Access the PostgreSQL server from psql with a specific user:

psql -U [username];
Code language: CSS (css)

For example, the following command uses the postgres user to access the PostgreSQL database server:

psql -U postgres
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)z

Connect to a specific database:

\c database_name;

For example, the following command connects to the dvdrental database:

\c dvdrental;
You are now connected to database "dvdrental" as user "postgres".
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

To quit the psql:

\q

List all databases in the PostgreSQL database server

\l

List all schemas:

\dn
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

List all stored procedures and functions:

\df

List all views:

\dv
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Lists all tables in a current database.

\dt

Or to get more information on tables in the current database:

\dt+

Get detailed information on a table.

\d+ table_name

Show a stored procedure or function code:

\df+ function_name

Show query output in the pretty-format:

\x

List all users:

\du

Create a new role:

CREATE ROLE role_name;

Create a new role with a username and password:

CREATE ROLE username NOINHERIT LOGIN PASSWORD password;

Change role for the current session to the new_role:

SET ROLE new_role;

Allow role_1 to set its role as role_2:

GRANT role_2 TO role_1;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing databases

Create a new database:

CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete a database permanently:

DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing tables
Create a new table or a temporary table

CREATE [TEMP] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] table_name(

pk SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
c1 type(size) NOT NULL,
c2 type(size) NULL,
...
);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Add a new column to a table:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD COLUMN new_column_name TYPE;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop a column in a table:

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Rename a column:

ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME column_name TO new_column_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Set or remove a default value for a column:

ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN [SET DEFAULT value | DROP DEFAULT]
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Add a primary key to a table.

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (column,...);

Remove the primary key from a table.

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP CONSTRAINT primary_key_constraint_name;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Rename a table.

ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop a table and its dependent objects:

DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] table_name CASCADE;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing views

Create a view:

CREATE OR REPLACE view_name AS

query;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a recursive view:

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW view_name(column_list) AS

SELECT column_list;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a materialized view:

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW view_name

AS
query
WITH [NO] DATA;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Refresh a materialized view:

REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY view_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop a view:

DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] view_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop a materialized view:

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW view_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Rename a view:

ALTER VIEW view_name RENAME TO new_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing indexes

Creating an index with the specified name on a table

CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name

ON table (column,...)
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Removing a specified index from a table

DROP INDEX index_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Querying data from tables

Query all data from a table:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data from specified columns of all rows in a table:

SELECT column_list
FROM table;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data and select only unique rows:

SELECT DISTINCT (column)

FROM table;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data from a table with a filter:

SELECT *
FROM table
WHERE condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Assign an alias to a column in the result set:

SELECT column_1 AS new_column_1, ...

FROM table;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data using the LIKE operator:

SELECT * FROM table_name

WHERE column LIKE '%value%'
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data using the BETWEEN operator:

SELECT * FROM table_name

WHERE column BETWEEN low AND high;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data using the IN operator:

SELECT * FROM table_name

WHERE column IN (value1, value2,...);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Constrain the returned rows with the LIMIT clause:

SELECT * FROM table_name

LIMIT limit OFFSET offset
ORDER BY column_name;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data from multiple using the inner join, left join, full outer join, cross join and natural
join:

SELECT *
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON conditions
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SELECT *
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON conditions
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SELECT *
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON conditions
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SELECT *
FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

SELECT *
FROM table1
NATURAL JOIN table2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Return the number of rows of a table.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM table_name;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)
Sort rows in ascending or descending order:

SELECT select_list
FROM table
ORDER BY column ASC [DESC], column2 ASC [DESC],...;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Group rows using GROUP BY clause.

SELECT *
FROM table
GROUP BY column_1, column_2, ...;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Filter groups using the HAVING clause.

SELECT *
FROM table
GROUP BY column_1
HAVING condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Set operations

Combine the result set of two or more queries with UNION operator:

SELECT * FROM table1

UNION
SELECT * FROM table2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Minus a result set using EXCEPT operator:

SELECT * FROM table1

EXCEPT
SELECT * FROM table2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Get intersection of the result sets of two queries:

SELECT * FROM table1

INTERSECT
SELECT * FROM table2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Modifying data

Insert a new row into a table:

INSERT INTO table(column1,column2,...)
VALUES(value_1,value_2,...);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Insert multiple rows into a table:

INSERT INTO table_name(column1,column2,...)

VALUES(value_1,value_2,...),
(value_1,value_2,...),
(value_1,value_2,...)...
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Update data for all rows:

UPDATE table_name
SET column_1 = value_1,
...;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Update data for a set of rows specified by a condition in the WHERE clause.

UPDATE table
SET column_1 = value_1,
...
WHERE condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete all rows of a table:

DELETE FROM table_name;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete specific rows based on a condition:

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Performance

Show the query plan for a query:

EXPLAIN query;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Show and execute the query plan for a query:

EXPLAIN ANALYZE query;

Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Collect statistics:

ANALYZE table_name;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

PostgreSQL Fundamentals

SELECT
Column Aliases
ORDER BY
SELECT DISTINCT
WHERE
LIMIT
FETCH
IN
BETWEEN
LIKE
IS NULL
Table Aliases
Joins
INNER JOIN
LEFT JOIN
RIGHT JOIN
SELF-JOIN
FULL OUTER JOIN
Cross Join
Natural Join
GROUP BY
UNION
INTERSECT
HAVING
GROUPING SETS
CUBE
ROLLUP
Subquery
ANY
ALL
EXISTS
INSERT
INSERT Multiple Rows
UPDATE
UPDATE Join
DELETE
DELETE Join
Upsert
Managing Tables

PostgreSQL Data Types

Create Table
Select Into
Create Table As
SERIAL
Sequences
Identity Column
Alter Table
Rename Table
Add Column
Drop Column
Change Column’s Data Type
Rename Column
Drop Table
Temporary Table
Truncate Table

Database Constraints

Primary Key
Foreign Key
CHECK Constraint
UNIQUE Constraint
NOT NULL Constraint

PostgreSQL Data Types

Boolean
CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT
NUMERIC
Integer
SERIAL
DATE
TIMESTAMP
Interval
TIME
UUID
JSON
HSTORE
Array
User-defined Data Types

Conditional Expressions & Operators

CASE
COALESCE
NULLIF
CAST