Fostering Stewardship in Managing Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in The Lens of Green Criminology

IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO.
1, MARCH 2024
FOSTERING STEWARDSHIP IN MANAGING FISHERIES AND AQUATIC

RESOURCES IN THE LENS OF GREEN CRIMINOLOGY
ROSE ANN DIAGSAY-AGUJA, Ph.D.

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7814-9426
[email protected]
Visayas State University Tolosa, Tanghas, Tolosa, Leyte, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/293019
ABSTRACT
Illegal fishing imperils Gulf ecosystems, prompting this qualitative study, rooted in green criminology and
purposive sampling, to explore stewardship in fisheries and aquatic resource management. Police officers
(Bantay Dagat), BFAR representatives, Barangay Officials, and Fisherfolks were interviewed. This study
revolved around three main thrusts: (1) common law violations relative to the fishery and aquatic resources
law violations; (2) the reasons/motivational factors of engaging in the fishery and aquatic resources law
violations; and (3) measures on how the community can foster stewardship in managing fisheries and
aquatic resources. The findings proved that the illegal fishing activities in municipal waters and marine
protected areas were done for higher income and economic sustenance but posed various threats to the
sustainability of aquatic and fishery resources and the environment in Leyte Gulf. The study also found
that the community can foster stewardship through participatory enforcement of aquatic and fishery laws
and programs and the provisions of equipment and resources needed for more effective patrol and
surveillance of marine waters to prevent and combat illegal fishing.
Keywords: Green Criminology, Illegal Fishing, Stewardship, Leyte Gulf
INTRODUCTION the ocean remains a major source of livelihood,

especially for those living near coastal areas.
Illegal fishing poses one of the biggest According to Shapiro (2015), the oceans
threats to fisheries management for the place. are very important in many different ways. They
Several factors hamper efforts to deal with the provide sanctuary for spectacular marine
problem. The large area of marine space relative ecosystems, and livelihoods for countless
to the land area, the migratory fisheries resources, fishermen, and, if appropriately protected, could
lack of financial and technical resources, and very well feed the world. Among Filipinos, millions
skilled human resources compound the problem of depend on their fishing for their livelihood.
dealing with illegal fishing in Leyte. The ocean However, the fish, which are rich and precious
occupies more than two-thirds of the Earth's resources, are declining rapidly. Major fishing
surface and is considered the heart of the planet grounds are already under threat due to
and the largest ecosystem on Earth. overfishing, destructive fishing practices, habitat
Understandably, for people who subsist on fishing, degradation, pollution, improper waste disposal,
P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Education, Engineering, and Technology (ICEET), 29 – 30 September 2023, Grand Mercure
Singapore Roxy Hotel, Singapore
AGUJA, R.A.D., Fostering Stewardship in Managing Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in the Lens of Green Criminology,
pp. 134 - 144
134
IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 1, MARCH 2024
and extreme weather are all undermining the activities within the society
marine environment. Years of overfishing have (WorldOceanReview, 2013).
prompted an imminent crisis of fish stocks Leyte Gulf is one of the major sources of
worldwide, where they are overexploited and marine products in Region 8. The municipal areas
unsustainable. covered are; Abuyog, McArthur, Mayorga, Dulag,
On the green criminology rationale, Tolosa, Tanauan, Palo, Tacloban, Basey Samar,
criminology professionals suggest that green and Marabut Samar. Despite the presence of
crimes present the most significant challenge to fishery and aquatic resources laws, problems in
criminology as a discipline. As Lynch and the enforcement and non-compliance of fisher
Stretesky, (2016) put it, “as we observed, most of folks are still existing.
the criminologists ignore green issues; we are not Dynamite or blast fishing, fishing with
just concerned about neglecting the problem. Still, poison, and destructive gear are particularly
instead, we are disturbed by the fact that as part of damaging to fisheries resources. Overfishing and
the profession, criminology cannot understand the competition between the municipal and the
thought of taking green crimes more seriously, and commercial fishing sectors are due to the finite
the need to reorient itself in making ways to find a nature of marine resources combined with an
solution to a vast global environmental problem we "open access" principle. When excessive fishing
are currently facing”. effort leads to resource depletion, fisherfolk are
In numerous maritime regions of the world, forced to employ more efficient fishing technology,
illegal fishing has massively contributed to the increasingly finer meshed nets, poisons, and other
depletion of fish stocks, particularly in developing destructive fishing methods to meet their short-
countries' coastal waters (WorldOceanReview2, term needs at the expense of resource
2013). The decline in production and the resulting sustainability.
decrease in income from fishing can be attributed In this situation, there are already problems
to several factors such as massive exploitation of in eliminating illegal fishing practices. Further
the country's fishing grounds, illegal unreported, study is needed to address the other problems
and unregulated fishing, deadly impacts of climate related to the common violations of fishery and
change, and disasters to lives, livelihoods, and aquatic resources laws in the Leyte Gulf. The
properties of fisherfolk (Greenpeace Philippines, study presumes that an effective alternative
2017). The ocean being under threat will livelihood program for the fishing community has
eventually lead to harming the ecosystems, such many benefits and can impact the lives of
as decreasing the fish population and the change fisherfolks as well as their families. Fostering the
of the marine environment. One of those threats community's stewardship in managing fisheries
gets relatively little attention but is both serious and aquatic resources would promote a positive
and solvable in large-scale illegal fishing (PEW, impact that was very useful in preserving marine
2017). It is difficult to estimate the exact total catch resources for the benefit of future generations.
from illegal fishing which is considered a global The study was anchored primarily on
problem. Most of the fish stocks have been Environmental stewardship which includes
overexploited and are depleted. Despite the aspects of social, economic, and environmental
presence of fishery laws, the "Bantay Dagat" is still sustainability and meeting the needs of the
facing difficulties in combatting illegal fishing present without compromising the ability of future

pp. 134 - 144
135
generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland, as beneficial because it promotes greater
1987). This study was anchored on the following transparency and accountability. It stresses
philosophies and theories: Green Ethics responsibility for managing human activity,
Philosophy (Newman, 2015); Human Resource affecting the natural environment to ensure
Philosophy; Fisheries Compliance Theory (Hauck conservation and preservation of natural
and Kroese, 2006); Philosophy of Stewardship resources and values for future generations
(Welchman, 2012), and; Social Learning Theory (Welchman, 2012). Every individual is responsible
(Bandura, 2019). for marine resources, and we can contribute and
Green Ethics Philosophy considers the manage sustainably so that future generations can
moral relationship between human beings and the continue to benefit from them.
value and moral status of the environment. A Further, Social learning theory was based
sustainable environment is essential not only at on the idea that individuals develop motivations
present but also in providing a better future; thus, and skills to violate the law through associating
everyone must know their moral obligation with or exposure to others involved in illegal fishing
towards the environment (Newman, 2015). Since activities (i.e., associating with deviant peers).
the ocean is considered the essential source of Akers proposed that this exposure to abnormal
food and the main livelihood of fishing behavior provided individuals with definitions seen
communities, it is right for them to be protected as either approving or neutralizing the behavior
and ensure sustainability. (Bandura, 2019). Small-scale fishers were forced
Human resource philosophy revolves into non-compliance and unsustainable fishing
around management's beliefs and assumptions practices due to a lack of income due to decreased
about people, nature, needs, values, and fish stocks. That is why they are prone to influence,
approaches to work. These beliefs and and they learned to execute illegal fishing
assumptions, then determine how people should activities.
be treated. This philosophy proves that the fishing The study was based on the rationale for
communities and the people who get benefits fostering stewardship in managing fisheries and
should treat the water resources the way they aquatic resources through the lens of green
should be treated so that they can provide enough criminology. In this context, fishermen play an
supply to sustain life. important role in the community since they obtain
Fisheries Compliance Theory by Hauck food from marine resources, and they have a
and Kroese (2006), which evolved over the past responsibility to maintain and preserve these
two decades, provides information that clarifies the resources. Therefore, fishing communities must
factors that influence fishers' behavior and adhere to the fishery laws for the water resources
develops appropriate strategies to enhance to be properly protected and can supply enough
compliance. Thus, every member of the food needed by society.
community, especially the fishing communities,
must adhere to the regulatory compliance to OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
fishery laws, which are all intended to conserve
and improve the fish population to sustain a living. The study was primarily centered on
The philosophy of stewardship puts across advancing the concept of stewardship within the
the culture of responsibility that is generally seen framework of fisheries and aquatic resource

pp. 134 - 144
136
management. It aimed to investigate the following Mayorga, Dulag, Tolosa, Tanauan, Palo,
specific objectives: Tacloban, Basey Samar, and Marabut Samar.
1. To ascertain instances of common legal Data collection involved the use of an
infractions relative to fishery and aquatic resource interview guide during one-on-one in-depth
legislation in the context of Leyte Gulf. interviews and focus group discussions. The
2. To delineate the underlying factors and researcher made frequent visits to the research
motivations that lead fisherfolk to contravene laws locale to clarify information and address data gaps
governing fishery and aquatic resource as needed. Additionally, documentary analysis
management. was used to validate respondents' statements by
3. To devise strategies for the reviewing documents that contributed to the data's
incorporation of community-driven stewardship clarity.
practices into the overarching framework for the The research tool underwent a rigorous
governance of fisheries and aquatic resources. review and validation process before
implementation. The tool was validated by experts
METHODOLOGY and panel members during preliminary
presentations of the study, and the interview
The research employed a qualitative transcript was included for reference.
research design due to its focus on gathering data To conduct the study in the selected area,
through respondents' observations and interview the researcher sought permission through a formal
responses. This approach aimed to elucidate letter addressed to the Municipal Mayors and
common violations of fishery and aquatic resource Chief of Police. Data collection commenced only
laws, the underlying reasons motivating fisherfolk after obtaining voluntary and informed consent
to commit such violations, and the strategies for from the respondents, ensuring their awareness of
community-driven stewardship in managing the study's objectives, the extent of participation,
fisheries and aquatic resources. The study's and their rights as informants.
objectives were to describe the nature of the The interviews were conducted in the local
situation and explore the causal factors of the language, Waray, to ensure comprehension
observed phenomenon. among the participants. Audio recordings of
Three distinct groups of respondents interviews were made with respondents'
participated in the study, engaging in individual knowledge and consent. Additionally, direct
interviews and focus group discussions to provide observations complemented the information
essential information. These groups comprised gathered from interviews.
three Police Officers (Bantay Dagat), three After collecting interview responses, the
representatives from the Bureau of Fisheries and researcher organized and analyzed the data using
Aquatic Resources (BFAR), three Barangay Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis (TA)
Officials, and three Fisherfolks. These selections method, following a six-step guide. This method
were purposeful to ensure diverse perspectives. allowed for flexibility in addressing research
The study was conducted within Leyte questions related to respondents' experiences and
Gulf, a significant source of marine products views on illegal fishing.
located in the central Philippines. Municipal areas The primary themes in this study
covered by Leyte Gulf included Abuyog, McArthur, encompassed: 1) common law violations related to

pp. 134 - 144
137
fishery and aquatic resources in Leyte Gulf, 2) gear in municipal waters, at bays, or fishery
reasons and motivating factors leading to these management areas (Section 90); fishing with gear
violations, and 3) strategies for community-driven or method that destroys coral reefs and other
stewardship in fisheries and aquatic resource marine habitats, such as muro-ami (Section 92);
management. These themes were integrated into use of superlight (Section 93).
all three research questions posed in Chapter 1. These illegal means of fishing show that
The study adhered to ethical research the fisher folks wanted to catch more fish quickly.
principles, including securing informed consent They often resorted to illegal fishing through
from respondents before data collection, ensuring explosives without regard to the harmful effects on
anonymity through coding, maintaining data the future fish stocks and the marine life's habitat.
confidentiality, and planning to disseminate study The illegal act of fishing occurs not only in Leyte
results to respondents through official coordination Gulf but also in many parts of the country since the
with local municipal authorities. majority of the population lives on the coastlines
and relies on the seas for sustenance and
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION livelihood. Not only did the local fisherfolks do this,
but also the poachers utilized this kind to ensure a
The results are then utilized as the basis quick catch.
for the formulation of a set of policies that can be As observed by the researcher, fisherfolk
implemented to foster stewardship in managing are mostly involved in using dynamite in fishing, as
fisheries and aquatic resources through the lens of is the case with trawling because they are active
green criminology. gear that are prohibited in municipal waters. This
is to say that the fisherfolks have indulged in
1. Common Violations Relative to Fishery and illegal, unregulated fishing, even knowing the
Aquatic Resources Law Violations in the hazard and danger it may cause to them and the
Leyte Gulf natural habitat of the fish.
According to Actman (2016), fishermen
The results, as discussed in this section, use explosives, often with dynamite, to maximize
show the common violations relative to the fishery their catch. Katiriko and Mahenge, (2016) further
and aquatic resources law in the Leyte Gulf were stated that dynamite or blast fishing remains the
elicited from the actual experiences of the most pervasive fishing method in coastal waters
respondents, namely the Police Officers, BFAR that constitutes a major threat to small-scale
representative, Barangay Officials, and fisheries through the degradation of reefs critical
Fisherfolks. habitats for fish in blast fishing, it kills all marine
creatures within the vicinity. It destroys the coral
2. Fishing through Illegal Means reefs, which play a crucial role in marine
biodiversity.
Illegal fishing can be done through any of Trawling is also one of the common fishing
the following: use or possession of explosives, gears that are usually used as a way of fishing. It
noxious and poisonous substances, and electricity consists of throwing heavy gear over the bottom of
(Section 88); use of fine mesh net except for the oceans in search of fish near the seafloor.
certain species (Section 89); use of active fishing These are then ballasted and then pulled for their

pp. 134 - 144
138
collection. This is also considered a destructive Danish seine is considered an active
gear because it causes harmful effects to other gear that has been proven to destroy marine
fisheries and the marine environment. Clearly, not habitats and other fishery resources. The use of
only is everything in their path disturbed and fishing gear is a violation of section 92 of Republic
destroyed, but also it leads to overfishing. Act 8550 and the use of such gear was banned by
According to Krotkov et al., (2017), trawls the government in 2013. The law reiterates the
are the most common human-caused disturbance prohibition of using any fishing gear that destroys
to the seabed, which is believed to harm and and damages the coral reefs, seagrass beds, and
deplete marine life. Accordingly, the frequently other fishery marine life habitats (Miraflor, 2018).
repeated trawling over the same ground involves The full enforcement of prohibiting this kind of
displacement of sediments owing to mechanical fishing gear will help preserve the marine
redistribution that ultimately causes the leveling of environment.
the surface and produces morphological effects.
Trawling can catch unwanted species of fish or 3. Fishing in Prohibited and Restricted Areas
other marine species, collectively known as
bycatch, which harvest many non-target species. The informants in this study have
It corroborates the study of Kumar, commonly claimed that the other most common
Rajagopalan, Hoerling, Bates, and Cane (2006) law violations relative to fishery and aquatic
which stated that trawl fishing has a direct and resources law violations in Leyte Gulf are fishing
indirect impact on the marine environment in prohibited and restricted areas. According to
because it collects and kills the volume of non- law, this type of violation can be any one of the
target species. Also, it directly kills the volume of following: commercial fishing in overexploited
fish and other marine species and is very areas (Section 86); fishing in overfished areas and
destructive to the seabed. Trawl fishing is during the closed season (Section 95); fishing in
considered unsustainable because such areas declared as fishery reserves, refuges, and
operations can rapidly cause the depletion of fish sanctuaries (Section 96); violation of catch ceilings
stocks. If this practice continues to exist, it will (Section 101).
eliminate marine resources in the long run. Illegal fishing activities happen in an area
The practice of illegal fishing by utilizing where there is a school of fish. People violate the
Danish seine is mainly used to catch marine law because they are tempted by the volume of
species found on the ocean floor. This kind of fish caught despite the knowledge of harming
fishing gear consists of a conical net with a pair of marine resources.
wings, the ends of which are connected to a rope The municipal water, as defined by RA
embedded with buri, plastic strips, sinkers, or other 8550, is 15 kilometers away from the coastline
similar materials to serve as scaring or herding when coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves
device hauled through a mechanical winch or by foster marine species subject to fishing. Municipal
manpower. Using Danish seine is very damaging water is important to protect fishermen's rights,
compared to the benefits; that is why, that kind of especially in the preferential use of municipal
fishing practice has been prohibited and water. The Undersecretary for Fisheries and
considered illegal. BFAR Director Eduardo B. Gongona emphasizes
engaging the fisherfolks as sea stewards and

pp. 134 - 144
139
guardians to protect their fishing areas. The 6. A Means to Alleviate Poverty of Family
resident fishers are given priority to exploit the and Source of Livelihood
expanded kilometer limit of municipal water. This
is one of the common areas wherein illegal fishing Aside from earning a higher income,
happens when other fishermen enter the another reason why the fisher folks in Leyte Gulf
jurisdiction of other municipal water without a commit fishery and aquatic resources law
permit and conduct the fishing. violations as unanimously agreed by the
respondents is to alleviate family poverty.
4. Reasons for Engaging Fishery and Aquatic Most of the people in coastal communities
Resources Law Violations struggled in their daily lives. Fisheries are depleted
therefore the leading agency must improve its
One of the common reasons why a person management and develop alternative livelihood
is pushed to do illegal or engage in any activities options for fisherfolks to avoid violations of fishery
that violate the law is poverty. Poverty refers to a and aquatic resources law. At present the
situation where a person lacks or is limited in terms government already offers different livelihood
of financial resources and essentials for minimum options to increase income and help sustain the
living standards. As a consequence, some who basic family needs of this fishing community. A
are poverty-stricken get engaged in illegal clear analysis of the impact of alternative income-
activities in order to procure or be provided the generating activities is needed before they are
basic needs for them to survive. In the context of recommended or promoted.
this study which sought to determine why the fisher
folks engage in illegal fishing activities, poverty is 7. Weak Enforcement of the Aquatic and
seen to be among the reasons. Below is a Fishery Laws
discussion of the themes that emerged from
analyzing the respondents' answers to the Most respondents agreed that the third
interview questions. common reason for engaging in fishery and
5. Source of Higher Income aquatic resources law violations is weak
enforcement of the aquatic and fishery laws.
Low income is the common reason why The statements from the respondents
fisherfolks violate the rules and regulations of imply that weak implementations of the aquatic
fishery laws. It may correspond not only to a lack and fishery laws trigger fisher folks to engage in
of resources but also to the lack of opportunity to illegal fishing, making it more susceptible to the
improve one's standard of living and acquiring destruction of the marine resources environment
resources. The wider conception of low income and unsustainable fishing for legal fishing and
appears to be particularly well-suited for small- illegal fishing.
scale fishers who often live in remote and isolated Improving the implementation of fishery
communities. To provide for the basic needs of the and aquatic resources law is more than enhancing
family, they often engaged in illegal fishing law enforcement officers' capacity to apprehend
practices. the violators. Effective coastal policy and law
implementation must address all aspects of the
law enforcement continuum, including legislation

pp. 134 - 144
140
and regulation, apprehension prosecution, violations of fishery laws will help stop illegal
judgment, education, and monitoring. It is very fishing practices in the locality.
important to have support coming from the
government in order for the enforcer to be fully 10. Improvement of the Equipment for
equipped if we want this kind of damaging fishing Surveillance and Patrolling
practice to be eliminated.
Generally, the main problems in effective
8. Means of Fostering Stewardship in implementation are lack of appropriate equipment,
Managing Fisheries and Aquatic operating funds, and trained manpower. Those
Resources by the Community who resort to dynamite fishing use compressors,
improvised flippers, and explosives consisting of
The need to promote environmental ammonium nitrate, sinker, and scoop net. Their
improvement and care through stewardship is very fight against fishermen using dynamites is made
necessary. It is a diverse action in creating even more difficult by the intrusion of big-time
different protected areas, replanting trees, coastal commercial vessels into municipal waters in the
cleanup, and reducing, or the stoppage using Leyte Gulf.
illegal fishing gear for more sustainable marine Bantay Dagat members also have to deal
resources. with the motorboats used by the illegal fishers,
which sport faster engines with 32 horsepower
9. Reporting Violations of Fishery and compared with the Bantay Dagat boats, which only
Aquatic Laws have 15 horsepower. Bantay Dagat members
chase them on water and even on land. They are
Most of the key informants have agreed also accused of violating human rights by the
that one way by which the community contributes owners of commercial vessels. Enforcement is not
to fostering stewardship in managing fisheries and always an easy affair. There have been some
aquatic resources is to report violations of fishery instances where blast fishers have fought back
and aquatic laws and regulations. against law enforcers with shootouts, and some
The responses imply that despite the illegal have harassed community members who report
activities perpetuated by the fisherfolks, some them to the authorities.
fisherfolks and members of the community have The local chief executives can foster
the initiative to report violations of laws relative to stewardship through financial or awards/benefits
illegal fishing. This is because they find it part of and appropriate sanctions, considering the illegal
their duty to protect the marine environment and fishers are fully armed with speed boats for the
preserve it for future generations. As stated by one protection and safety of the environment. The
fisher folk in an informal interview, “It is our residents' obligation towards their environment is
obligation as a fisherman to be aware of the under the care of the local chief executives.
possible impact of illegal activities on the marine
environment so we have to report violation”. 11. Participation in Marine and Coastal
Information coming from the community is Cleanup Drive and Other Programs
necessary to identify violators and take
appropriate action immediately. Reporting any As observed, people in the community are
working together to conduct a twice-a-month tree
pp. 134 - 144
141
planting and coastal cleanup to maintain the CONCLUSION
marine environment. The community contributes
to fostering stewardship in managing fisheries and Illegal fishing in Leyte Gulf continues to
aquatic resources through tree planting, and persist. However, it had provided socio-economic
coastal cleanup. If the fishing community abides opportunities to the fisher folks, had to adhere and
by the fishery laws and works hand-in-hand to stop recurring issues on marine waters and resources
the illegal practice, the community can accurately environment and green crimes. It has greatly
preserve the marine resources for the benefit of affected the people and the place, which requires
future generations. stronger aquatic and fishery stewardship among
What motivates them to help and stop the fisher folks, community, and the government
illegal fishing practices is the perceived negative towards sustainable marine resources.
effect on the marine environment. If this continues
RECOMMENDATION
to happen, the time will come, when all marine
resources will disappear and the next generation This study offers several key
will no longer have enough nutritious fish. recommendations to combat illegal fishing in Leyte
The responses further imply that the fisher Gulf. Firstly, local chief executives should
folks are aware of the possible effects of marine establish a program that rewards reporting of
pollution, which warrants them to help protect and illegal fishing. Secondly, strict enforcement of
sustain it for the following generation to experience fishery laws is crucial, with enhanced patrols by
an abundance of safe and nutritious fish for food the PNP-Maritime Group, Bantay Dagat, and DA-
consumption. They therefore are also encouraging BFAR.
everyone in the fishing community to accept the Additionally, the local government should
responsibility and challenge by working together upgrade patrol equipment, provide faster boats,
for the sustainability of marine resources in Leyte allocate operating funds, and ensure trained
Gulf. manpower for Bantay Dagat and PNP Maritime
In summation, the common violations Group. To address poverty in the fishing
relative to fishery and aquatic resources law community, DA-BFAR and local government units
violations in the Leyte Gulf are Fishing through should collaborate on sustainable alternative
illegal means and fishing in prohibited and livelihoods, with regular monitoring.
restricted areas. Whereas the common reason Each municipality should implement
they are pushed to do illegal fishery and aquatic ordinances with higher penalties for illegal fishing
resources law violations is for higher income, a violations as deterrents. Lastly, considering the
means to alleviate Poverty of family and Source of research's importance, further studies on
livelihood lastly; the community can foster unreported, unregulated, and illegal fishing in
stewardship in managing fisheries and aquatic Leyte Gulf are recommended.
resources by Reporting violations of fishing and
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Krotkov, E., Hackett, D., Jackel, L., Perschbacher, M., of Criminal Justice Education at Visayas State
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20improving%20compliance_0/index.pdf
COPYRIGHTS
PEW. (2013). How to end illegal fishing.
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research- Copyright of this article is retained by the
andanalysis/reports/2013/12/10/how-to-end-illegal- author/s, with first publication rights granted to IIMRJ.
fishing This is an open-access article distributed under the
terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License
Shani, D. N., Divyapriya, P., & Logeshwari, K. (2011). (http://creative commons.org/licenses/by/4).
Human Resource Philosophy. International Journal
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Fostering Stewardship in Managing Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in The Lens of Green Criminology

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Fostering Stewardship in Managing Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in The Lens of Green Criminology

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IOER INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO.

FOSTERING STEWARDSHIP IN MANAGING FISHERIES AND AQUATIC

ROSE ANN DIAGSAY-AGUJA, Ph.D.

Keywords: Green Criminology, Illegal Fishing, Stewardship, Leyte Gulf

INTRODUCTION the ocean remains a major source of livelihood,

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

P – ISSN 2651 - 7701 | E – ISSN 2651 – 771X | www.ioer-imrj.com

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