Assignment 14.

#6, 20, 29, 33, 37, 43, 50, 56, 72.

EXERCISES 14.2
Limits with Two Variables 1 2
Find the limits in Exercises 1–12. 3. lim x 2 + y2 − 1 4. lim  + 1 
( x , y )→( 3, 4 ) ( x , y )→( 2, − 3 )  x y
3x 2 − y 2 + 5 x x 2 + y3
1. lim 2. lim 5. lim sec x tan y 6. lim cos
( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x 2 + y 2 + 2 ( x , y )→( 0, 4 ) y ( x , y )→( 0, π 4 ) ( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x + y+1
 14.2 Limits and Continuity in Higher Dimensions 817

7. lim e x−y 8. lim ln 1 + x 2 y 2 x 2 + y2 1

( x , y )→( 0, ln 2 ) ( x , y )→(1,1) 34. a. g ( x , y ) = b. g ( x , y ) =
x 2 − 3x + 2 x2 − y
e y sin x
9. lim 10. lim cos 3 xy
( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x ( x , y )→(1 27, π 3 ) Continuity for Three Variables
x sin y cos y + 1 At what points ( x , y, z ) in space are the functions in Exercises 35–40
11. lim 12. lim continuous?
( x , y )→(1, π 6 ) x 2 + 1 ( x , y )→( π 2, 0 ) y − sin x
35. a. f ( x , y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2
Limits of Quotients b. f ( x , y, z ) = x 2 + y2 − 1
Find the limits in Exercises 13–24 by rewriting the fractions first. 36. a. f ( x , y, z ) = ln xyz b. f ( x , y, z ) = e x + y cos z
x2 − 2 xy + y2 x2− y2
13. lim 14. lim 1 1
( x , y )→(1,1) x−y ( x , y )→(1,1) x−y 37. a. h ( x , y, z ) = xy sin b. h ( x , y, z ) =
x≠y x≠y z x2 + z2 − 1
xy − y − 2 x + 2 1 1
15. lim 38. a. h ( x , y, z ) = b. h ( x , y, z ) =
( x , y )→(1,1) x −1 y + z xy + z
x ≠1
39. a. h ( x , y, z ) = ln ( z − x 2 − y 2 − 1)
y+4
16. lim
( x , y )→( 2, − 4 ) x 2 y − xy + 4 x 2 − 4 x 1
x ≠−4, x ≠ x 2
b. h ( x , y, z ) =
z− x 2 + y2
x−y+2 x −2 y
17. lim 40. a. h ( x , y, z ) = 4 − x 2 − y2 − z 2
( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x − y
x≠y
1
b. h ( x , y, z ) =
x + y−4 2x − y − 2 4− x 2 + y2 + z 2 − 9
18. lim 19. lim
( x , y )→( 2, 2 ) x + y−2 ( x , y )→( 2, 0 ) 2x − y − 4
x + y≠4 2 x− y≠4
No Limit Exists at the Origin
x − y+1 By considering different paths of approach, show that the functions in
20. lim
( x , y )→( 4, 3 ) x − y −1 Exercises 41–48 have no limit as ( x , y ) → ( 0, 0 ).
x ≠ y +1
x x4
sin ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 − cos ( xy) 41. f ( x , y ) = − 42. f ( x , y ) =
21. lim 22. lim x2 + y2 x 4 + y2
( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x 2 + y2 ( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) xy
z z
x 3 + y3 x− y
23. lim 24. lim
( x , y )→(1, −1) x + y ( x , y )→( 2, 2 ) x 4 − y4

Limits with Three Variables x

Find the limits in Exercises 25–30.
y x
y
1  2 xy + yz
25. lim  + 1 + 1  26. lim
P →(1, 3, 4 )  x y z P →(1, −1, −1) x 2 + z 2 x 4 − y2 xy
43. f ( x , y ) = 4 44. f ( x , y ) =
x + y2 xy
27. lim ( sin 2 x + cos 2 y + sec 2 z )
P →( π , π , 0 )
x−y x2 − y
45. g ( x , y ) = 46. g ( x , y ) =
28. lim tan −1 xyz 29. lim ze −2 y cos 2 x x+ y x−y
P →(−1 4, π 2, 2 ) P →( π , 0, 3 )
x2 + y x 2y
30. lim ln x 2 + y 2 + z 2 47. h ( x , y ) = 48. h ( x , y ) =
P →( 2, − 3, 6 ) y x 4 + y2

Continuity for Two Variables Theory and Examples

At what points ( x , y ) in the plane are the functions in Exercises 31–34 In Exercises 49–54, show that the limits do not exist.
continuous? xy 2 − 1 xy + 1
49. lim 50. lim
( x , y )→(1,1) y − 1 ( x , y )→(1, −1) x 2 − y2
31. a. f ( x , y ) = sin ( x + y ) b. f ( x , y ) = ln ( x 2 + y2 )
x ln y xe y − 1
x+ y y 51. lim 52. lim
32. a. f ( x , y ) = b. f ( x , y ) = ( x , y )→( 0, 1) x 2 + ( ln y ) 2 ( x , y )→(1, 0 ) xe y − 1 + y
x−y x2 + 1
1 x+ y y + sin x tan y − y tan x
33. a. g ( x , y ) = sin b. g ( x , y ) = 53. lim 54. lim
xy 2 + cos x ( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x + sin y ( x , y )→(1,1) y−x
818 Chapter 14 Partial Derivatives

 1, y ≥ x 4 61. Does knowing that sin (1 x ) ≤ 1 tell you anything about

55. Let f ( x , y ) =  1, y ≤ 0 1
 lim y sin ?
 0, otherwise. ( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x
Find each of the following limits, or explain that the limit does Give reasons for your answer.
not exist. 62. Does knowing that cos (1 y ) ≤ 1 tell you anything about
a. lim f ( x, y )
( x , y )→( 0,1) 1
lim x cos ?
b. lim f ( x, y ) ( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) y
( x , y )→( 2, 3 )
Give reasons for your answer.
c. lim f ( x, y )
( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) 63. (Continuation of Example 5.)
 x , x ≥ 0
2
a. Reread Example 5. Then substitute m = tan θ into the
56. Let f ( x , y ) =  3 .
 x , x < 0 formula
2m
Find the following limits. f ( x, y ) =
y = mx 1 + m2
a. lim f ( x, y )
( x , y )→( 3, − 2 ) and simplify the result to show how the value of f varies with
b. lim f ( x, y ) the line’s angle of inclination.
( x , y )→(−2,1)
b. Use the formula you obtained in part (a) to show that the limit
c. lim f ( x, y ) of f as ( x , y ) → ( 0, 0 ) along the line y = mx varies from −1
( x , y )→( 0, 0 )
to 1, depending on the angle of approach.
57. Show that the function in Example 6 has limit 0 along every
straight line approaching ( 0, 0 ). 64. Continuous extension Define f ( 0, 0 ) in a way that extends
58. If f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 3, what can you say about x 2 − y2
f ( x , y ) = xy
x 2 + y2
lim f ( x, y )
( x , y )→( x 0 , y 0 )
to be continuous at the origin.
if f is continuous at ( x 0 , y 0 )? If f is not continuous at ( x 0 , y 0 )?
Changing Variables to Polar Coordinates
Give reasons for your answers.
If you cannot make any headway with lim f ( x , y ) in rect-
The Sandwich Theorem for functions of two variables states that ( x , y )→( 0, 0 )

if g ( x , y ) ≤ f ( x , y ) ≤ h ( x , y ) for all ( x , y ) ≠ ( x 0 , y 0 ) in a disk angular coordinates, try changing to polar coordinates. Substitute
centered at ( x 0 , y 0 ) and if g and h have the same finite limit L as x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, and investigate the limit of the resulting
( x , y ) → ( x 0 , y 0 ), then expression as r → 0. In other words, try to decide whether there
exists a number L satisfying the following criterion:
lim f ( x , y ) = L. Given ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that for all r and θ,
( x , y )→( x 0 , y 0 )

Use this result to support your answers to the questions in Exer­ r < δ ⇒ f ( r , θ ) − L < ε. (1)
cises 59–62.
59. Does knowing that If such an L exists, then

x 2y2 tan −1 xy lim f ( x , y ) = lim f ( r cos θ, r sin θ ) = L.

1− < <1 ( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) r→0
3 xy
For instance,
tell you anything about
x3 r 3 cos 3 θ
lim = lim = lim r cos 3 θ = 0.
tan −1 xy ( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) x 2 + y 2 r→0 r2 r→0
lim ?
( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) xy
To verify the last of these equalities, we need to show that Equation
Give reasons for your answer. (1) is satisfied with f ( r , θ ) = r cos 3 θ and L = 0. That is, we need
60. Does knowing that to show that given any ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that for all
r and θ,
x 2y2
2 xy − < 4 − 4 cos xy < 2 xy r < δ ⇒ r cos 3 θ − 0 < ε.
6
Since
tell you anything about
r cos 3 θ = r cos 3 θ ≤ r ⋅ 1 = r ,
4 − 4 cos xy
lim ? the implication holds for all r and θ if we take δ = ε.
( x , y )→( 0, 0 ) xy
In contrast,
Give reasons for your answer. x2 r 2 cos 2 θ
= = cos 2 θ
x2 + y 2 r2
 14.3 Partial Derivatives 819

takes on all values from 0 to 1 regardless of how small r is, so that Using the Limit Definition
lim x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) does not exist. Each of Exercises 73–78 gives a function f ( x , y ) and a positive num-
( x , y )→( 0, 0 )
In each of these instances, the existence or nonexistence of the ber ε. In each exercise, show that there exists a δ > 0 such that for all
limit as r → 0 is fairly clear. Shifting to polar coordinates does not ( x , y ),
always help, however, and may even tempt us to false conclusions. x 2 + y2 < δ ⇒ f ( x , y ) − f ( 0, 0 ) < ε.
For example, the limit may exist along every straight line (or ray)
θ = constant and yet fail to exist in the broader sense. Example 5 illus- 73. f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 , ε = 0.01
trates this point. In polar coordinates, f ( x , y ) = ( 2 x 2 y ) ( x 4 + y 2 ) 74. f ( x , y ) = y ( x 2 + 1), ε = 0.05
becomes
75. f ( x , y ) = ( x + y ) ( x 2 + 1) , ε = 0.01
r cos θ sin 2θ
f ( r cos θ, r sin θ ) = 2 76. f ( x , y ) = ( x + y ) ( 2 + cos x ), ε = 0.02
r cos 4 θ + sin 2 θ
xy 2
for r ≠ 0. If we hold θ constant and let r → 0, the limit is 0. On the 77. f ( x , y ) = and f ( 0, 0 ) = 0, ε = 0.04
x 2 + y2
path y = x 2, however, we have r sin θ = r 2 cos 2 θ and
x3 + y4
r cos θ sin 2θ 78. f ( x , y ) = and f ( 0, 0 ) = 0, ε = 0.02
f ( r cos θ, r sin θ ) = x 2 + y2
r 2 cos 4 θ + ( r cos 2 θ ) 2
Each of Exercises 79–82 gives a function f ( x , y, z ) and a positive
2r cos 2 θ sin θ r sin θ
= = 2 = 1. number ε. In each exercise, show that there exists a δ > 0 such that
2r 2 cos 4 θ r cos 2 θ
for all ( x , y, z ),
In Exercises 65–70, find the limit of f as ( x , y ) → ( 0, 0 ) or show that
x 2 + y2 + z 2 < δ ⇒ f ( x , y, z ) − f ( 0, 0, 0 ) < ε.
the limit does not exist.
x 3 − xy 2  x 3 − y 3  79. f ( x , y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , ε = 0.015
65. f ( x , y ) = 66. f ( x , y ) = cos  2
x 2 + y2  x + y 2  80. f ( x , y, z ) = xyz , ε = 0.008
y2 2x x+ y+z
67. f ( x , y ) = 2 68. f ( x , y ) = 2 81. f ( x , y, z ) = , ε = 0.015
x + y2 x + x + y2 x 2 + y2 + z 2 + 1
 x + y  82. f ( x , y, z ) = tan 2 x + tan 2 y + tan 2 z , ε = 0.03
69. f ( x , y ) = tan −1  2
 x + y 2 
83. Show that f ( x , y, z ) = x + y − z is continuous at every point
x 2 − y2 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ).
70. f ( x , y ) =
x 2 + y2
84. Show that f ( x , y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 is continuous at the origin.
In Exercises 71 and 72, define f ( 0, 0 ) in a way that extends f to be
continuous at the origin.
 3 x 2 − x 2 y 2 + 3 y 2 
71. f ( x , y ) = ln  
 x 2 + y2
3x 2 y
72. f ( x , y ) =
x2 + y2