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The document discusses the classification of signals and systems including continuous time and discrete time signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, even and odd signals, deterministic and random signals, standard elementary signals, and classification of continuous time and discrete time systems as static/dynamic, linear/nonlinear, time invariant/variant, causal/noncausal, and stable/unstable.

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11 views36 pages

Reference Material

The document discusses the classification of signals and systems including continuous time and discrete time signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, even and odd signals, deterministic and random signals, standard elementary signals, and classification of continuous time and discrete time systems as static/dynamic, linear/nonlinear, time invariant/variant, causal/noncausal, and stable/unstable.

Uploaded by

Bella 29
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.SIGNAL: Any physical quantity if its varies with respect to time it is termed as a
signal.
Eg: time, pressure, velocity, mass, temperature
1.2.SYSTEM: Any physical device which performs an operation on the signal it is
termed as system.
Eg: amplifier system, filter system, rectifier systems
1.3.CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL: If the amplitude of the signal varies
continuously with respect to time then it is termed as continuous time signal. It can be
represented by the symbol x(t).
1.4DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL: It has got the discrete set of values. It has the
specific amplitude for the specific time intervals. It can be represented by the symbol
x(n).
1.5.CT & DT
WAVEFORMS

Fig. 1: CT and DT waveforms


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1.6.CLASSIFICATION OF CT AND DT SIGNALS
• Periodic and non periodic signal
• Even and odd signal
• Energy and power signal
• Deterministic and random signal
1.6.1.PERIODIC AND NON PERIODIC SIGNAL
A signal is said to be periodic if it repeats at regular time interval. Non periodic signals do not
repeat at regular intervals

Fig. 2: Periodic and nonperiodic waveforms

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1.6.2.EVEN AND ODD SIGNAL
• A signal is said to be even signal if the inversion of time axis does not change the
amplitude. It is also called as symmetric signal.
• x(t) = x(-t)
• x(n) = x(-n)
• A signal is said to be odd signal if the inversion of time axis also inverts the amplitude
of the signal. It is also called as antisymmetric signal.
x(t) = -x(-t)
x(n) = -x(-n)
Examples of even and odd signal

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Fig. 3: Even and odd waveforms

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1.6.3.ENERGY AND POWER SIGNAL

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1.7.COMPARISON

Table. 1: Comparison

1.8.DETERMINISTIC AND RANDOM SIGNAL


• Deterministic: If any signal can be represented by proper mathematical equation then
it is termed as deterministic signal
• Eg: sine wave, cosine wave, exponential
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• Random: It can not be represented by any mathematical equation
• Eg: all kind of noises during electronic experiments
1.9.STANDARD ELEMETRY SIGNALS
• Unit step signal
• Unit Ramp signal
• Unit impulse signal
• Exponential signal
1.9.1.UNIT STEP SIGNAL

Fig. 4: Unit step signal


1.9.2.UNIT RAMP SIGNAL
area under unit ramp is unity

Fig. 5: Unit ramp signal

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1.9.3.UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

Fig. 6: Unit impulse signal

1.9.4.EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL

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Fig. 7: Exponential waveforms

1.10.STANDARD ELEMETRY SIGNALS IN DISCRETE TIME


• Unit step signal
• Unit ramp signal
• Unit impulse signal
• Exponential signal
• Sinusoidal signal
• Complex exponential signal

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1.10.1.UNIT STEP SIGNAL

Fig. 8: Unit step signal

1.10.2.UNIT RAMP SIGNAL

Fig. 9: Unit ramp signal

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1.10.3.UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

Fig. 10: Unit impulse signal

1.10.4.EXPONENTIALSIGNAL

Fig. 11: Exponential waveforms


1.10.5.SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL

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1.11.PERIODICITY PROBLEMS

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1.11.2.EVEN AND ODD COMPONENTS PROBLEMS

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Fig. 12: Even and odd signal
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Fig. 13: Even and odd signal

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Fig. 14: Even and odd signal

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Fig. 15: Even and odd signal

1.11.3.POWER OF THE ENERGY SIGNAL

1.11.4.ENERGY OF THE POWER SIGNAL

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1.11.5.PROBLEMS OF ENERGY AND POWER SIGNALS

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PROBLEMS

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Fig. 16: Rectangular and sine wave

1.12.CLASSIFICATION OF CT & DT SYSTEMS


• Static and dynamic
• Linear and nonlinear
• Time invariant and time variant

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• Causal and noncausal
• Stable and unstable
1.12.1.STATIC AND DYNAMIC SYSTEM

1.12.2.TIME INVARIANT AND TIMEVARIANT SYSTEM

1.12.3.LINEAR AND NONLINEAR SYSTEM

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Fig. 17: Linear system

1.12.4.CAUSAL AND NONCAUSAL SYSTEM

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1.13.PROBLEMS OF DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

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1.14. REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

• Graphical Representation
• Functional Representation
• Tabular Representation
• Sequence Representation

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Fig. 18: Representation of signals

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