability of land for specific uses based on its
physical, environmental, and socio-economic characteristics (Rossiter, 2009).It involves the identification
of land characteristics that are favorable or unfavorable for a particular use and the mapping of these
characteristics to determine the suitability of land for that use. It is commonly used in agriculture,
forestry, urban planning, and natural resource management to guide land use decisions and optimize
land use efficiency(Rossiter, 2009). is vital in UGS planning as it gives room for choosing the most
suitable site(Moisa et al., 2023).

In developing countries like Ethiopia, there is a tendency of increasing trend of environmental pollutions
and climate change in large cities due to the increasing number of constructions and expansions of
small-scale industries.(Ababa et al., 2018)

The UGS played a crucial role in maintaining a health urban environment. A significant warming has
been observed in shashemene town as vegetation cover declines(Giles-Corti et al., 2016). In spite of this
problem, little efforts have been conducted to minimize the potential impacts of UGS depletion. UGS
plays a crucial role to minimize the impacts of urban land use and land cover (LULC) changes on urban
heat island, the importance of UGS to mitigate urban climate change is less emphasized.

Selecting suitable sites for the establishment of urban green spaces can be challenging due to limited
available land and competing land uses. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other techniques
can aid in identifying suitable sites for urban green spaces. One technique is the use of spatial analysis in
GIS to identify areas with high levels of impervious surfaces, which are indicative of areas with low
vegetation cover. This information can be used to prioritize areas for the establishment of urban green
spaces. Additionally, remote sensing techniques can be used to map vegetation cover and identify areas
with low levels of green space.(Rutt & Gulsrud, 2016)

Therefore, this study about is aimed to fill the existing research gap via evaluating UGS suitability in
shashemene city by using using geospatial techniques. The findings of this find out about are crucial for
town land use planning and selection help for the development of UGS development.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Urbanization has led to the rapid growth of towns and cities, resulting in a decline in urban
green spaces. As a result, the availability of green spaces has become a critical issue for urban
residents' health and well-being.
Urban green spaces play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life in cities by providing
opportunities for recreation, relaxation, and social interaction. However, the availability and
accessibility of such spaces are often limited in urban areas, especially in developing countries
like Ethiopia. In the case of Shashemene city, there is a growing demand for urban green spaces
due to rapid urbanization and population growth.
The creation and maintenance of urban green spaces have been linked to numerous health and
well-being benefits for urban residents. Studies have shown that access to green spaces can
reduce stress levels, improve mental health, and promote physical activity .(Giles-Corti et al.,
2022)
The suitability analysis will be conducted using geospatial techniques to assess the suitability of
different locations for urban green spaces. Geospatial techniques such as remote sensing,
geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial analysis will be used to analyze various
factors such as land use, topography, and accessibility. This analysis will help identify suitable
locations for urban green spaces that can provide maximum benefits to the residents of
Shashemene(van Maarseveen et al., 2018).

1.3Research Questions
 What are the ecological factors that influence the suitability of urban green space
sites in study area?
 What is urban green space?
 What are the criteria for selecting suitable location for the creation and
maintenance of urban green space?
1.4Objective of the Research

1.4.1 General objective

The main objective of this study is to select urban green space sites in Shashemene town using
geospatial techniques.
1.4.2. Specific Objectives
 To identify the ecological factors that influence the suitability of sites for urban green
space development.
 To understand definition and conception of urban green space.
 To identify the criteria for selecting suitable locations for the creation and maintenance
of urban green spaces.

1.5. Significance of Study

The study on suitable site selection for urban green space in the study area GIS and RS has
significant implications for the city's sustainable development. By identifying ecologically
suitable sites for green space development, the study can contribute to improving the
quality of life of residents, enhancing environmental sustainability, promoting social equity,
and generating economic benefits. The use of geospatial technology in site selection is an
innovative approach that can be replicated in other cities, making the study a model for
enhancing green infrastructure and sustainable development.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The study focuses specifically on shashemene town located in west Arsi zone of the Oromia
region in Ethiopia. The surroundings will be considered on identifying suitable locations for new
green space development.

1.7. Definition of terms and concepts

Green space can be defined as any area within environment that is covered by vegetation,
including trees, grass, shrubs, and other plants. It used to provide a range of benefits to both
people and the environment.
Urban green space can be defined as any area within a city or town that is intentionally
designed and managed to include vegetation, such as parks, gardens, green roofs, and green
walls.
Urban green spaces can serve as vital components of sustainable urban development,
promoting ecological balance, enhancing the quality of life for residents, and contributing to
the overall health and well-being of urban communities.

1.8. Organization of the Study

The research have 6 chapters .Chapter one deals with Introduction of study. It has been concerned with
Background of study, statement of the problem, research question, objective of study, significance of
study, scope of the study, definition of terms and concepts and organizational structure of the study.The
second chapter describes review of related literature. The third chapter focus on background
methodology of study area.

CHAPTER TWO

2.Literature Review
Urban green spaces are defined as "any vegetated land within or adjacent to urban areas, regardless of
ownership, that can provide ecosystem services and/or support biodiversity and human well-being"
(UN-Habitat, 2013).

In Ethiopia, urban green spaces are becoming increasingly important due to the rapid urbanization and
population growth. According to a study conducted by Ayenew and Assefa (2019), urban green spaces in
Ethiopia are essential for providing ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, air purification,
and temperature regulation. They also play a crucial role in enhancing the aesthetic value of the city and
providing recreational opportunities for urban residents.

However, the availability of urban green spaces in Ethiopia is limited, and the existing ones are often
poorly managed and maintained. The study recommends that urban planners and policymakers in
Ethiopia should prioritize the development of urban green spaces and ensure their sustainable
management for the benefit of both the environment and human well-being(Contoh et al., 2019).

According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report, Ethiopia's rapid urbanization
and population growth have led to increased demand for green spaces in urban areas, which has
resulted in the creation of policies and regulations that require developers to allocate a certain
percentage of land for green spaces in new urban developments (UNDP, 2018). The Ethiopian
government has also launched various initiatives aimed at promoting urban green development, such as
the Green Legacy Initiative, which aims to plant four billion trees by 2025 (Ethiopian Embassy in London,
2021). Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) are also
playing a crucial role in promoting urban green development in Ethiopia. For example, the Ethiopian
Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI) has partnered with NGOs and CBOs to establish
community-managed forests and promote sustainable land use practices in urban areas.)(Contoh et al.,
2019).

2.1. Classification of urban green space

Urban green spaces can be classified into different categories based on their size, function, and
location. Here are some common classifications are Parks, Gardens , Greenways, Natural areas,
Green roofs and walls, Urban forests, Pocket parks, Streetscapes.
2.2. Benefits of urban green space
Urban green space areas play a crucial role in improving public health and fostering well-being.
They provide spaces for physical activity, relaxation, and social interaction, reducing stress, and
promoting mental and physical health among urban residents (Fernandes et al., 2023) . They
serve as hubs for community events and social gatherings, fostering a sense of belonging and
connectedness among residents.(Fernandes et al., 2023)

In an environmental context, urban green spaces provide vital ecosystem services essential for
urban sustainability. They contribute to the mitigation of urban heat island effects,
improvement of air quality, and the management of storm water, thus enhancing
environmental quality and urban resilience (Milliken, 2018).
Economically, urban green spaces yield several benefits. They are known to increase property
values, attract tourism, and provide appealing surroundings for businesses, thus enhancing the
economic vitality and attractiveness of urban areas (Sander & Haight, 2012).Businesses often
benefit from being in close proximity to green spaces as they enhance the aesthetic value of the
urban fabric and provide a tranquil environment for employees and customers.(Sander &
Haight, 2012).These multifaceted benefits make urban green spaces integral components of
urban environments, fostering physical and mental well-being, ensuring environmental
sustainability, and contributing to the economic vitality of cities.

Evaluation criteria for site selection of urban green spaces.

 Proximity to population centers: This criterion considers the distance between the green space
and the surrounding residential areas. It is important to have green spaces close to where
people live to encourage physical activity and social interaction.(Wang et al., 2019)
 Accessibility: This criterion considers the ease of access to the green space, including the
availability of transportation, parking, and pedestrian infrastructure. (Wang et al., 2019)
 Environmental quality: This criterion considers the quality of the natural environment,
including air and water quality, soil conditions, and biodiversity. (Wang et al., 2019)
 Land use: This criterion considers the current land use of the site and its compatibility with
green space development.(Wang et al., 2019)
 Topography: This criterion considers the slope and elevation of the site, which can affect its
suitability for different types of green spaces.(Wang et al., 2019)
  Vegetation cover: This criterion considers the amount and type of vegetation present on the
site, which can affect its ecological value and aesthetic appeal. (Wang et al., 2019)

2.2.GIS as a tool for urban green space site selection

GIS (Geographic Information System) is a powerful tool for site selection of urban green space. It allows
planners to analyze various spatial data layers and make informed decisions based on multiple criteria.
Here are a few examples of how GIS can be used for site selection of urban green space:

 Identification of suitable sites: GIS can be used to identify potential sites for urban green space
development based on various criteria such as proximity to residential areas, land use,
topography, and environmental quality. This helps planners to narrow down the options and
select the most suitable site. (Versporten et al., 2018)

 Analysis of existing green spaces: GIS can be used to analyze the distribution and accessibility of
existing green spaces in a city. This helps planners to identify gaps in green space provision and
prioritize areas for new development. (Wang et al., 2019)

 Assessment of ecological value: GIS can be used to assess the ecological value of a potential
green space site based on factors such as vegetation cover, biodiversity, and soil conditions. This
helps planners to design green spaces that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also
ecologically sustainable.(Wang et al., 2019)

 Public engagement: GIS can be used to engage the public in the site selection process by
providing interactive maps and allowing users to provide feedback on potential sites. This helps
to ensure that the needs and preferences of local residents are taken into account in the
decision-making process.(Versporten et al., 2018)

2.3.Remote sensing application for urban green space site selection

 LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data to assess the three-dimensional structure of
potential sites. LiDAR can provide detailed information on vegetation height and density, which
can be used to estimate canopy cover and other vegetation characteristics.
 High-resolution satellite imagery to assess the suitability of potential sites.(Wang et al.,
2019)
3. Description of Study Area, Methods and Materials
3.1.Description of Study Area
3.1.1. Bio Physical Condition
Location and Administration
Shashemene is a city located in the West Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region in Ethiopia. It is approximately
250 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The city is administered by the
Shashemene City Administration, which is responsible for the provision of basic services such as water
supply, sanitation, and waste management to the residents of the city(GoE, 2018).

Climate
Shashemene city has a subtropical highland climate with average temperatures ranging from 16°C to
25°C throughout the year. The city experiences two rainy seasons: the long rainy season from June to
September and the short rainy season from February to April. The average annual rainfall is around
1000mm (39 inches)

Shashemene city has a mild and temperate climate with distinct rainy seasons, as is typical of many
highland areas in Ethiopia(Ababa, 2021).

Vegetation Cover
Shashemene city is located in the Rift Valley region of Ethiopia, which is known for its diverse vegetation
cover. The area around Shashemene is characterized by a mix of grasslands, savannas, and woodlands,
with scattered trees and shrubs(Kindu et al., 2013).