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Pascal F

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14 views40 pages

Pascal F

Uploaded by

nalini.pardassie.reil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Pascal Programming Language

(with material from tutorialspoint.com)

1
Overview
 Background & History
 Features
 Hello, world!
 General Syntax
 Variables/Data Types
 Operators
 Conditional Statements
 Loops
 Functions and Procedures
 Arrays and Records

2
Why Pascal?
 well-structured, strongly typed
 explicit pass by value, pass by reference

 imperative, object-oriented

 easy to learn
 originally developed as a learning language
 surged in popularity in the 1980s

 notable systems in Pascal


 Skype
 TeX
 embedded systems
3
History
 developed by Niklaus Wirth in the early 1970s
 developed for teaching programming with a general-purpose, high-level
language
 named for Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and pioneer in computer
development
 Algol-based
 Algol-60 is a subset of Pascal
 block structure
 used in early Mac development
 historically cited as
 easy to learn
 structured
 producing transparent, efficient, reliable programs
 able to compile across multiple computer platforms
4
Features of Pascal
 strongly typed
 extensive error checking
 arrays, records, files, and sets
 highly structured
 supports object-oriented programming

Source: xkcd.com/571 5
Hello, world!
program HelloWorld (output);

{ main program }
begin
writeln ('Hello, World!');
end.

 heading, declaration, execution parts


 { } comments
 writeln – with newline
 program ends with .

6
General Syntax
 comments
 {}
 {* *} for multiline comments
 {* this is a
multiline comment *}
 case insensitivity
 x and X are the same variable
 reserved words: begin, Begin, and BEGIN all the same

7
General Syntax
 reserved words

8
Variables
 var keyword
 beginning of variable declarations
 before begin/end block

 names
 letters or digits beginning with a letter

 name1, name2 : type;

 examples
 x : integer;
 r : real = 3.77;

9
Data Types

10
Data Types
 constants
 before var section
 const
DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
NAME = 'Maria';

 enumerated types
 order significant
 type
COLORS = (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet);
MONTHS = (Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec);

11
Data Types
 subranges
 subset of type within a certain range
 grades on a test: 0..100
 can appear in any section
type
summer = (Jun..Sep);
var
gr : 1..100;

 user-defined types
 type
days = integer;
var
d : days;
12
Example Program
program Welcome (input, output);

const
intro = '***';

type
name = string;

var
firstname, lastname : name;

begin
write ('Please enter your first name: ');
readln (firstname); writeln (firstname);
write ('Please enter your last name: ');
readln (lastname); writeln (lastname);
writeln;
writeln (intro, 'Welcome, ', firstname, ' ', lastname);
end.

Please enter your first name: Christopher


Please enter your last name: Wren

***Welcome, Christopher Wren


13
Example Program
program Circumference (input, output);

const
PI = 3.14159;

var
radius, diameter, circ: real;

begin
write ('Enter the radius of the circle: ');
readln (radius); writeln (radius:4:2);

diameter := 2 * radius;
circ := PI * diameter;

writeln ('The circumference is ', circ:7:2);


end.

Enter the radius of the circle: 2.70


The circumference is 16.96

14
Operators
program calculator (input, output);

var
a, b, c: integer;
d : real;

begin
a := 21;
b := 10;

c := a + b;
writeln ('Line 1 – Value of c is ', c);

c := a - b;
writeln ('Line 2 – Value of c is ', c);

c := a * b;
writeln ('Line 3 – Value of c is ', c);

d := a / b;
writeln ('Line 4 – Value of d is ', d:3:2);

c := a mod b; Line 1 – Value of c is 31


writeln ('Line 5 – Value of c is ', c); Line 2 – Value of c is 11
Line 3 – Value of c is 210
c := a div b; Line 4 – Value of d is 2.10
writeln ('Line 6 – Value of c is ', c); Line 5 – Value of c is 1
end. Line 6 – Value of c is 2

15
Relational Operators

16
Logical Operators

17
Operator Precedence

18
Conditional Statements
 if-then

 if-then-else

19
Conditional Statements

20
Conditional Statements
 use begin/end blocks, if necessary

 different from above

21
Case Statements

22
Loops

23
Loops
 while-do

 break
 continue

24
Loops
 while-do

25
Loops
 for-do

26
Loops
 repeat-until

27
Loops
 nested loops

28
Functions and Procedures
 Pascal has explicit differentiation between functions and
procedures
 different reserved words
 functions must return a value
 procedures do not return a value
 recursion allowed

29
Functions
 please don’t write code formatted like this

30
Procedures
 please don’t write code formatted like this, either

31
Parameter Passing
 call by value and call by reference
 explicitly differentiated through var keyword

32
Parameter Passing: Call by Value

33
Parameter Passing: Call by Reference

34
Arrays

 aggregate of like types


 contiguous memory
 examples

 different types of subscripts allowed

 packed arrays store data, such as chars, side by side instead of


along the default 4-byte boundary 35
Arrays

 example

36
Records
 aggregate with differing types
 must use type declaration
 example

37
Records

38
Records

39
Other Topics
 pointers
 sets
 variants
 like unions in C/C++
 strings
 file I/O
 memory management
 classes

40

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