SHS

General Physics 2 Activity Sheet

Quarter 3 – MELC 1
Week 1
Electric Charge

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

General Physics 2
Activity Sheet No. 1: Electric Charge
First Edition, 2021

Published in the Philippines

By the Department of Education
Region 6 – Western Visayas

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Introductory Message
Welcome to General Physics 2!

The Learning Activity Sheet is a product of the collaborative efforts of the

Schools Division of Negros Occidental and DepEd Regional Office VI - Western
Visayas through the Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD). This is
developed to guide the learning facilitators (teachers, parents and responsible adults)
in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Basic Education
Curriculum.

The Learning Activity Sheet is self-directed instructional materials aimed to

guide the learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time using the
contextualized resources in the community. This will also assist the learners in
acquiring the lifelong learning skills, knowledge and attitudes for productivity and
employment.

For learning facilitator:

The General Physics 2 Activity Sheet will help you facilitate the leaching-
learning activities specified in each Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) with
minimal or no face-to-face encounter between you and learner. This will be made
available to the learners with the references/links to ease the independent learning.

For the learner:

The General Physics 2 Activity Sheet is developed to help you continue

learning even if you are not in school. This learning material provides you with
meaningful and engaging activities for independent learning. Being an active learner,
carefully read and understand the instructions then perform the activities and answer
the assessments. This will be returned to your facilitator on the agreed schedule.
Name of Learner: ___________________________________________________
Grade and Section:_______________________________Date: ________________

GENERAL PHYSICS 2 ACTIVITY SHEET No. 1

Electric Charge

I. Learning Competency with Codes

• Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and charging by induction
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-1).
• Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-2).
• Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-3).

II. Background Information for Learners

CHARGE INTERACTIONS
You can hardly deny the fact that electricity has been an important part of
your life --- everywhere you look there is electricity! Electricity is present when
your feet scuff across the rug; do not be surprised by the crackles and sparks
that you can hear and feel as you comb your hair on a dry day, because that is
just electricity at work; and don’t dare to go out during a lightning strike because
it’s definitely an enormous discharge of static electricity. On a greater extent,
and literally speaking, electricity keeps the world intact. Of course, you cannot
neglect gravity’s influence, but the main reason why molecules in your body
stick together are the electric forces.
All the above-mentioned phenomena can be explained by electrostatics
which is the study of electricity at rest. Electrostatics includes the concepts of
electric charges, the forces between them, and their behaviors in materials.
What is referred to as at rest in electrostatics is the body that carries electrons
which are the prime movers of electricity. The negatively charged electrons are
in endless motion in matter and affect the behavior of matter through electric
charge.

ELECTRICAL CHARGES, FORCES, AND MATTER

To have a first-hand experience of electrostatics, get a piece of paper and
make tiny bits out of it. Then, get your pen and rub it against your shirt. After
doing so, place your pen near the tiny bits of paper and observe what happens.
Do you know the reason behind what you have observed? Well, it is just
electrostatics at work!
As you rub your pen against your shirt, the pen becomes a charged object,
hence, it exerted a strange influence upon the tiny bits of paper. This influence
known as the electric force caused the pen to attract the tiny bits of paper,
which are still neutral. This electric force is an example of a non-contact force
which means that it will still be present even when the charged pen will be
placed at some distance away from the bits of paper. Moreover, this electric
force can be exerted by a charged object upon other objects --- may they be
charge or uncharged (neutral).

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 The electric force comes from particles in
atoms. Refer to Figure 1. Based on the figure as
well as based on what you have learned from
your previous science classes, the following are
the salient information about atoms:
 Each atom has a positively charged
nucleus containing protons and
neutrons.
 Protons are positively charged particles,
while neutrons are uncharged particles.
 The electrons which are the negatively
charged particles, orbit around the Figure 1. The Structure of Atom (Retrieved from
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-physical-
nucleus. science-for-middle-school/section/5.1/)
 Atoms are normally electrically neutral
(zero net charge) for they have equal number of protons and electrons.

The positively charged protons attract the negatively charged electrons

which the reason why the electrons are held in their orbits. On the contrary,
electrons repel other electrons. Remember, “Opposites attract. Likes repel.”
The attractive and repulsive force is attributed to a property known as charge.
There are two types of charge -negative and positive - that exist in all materials
and in all states of matter. These charges arise from electron and proton,
respectively. In your activity earlier, the charge acquired by the pen when it is
rubbed against your shirt is positive, since it lost its electrons. While the charge
acquired by your shirt which has greater electron affinity, is negative since it
gained electrons.

TRANSFER OF ELECTRIC CHARGE

As mentioned earlier, atoms are normally neutral. However, by means of
different charging processes which can add or remove electrons, a material can
be given a net charge. Electrons transfer from one atom to another, but protons
do not. Electrons which are on the outer part of the atom are easy to add or
remove as compared with protons. Adding or moving protons requires nuclear
reactions. Thus, the charge of an object is brought about by the transfer of
electrons. This means that, when an object is negatively charged it has gained
electrons --- more electrons than protons. On other hand, a positively charged
object has lost its electrons, thereby, it contains more protons than electrons.
Electric charges also follow conservation law. The law of conservation
of charge states that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant.
This is because charge is neither created nor destroyed, it can only be
transferred from one system to another. There are different ways for an object
to become charged. For this learning activity, you will focus more on charging
by rubbing and induction.

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CHARGING BY RUBBING
What do you usually
observe after brushing a plastic
comb through your hair during
a dry day? Have you observed
that the strands of your hair are
attracted to the comb? This is
the result of rubbing which
makes your hair and the plastic
comb electrically charged.
Figure 2. (a) Initially, the comb and the hair are neutral. (b) After rubbing,
Charging by rubbing or friction
the comb becomes negatively charged, while the hair becomes positively is the most common type of
charged. (Retrieved from https://studylib.net/doc/8080397/charging- charging. But how does this
by-contact---science-by-caslick)
really happen?
Rubbing two different materials having a different pull on their outer electrons,
will cause the electrons to transfer between these materials. This will then result
to an imbalance in the number of electrons and protons, which makes the
objects electrically charged. For instance, in the case of your hair and the comb,
electrons jump from your hair to the comb. Thus, your hair becomes positively
charged and the comb having more electrons, negatively charged. But don’t
forget the law of conservation of charge --- the net charge of the comb-hair
system is still zero (or it remains constant).
Charging by friction or rubbing is also referred to as triboelectric
charging process. You know that an object is made up of different atoms, and
the presence of different atoms affect the electrical properties of objects. One
of these properties known as electron affinity, plays an important role in
triboelectric charging. Technically speaking, electron affinity refers to the
quantity of energy released upon the addition of electron to a neutral atom or
molecule to form a negative ion. Make an analogy , electron affinity is a property
that refers to the relative amount of admiration that a material has for electrons.
A high electron affinity therefore means that a material has relatively high
admiration for electrons.
As shown in Figure 2, after rubbing, the comb becomes negatively
charged. This gives you an idea that the comb has higher electron affinity than
the hair. The higher electron affinity of the comb enables its atoms to pull the
electrons from the hair, leaving both objects electrically charged.

CHARGING BY INDUCTION
Even when there is no actual or physical contact between objects,
charging can still take place. Charging by means of induction happens when
a charged object is placed near a conducting (neutral) surface. During
induction, the electrons move to one part of an object by the electric field of
another object. This charging process induces an opposite type of charge.
This means that the charged object does not lose its charge, instead, the
charges simply pile up --- negative charge on one side and positive charge on
the other side.
To fully understand the process of induction, you must also understand
the nature of conductor as well as the process of polarization. The following are
the important concepts about conductors:
 Conductors allow charges to move freely through them.
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  Metals are good conductors. They have many free electrons that can
move about the material.
When you speak of polarization, you are talking about a process of
separating opposite charges within an object.
The figure below illustrates how a charge is induced in an object.

Figure 3. Charging a two-Sphere system using a negatively charged object. (Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-2/Charging-by-Induction)

Based on Figure 3, the following can be deduced:

 Initially, the two metal spheres placed side by side and mounted on
insulating stands are neutral in charge. Since these spheres are
conductors (they are made of metals), electrons can therefore freely
move between them.
 When the negatively charged rubber balloon was placed near the
spheres (as shown in Diagram ii), the negative charges in the two-sphere
system were induced to move away from the balloon. The negative
charges in the balloon repelled the negative charges in the spheres.
Meanwhile, the positive charges on sphere A are attracted by the
negatively charged balloon.
 Since the negative charges are in a conductor, they can freely move
about the surface. Most of the negative charges moved from sphere A
to sphere B.
 The movement of electrons caused the two-sphere system to be
polarized. Hence, the spheres become electrically charged. Sphere A is
now positively charged since certain number of electrons moved to
sphere B which now becomes negatively charged.
 When the spheres are separated (as shown in Diagram iii), each one is
charged, and they have opposite charges.
 When the negatively charged balloon was removed, the excess charges
on the two-sphere system become uniformly distributed.

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III. Activity Proper

Activity 1: Think Critically

This time you will be showcasing your analytical as well as critical
thinking skills. Using your knowledge on charging process, analyze and
answer the following questions:

1) The figure below shows two identical neutral metal spheres touching each
other. Which of the following locations of a positively charged insulating
rod will create the largest positive charge in sphere Y?
B

C – Rod is touching
A
a X Y

D
a
Refer to the figure below. Would the charges induced on spheres A and
B necessarily be exactly equal and opposite?

(Retrieved from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-2/Charging-by-Induction)

2) The figure below shows charging a two-sphere system using a positively

charged object. Explain how this process takes place using the given
figure. You may have your answers in bullet form.

(Retrieved from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-2/Charging-by-Induction)

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 3) Consider the illustration on the right. A lightweight,
positively charged ball and a neutral metal rod hang
by threads. They are close but not touching. A
positively charged rod is held close to, but not
touching, the hanging rod on the opposite end
of the ball.

4.1. Draw a diagram of the final positions of the hanging rod and the ball.
Provide an explanation for your diagram.
4.2. Suppose the positively charged rod is replaced with a negatively
charged rod. Draw a diagram of the final positions of the hanging rod
and the ball. Provide an explanation for your diagram.

Exercise 2: Let’s Do Physics!

Hello, young physicist! You have been doing great so far, and it seems
that you are still up for more challenges! For now, you will be performing
simple experiments that will help you have a clearer understanding about the
two charging processes --- rubbing and induction.
Materials: comb, tiny bits of paper, water source (faucet), drawing materials

Procedures:
1) Charge the comb by running it through your hair. This works well when
the weather is dry.
2) Place the comb near the tiny bits of paper. Observe what happens.
3) Repeat step 1.
4) This time place the charged comb near a thin stream of running water
from a faucet. Observe what happens.

Answer the following. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1) Draw and describe what you have observed when the charged comb
was placed near the tiny bits of paper.
2) Draw and describe what you have observed when the charged comb
was placed near a thin stream of running water from a faucet.
3) What type of charging process took place between:
a. the comb and your hair?
b. the charged comb and the tiny bits of paper?
c. the charged comb and a thin stream of running water from a faucet?
4) What is the role of electron transfer in the charging process that took
place between the comb and your hair?
5) Explain the following charging processes: (a) rubbing and (b) induction.

IV. Reflection
Before you proceed to your next journey, you need to answer the following
important question:
So What?...What takeaways from the lesson will be important to know three
years from now? Why?
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 7
Exercise 1:
1) Rods A, B, and D will each polarize the spheres, drawing negative charges
toward themselves and leaving the opposite site positively charged. Thus, A will
cause the right sphere to be most positive. The actual or direct contact between
the insulating rod and spheres will cause some of the polarized negative charge
from the spheres to flow onto the rod. Since the rod is an insulator, this leaves
the spheres with only a small excess positive charge that will be shared between
both spheres.
2) Because each single positive charge on sphere A is the result of a single electron
being taken from A and moved to B, the charge must therefore be equal and
opposite on both spheres. This is like taking bricks from the surface of a brick
road and putting them all on the sidewalk. The number of bricks on the sidewalk
will be exactly matched by the number of holes in the road. Similarly, the number
of extra electrons on sphere B will exactly match the number of “holes” (positive
charges) left in sphere A. remember that the absence of an electron makes a
positive charge.
3) Diagram i
 Initially, the two metal spheres placed side by side and mounted on insulating
stands are neutral in charge.
 Since these spheres are conductors (they are made of metals), electrons can
therefore freely move between them.
Diagram ii
 When the positively charged rubber balloon was placed near the spheres, the
negative charges in the two-sphere system were induced to move towards the
balloon (opposite charges attract, like charges repel).
 The positive charges in the balloon attracted the negative charges in the
spheres. Since the negative charges are in a conductor, they can freely
move about the surface. The negative charges on sphere B moved to sphere
A.
 Meanwhile, the positive charges on sphere A are repelled by the positively
charged balloon (They just lined up on one side of sphere A, far from the
positively charged balloon. Remember, protons do not move from one object
to another).
 The movement of electrons caused the two-sphere system to be polarized.
Hence, the spheres become electrically charged. Sphere A is now negatively
charged since certain number of electrons moved to sphere A. Sphere B now
becomes positively charged.
Diagram iii
 When the spheres are separated each one is charged, and they have
opposite charges.
When the negatively charged balloon was removed, the excess charges on
Answer Key V.
 8
Exercise 1:
Diagram iv
 When the negatively charged balloon was removed, the excess charges on
the two-sphere system become uniformly distributed.
4) 4.1. The positive rod induces a charge in the hanging metal rod. The negative
charges in the hanging metal rod were attracted by the positively charged rod.
On the other hand, the positive charges in the hanging metal rod were repelled.
Hence, they lined up on the far opposite (right) end which caused the positively
charged ball to repel as well.
4.2. The negative rod induces a charge in the hanging metal rod. The positive
charges in the hanging metal rod were attracted by the negatively charged rod.
On the other hand, the negative charges in the hanging metal rod were repelled.
Hence, they lined up on the far opposite (right) end which caused the positively
charged ball to be attracted to the hanging metal rod.
 9
Exercise 2: (Guide Questions)
3) The diagram must look like the one presented below.
Retrieved from (https://byjus.com/physics/charge-transfer/)
When the charged comb was placed near the tiny bits of paper, the tiny bits of
paper moved towards the comb (they were attracted). The bits of paper are
neutral in charge (equal number of protons and electrons). When the negatively
charged comb is placed near them, their electrons move away from the electrons
on the comb. Simultaneously, their positive protons move towards the comb.
4) The diagram must look like the one presented below.
Retrieved from (https://thebeakerlife.com/water-bending-experiment-
13480a95eeda?gi=41257b6e546)
When the charged comb was placed near a thin stream of running water from a
faucet, the water tends to bend. Water is neutral in charge (equal number of
protons and electrons). When the negatively charged comb is placed near the
water, the water’s electrons move away from the electrons on the comb.
Simultaneously, the water’s positive protons move towards the comb.
 10
House, Inc., 2012.
Bord, D. J., and Ostdiek, V. J. The World of Physics. Manila: Vibal Publishing
References VI.
Exercise 2: (Guide Questions)
5) a. Charging by rubbing
b. Charging by induction
c. charging by induction
6) As mentioned in the previous item, the charging process that took place
between the comb and the hair is rubbing. Rubbing two different objects
against each other causes electrons to transfer from one material to
another. In this case, one object loses its electrons, while the other object
gains electrons. Hence, making the objects electrically charged. The one
with excess electrons is a negatively charged object, and the object
having electron deficiency is a positively charged object. Thus, the role of
electron transfer in this case is to make initially neutral objects become
electrically charged.
7) a. Charging by rubbing takes place between two objects that are in direct
contact with each other. Rubbing two different materials having a
different pull on their outer electrons, will cause the electrons to transfer
between these materials.
b. Charging by means of induction happens when a charged object is
placed near a conducting (neutral) surface. During induction, the
electrons move to one part of an object by the electric field of another
object. This charging process induces an opposite type of charge.
Cutnell, J. D. and Johnson, K. W. Introduction to Physics. Singapore: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2010

Giancolli, D. C. Physics Principles with Applications. Philippines: Prentice Hall,

2007.

Hewitt, P. G. Conceptual Physics. Singapore: Pearson, Education, Inc., 2005.

Padua, A. L., and Crisostomo, R. M. Practical and Explorational Physics.

Quezon City. Vibal Publishing House, Inc., 2010

Physics Classroom. “Charging by Induction.” Available at:

https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-
1.html [Accessed 15 January 2021].

Physics Classroom. “Triboelectric Charging.” Available at:

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-2/Charging-by-
Friction [Accessed 15 January 2021].

Santisteban-Cook, C.J. Baguio, S.S. M. Breaking Through General Physics 2

for Senior High School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2018.

Silverio, A. A. Exploring Life Through Science: Physics. Quezon City: Phoenix

Publishing House, Inc., 2007

The Fact Factor. 2020. Wave Theory Of Light: Its Propositions, Merits And
Demerits. [online] Available at:
<https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/wave-theory-of-
light/7662/> [Accessed 15 January 2021].

Tillery, B. W. Physical Science. Singapore: WCB McGraw Hill, 1999.

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