CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Modern power system has been developing to possess of large capacity, high voltage,
miniaturization, digitalization and the characteristics of transmission and distribution system
automation. Traditional electromagnetic sensor has been unable to provide a guarantee for the
development of the power system with problems of hysteresis, magnetic saturation, inability
of the open secondary circuit, low linearity, low accuracy in static and dynamic range which
cannot meet the requirement of the smart grid construction nowadays Electronic transformer
has the incomparable advantages than traditional electromagnetic transformer and positive
significance for the construction of smart grid, for it provides an important assurance for the
safe and stable operation of digital substation with its accuracy of signal measurement and
operational stability. From a global perspective, the electronic voltage transformer has been a
hot topic of researches nowadays which is the key equipment of digital power system, digital
substation and digital power plant. And it is the new direction of development of the future
transformer technology.

In addition, there are several problems in the new energy development of large-scale wind
power grid, such as voltage rapid fluctuation, flicker and the high order harmonics. Therefore,
it is essential to study the new methods about the monitoring of voltage and current in wind
power generation system in order to meet the needs of measuring the current and voltage
signals of wide dynamic range in the background of large-scale wind power grid Therefore,
the new principle of electronic voltage transformer’s research and development inevitably has
a great perspective and strategic significance. This study puts forward a method that induced
charge is used to measure electric field and then makes the electric field inverse problem
calculation to test new type voltage transformer. Moreover, the study measures the electric
field intensity around the conductor to gain the potential value of the conductor

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Author: Qiang Zhou, Wei He, Dongping Xiao: A voltage transformer, as voltage signal detection
equipment, plays an important role in a power system. Presently, more and more electric power systems
are adopting potential transformer and capacitance voltage transformers. Transformers are often large in
volume and heavyweight, their insulation design is difficult, and an iron core or multi-grade capacitance
voltage division structure is generally adopted. As a result, the detection accuracy of transformer is reduced,
a huge phase difference exists between detection signal and voltage signal to be measured, and the detection
signal cannot accurately and timely reflect the change of conductor voltage signal to be measured. By
aiming at the current problems of electric transformation, based on electrostatic induction principle, this
paper designed a non-contact voltage sensor and gained detection signal of the sensor through electrostatic
coupling for the electric field generated by electric charges of the conductor to be measured. The insulation
structure design of the sensor is simple and its volume is small; phase difference of sensor measurement is
effectively reduced through optimization design of the electrode; and voltage division ratio and
measurement accuracy are increased. The voltage sensor was tested on the experimental platform of
simulating three-phase transmission line. According to the result, the designed non-contact voltage sensor
can realize accurate and real-time measurement for the conductor voltage. It can be applied to online
monitoring for the voltage of three-phase transmission line or three-phase distribution network line, which
is in accordance with the development direction of the smart grid.

Author: Shaoliang Weia , Licheng Zhanga , Wenchang Gaoa , Zhongyue Caoa,a : According to theoretical
analysis of detection method of voltage, a new method of non-contact detection method of voltage is
designed under any severe environmental conditions, for example, in coal mines. Being different from
traditional detection method of voltage, electric-field state is detected using Field Effect Transistor (FET)
as sensor of electric-field based on the capacitance effect principle. And then charged state of conductor
should be detected by electric-field state indirectly. Whether or not there is current on conductor, charged
state of conductor could be detected by this method. Therefore, it has excellent characteristics, such as
simple structure, low cost, high reliability and sensitivity.

Author: Xuemin Zhang; Bin Yue; Jian Huang; Yuchuan Ruan; In order to measure the line voltage value
and distinguish whether the line is induced voltage or working voltage, this paper designs a non-contact
high-voltage electroscope based on the space electric field effect. It is designed as a split structure consisting
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of a receiving end and a transmitting end, regardless of the height of the test line to the ground, without the
need for a grounding line. The high voltage electroscope is designed from three aspects: structure, circuit
and program. Finally, the performance of each module is tested under laboratory conditions and the test
results are analyzed. It basically meets the design requirements and test needs.

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 CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1 Circuit Diagram

Working of component:
1. NPN Transistor:

Figure 2 NPN Transistor

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Main part of this simple AC voltage detector is transistor; it acts as amplifier and switch, Buzzer produce
sound alert when the wire spiral detects the EMF (Electromagnetic field) on AC supply carrying wire, LED
also glows to indicate the AC supply detection.

It is a general purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor, it has three terminals called collector, base, and
emitter. This transistor widely used in amplification, switching and other active applications In this circuit
three stage constructed with BC 547 , Transistor Q3 based is connected with wire spiral and it will detect
EMF on the AC supply carrying wire , and signal from Q3 Transistor is given to the Q2 transistor base , this
Q2 gets large bias than Q3 and so it can amplify the input signal and given to the Q1 transistor base, here
the Q1 Transistor acts as a switch and when signal reach its base it becomes closed switch and
connected buzzer, LED with bias , it no signal then Q1 stays in off condition.

COMPONENT REQUIRED

 NPN Transistor
 Resistor
 LED
 Buzzer
Battery

1) Resistor:

Figure 3 Resistor

Resistance, in electricity, property of an electric circuit or part of a circuit that transforms electric energy
into heat energy in opposing electric current. Resistance involves collisions of the current-carrying charged
particles with fixed particles that make up the structure of the conductors. Resistance is often considered

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as localized in such devices as lamps, heaters, and resistors, in which it predominates, although it is
characteristic of every part of a circuit, including connecting wires and electric transmission lines.

2) LED:

Figure 4 LED

Below is the demonstration of the LED symbol. The symbol is similar to that of the p-n junction diode. The
difference between these two symbols is that the two arrows indicate that the diode is emitting the light. A
light releasing diode is an electric component that emits light when the electric current flows through it. It
is a light source based on semiconductors when current passes through the LED, the electrons recombine
with holes emitting light in the process. It is a specific type of diode having similar characteristics as the
p- n junction diode. This means that an LED allows the flow of current in its forward direction while it
blocks the flow in the reverse direction. Light-emitting diodes are built using a weak layer of heavily doped
semiconductor material. Based on the semiconductor material used and the amount of doping, an LED will
emit a colored light at a particular spectral wavelength when forward biased.

3) Buzzer:
The buzzer is a sounding device that can convert audio signals into sound signals. It is usually powered by DC
voltage. It is widely used in alarms, computers, printers and other electronic products as sound devices. It is
mainly divided into piezoelectric buzzer and electromagnetic buzzer, represented by the letter "H" or "HA" in
the circuit. According to different designs and uses, the buzzer can emit various sounds such as music, siren,
buzzer, alarm, and electric bell.

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 Figure 5 Buzzer
4) Battery:

Figure 6 Battery

The 9V battery is an extremely common battery that was first used in transistor radios. It features a
rectangular prism shape that utilizes a pair of snap connectors which are located at the top of the battery. A
wide array of both large and small battery manufacturers produce versions of the 9V battery. Possible
chemistries of primary (non-rechargeable) 9V batteries include Alkaline, Carbon-Zinc (Heavy Duty),
Lithium. Possible chemistries of secondary (rechargeable) 9V batteries include nickel-cadmium (NiCd),
nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium ion. The performance and application of the battery can vary
greatly between different chemistries, meaning that some chemistries are better suited for some applications
over others.

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 5) Necessities:

Figure 7 Necessities

It’s a tool that everyone should have in their electrical tool kit. A non-contact voltage tester (also known as
an electric tester pen, or voltage tester) is a tool designed to safely detect voltage in an electrical connection
without the need to come into direct contact with the source. With a red or green glowing tip and a beeping
sound, a non-contact voltage tester provides a quick and reliable visual and audible alert if a voltage is
present non-contact voltage testers are useful for moving or reconfiguring light switches, electrical sockets,
and other powered connections as well as troubleshooting problems in those same

 Advantages:
 Ability to detect low and high voltage
 Both sound and light warnings
 Ability to toggle sound warning off comes in handy when working in
environments like offices where people are working

 Strong light that can be seen on a sunny day

 Auto off to save batteries
 Water resistant
 Bright colour so you don’t lose it
 Rechargeable batteries
 The tester will NOT detect voltage if the wire is shielded, the operator is not
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grounded or is otherwise isolated from effective earth ground, if sheathed NMcable

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 is saturated, or the voltage is DC.

 The tester MAY NOT detect voltage if the user is not holding the tester, the useris
insulated with a glove or other material, the wire is partially buried or in a grounded
metal conduit, the tester is at a distance from the voltage source, or if the field created
by the voltage source is being blocked or interfered with.

 Disadvantages:
 The testers cannot work with DC voltages since the capacitors and transformers do not
work with DC.

 The non-contact voltage testers have limitations and do not actually measure the
amount of voltage present.

 Application:

 This simple Non-Contact Voltage Tester can be used in several places and near several
objects like cables, cords, outlets, switch boards,

 in various fields like security, communication, irrigation entertainment, junction

boxes, circuit breakers etc. to detect voltage without making any contact.

 Since it is battery operated, you can insert the circuit is a small box and make it portable. It can be
used environment etc.

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

 The non-contact tester voltage makes sure the power is cut off, and there’s no need to touch any
wires. It is the safest way to do so. This is important in ensuring that power to the equipment is off
before opening it for maintenance or a repair.

 However, the testers cannot measure the amount of voltage and will only indicate the presence of
an AC voltage.
 CHAPTER 7
REFERANCE

[1]. Xuemin Zhang; Bin Yue; Jian Huang; Yuchuan Ruan; Peng Research on Non-contact Voltage
Measurement Technology Zhan IEEE Xplore: 12 March 2020

[2]. John-Paul, H.K.; Cheri, W. An Innovative Approach to Smart Automation Testing at National Grid.
In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition
(T&D), Orlando, FL, USA, 7–10 May 2012; pp. 1–8.

[3]. Liu, G.Y.; Kang, L.; Peng, W.N. On-Line Monitoring System for Transformer Partial Discharge.
Appl. Mech. Mater. 2013, 303, 464–467.