XII Assignment

Continuity and Differentiability

1. Continuity and Discontinuity of Function: A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous in an interval if for every
value of 𝑥 in that interval 𝑦 exist. If we plot the points, the graph is drawn without lifting the pencil.
If we have to lift the pencil on drawing the curve, then the function is said to be a discontinuous function.
2. Continuity and Discontinuity of a Function at a Point: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at a point 𝑎 of its
domain if
lim− 𝑓(𝑥), lim+ 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑎) exist and lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if it is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Properties of Continuous Function:
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are two continuous functions at a point 𝑎, then
(i) 𝑓 + 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑎.
(ii) 𝑓 − 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑎.
(iii) 𝑓. 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑎.
𝑓
(iv) 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑎, provided 𝑔(𝑎) ≠ 0.
(v) 𝑐. 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑎, where 𝑐 is a constant.
(vi) |𝑓| is continuous function at 𝑎.
• Every constant function is continuous function.
• Every polynomial function is continuous function.
• Identity function is continuous function.
• Every logarithmic and exponential function is a continuous function.
4. Important Series which are Frequently Used in Limits:
𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑥 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)𝑥 3
(i) (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + + +⋯
2! 3!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
(ii) 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 1! + 2!
+ 3!
+⋯∞ and 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − 1! + 2! − 3!
+⋯
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥3
(iii) 𝑎 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥log 𝑒 𝑎 + 2
(log 𝑒 𝑎) + ⋯ and log |1 + 𝑥| = 𝑥 − + …
2! 2 3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
(iv) log |1 − 𝑥| = −𝑥 − 2 − 3 … and sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3!
+ 5!
− 7!
+ ⋯
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥3 𝑥5
(v) cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯ and tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3! + 5! + ⋯
5. Differentiation from First Principle or Ab-initio Method or by Delta Method:
Given a function 𝑓(𝑥) and if there is a small increment ℎ in 𝑥, let their corresponding increment is 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) in
𝑓(𝑥) i.e.,
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ), then, lim𝑥→0 ℎ
is called the differential coefficient of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥.
6. List of Useful Formulae:
𝑑
(i) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑
(ii) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1 ⋅ 𝑎
𝑑
(iii) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑
(iv) 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑
(v) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑑
(vi) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑏𝑥 = 𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑥 log𝑒 𝑎
𝑑 1
(vii) log 𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
and
𝑑 1
log 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
(viii) 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥⋅log 𝑎
𝑒
and
𝑑 1
log 𝑎 𝑏𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 𝑎

1
 𝑑
7. (i) 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
and
𝑑
sin 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(ii) 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 = −sin 𝑥
and
𝑑
(iii) 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
and
𝑑
cos 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(iv) 𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑥 = −cosec 2 𝑥
and
𝑑
tan 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎sec 2 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
cot 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎cosec 2 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(v) 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥tan 𝑥
𝑑
(vi) 𝑑𝑥 cosec 𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥cot 𝑥
8.
𝑑 1
(i) 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 = 2
√1−𝑥
𝑑 −1
(ii) 𝑑𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 =
√1−𝑥 2
𝑑 −1 1
(iii) tan 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 −1
(iv) 𝑑𝑥 cot −1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2
𝑑 1
(v) 𝑑𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 =
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 −1
(vi) cosec −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

Continuity, Diffentiability and Differentiation

1.The value of 𝑘(𝑘 < 0) for which the function 𝑓 defined as

1 − cos 𝑘𝑥
,𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥sin 𝑥
1
,𝑥 = 0
2
is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 is
1 1
(a) ±1 (b) -1 (c) ± 2 (d) 2
Ans: b
𝑘cos 𝑥 𝜋
𝜋−2𝑥
if 𝑥 ≠ 2 𝜋
2. If the function 𝑓 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋, is continuous at 𝑥 = 2 , then the value of 𝑘 is
3, if 𝑥 = 2
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) -6
Ans: C
𝑥−1
3. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 −1) is discontinuous at

(a) exactly one point (b) exactly two points (c) exactly three points (d) no point

Ans: C

2
 𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑒 −5𝑥
4. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = , if 𝑥 ≠ 0, is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 for the value of 𝑘, as
{ 𝑥
𝑘, , if 𝑥 = 0
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d)

Ans: d

Objective type questions

5) Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) =[x] in [3,7] Ans: 4,5,6,7
5 dy
6) If y = elog (x ) , find dx Ans: 5𝑥 4

7) If f(x) = x 2 g(x) and g(1) = 6, g ′ (x) = 3 find the value of f′(1) Ans: 15
dy
8) If y = a sint , x = a cost then find dx. Ans: - cot t
𝑑𝑦
9) 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑥 𝑎 + log 𝑥 , 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑎 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =?
1 1 log 𝑎 𝑥
(a) 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (b) 𝑥 log 𝑎 + 𝑥 log 𝑎 (c) + log 𝑎 (d) none Ans: d
𝑥

𝑑𝑦
10) If y = √sin 𝑥 + √sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 … … … … ∞, then (2𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 =

(a) sin 𝑥 (b) − sin 𝑥 (c) cos 𝑥 (d) − cos 𝑥 Ans: c

2𝑥(𝑥 2 +2)
11) Find the derivative of |𝑥 2 + 2| w.r.t x Ans: |𝑥 2 +2|

𝜋
12) Find the derivatives cos(sin 𝑥 2 ) w.r.t.x at x = √ 2 Ans: 0

3/5 marks each

3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑥 > 1
1) If the fuction f(x) = { 11 , 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏 , 𝑥 < 1
(a = 3 , b = 2)
𝜋
(𝑥 − 1) tan( 𝑥), 𝑥 ≠ 1 −2
2) For what values of k is the function f(x) = { 2 is continuous at x=1 .( 𝜋 )
𝑘 , 𝑥=1
1−cos 4𝑥
,𝑥 < 0
𝑥2
3) Let f(x) = 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 0 determine the value of a so that the function is continuous at
√ 𝑥
,𝑥 > 0
{ √16+√𝑥−4
x = 0 (8)
|𝑥+1|
+ 𝑎 , 𝑥 < −1
𝑥+1
4) Determine the values of a and b for the function f(x) = { 𝑎 + 𝑏 , 𝑥 = −1
2𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑥 > −1
to be continuous at x = -1 (-2,-1)
𝑒 1𝑙𝑥 −1
5) Show that the function f(x) = { 𝑒 1𝑙𝑥 +1 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 is discontinuous at x = 0 .
0 , 𝑥 =0

3
 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝜋
,𝑥 <
3𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋
6) Let f(x) = 𝑎 ,𝑥 = , if f(x) is continuous at x = 2 ,𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 . (1/2,4)
2
𝑏(1−sin 𝑥) 𝜋
,𝑥 > 2
{ (𝜋−2𝑥)2
7) Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = |x|+| x-2| at a) x =1 , b) x = 2 .
𝑥 −1 ,𝑥 < 2
8) Discuss the differentiability of the function f(x) = { at x =2 .
2𝑥 − 3 , 𝑥 ≥ 2
9) Discuss the differentiability of the function f(x) = |x-1|+|x-2| at x =1 and 2 .
10) Prove that f(x) = x |x| is differentiable at x = 0 .
1−𝑥 𝑑𝑦
11) Given that y = √1+𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥
12) If f(x) = ,Is f(x) differentiable for all values of x .
1+|𝑥|
𝑑𝑦 2
13) If y =[𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1]𝑚 ; 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑚2 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑦
14) If x = sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑑𝑥 )2 = 𝑛2 (𝑦 2 + 4).
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
15) If 𝑥 = cos 𝑡(3 − 2cos2 𝑡) and 𝑦 = sin 𝑡(3 − 2sin2 𝑡), then find the value of 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑡 = 4 . [1]
2 𝑎−𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
16) Given 𝑦 = √𝑎2 tan−1[√𝑎+𝑏 tan(2)] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝑥 .
−𝑏 2
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
17) If sin−1 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ) = 𝑐 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 =𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 1−𝑦 6
18) If √1 − 𝑥 6 +√1 − 𝑦 6 = 𝑎(𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ); 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 √1−𝑥 6 .
𝑑𝑦
19) If 𝑦√𝑥 2 + 1 = log ( √𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥) ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 0 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
20) If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 .
𝑦 𝑥
21) If cos−1 (𝑏 ) = log ( 𝑛)𝑛 ; 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑛2 𝑦 = 0 .
𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
22) If (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦)2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑏 4
23) If 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 ; 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎2 𝑦 3 .
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
24) If 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 ,𝑦 = 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 ; 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 4 .
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
25) If 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑡 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝2 𝑦 = 0 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
26) If = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃); 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎𝜃
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
27) If 𝑦 = {log [𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1]}2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
28) 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 then prove that 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 )2 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(5𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1)