LARGE INTESTINE

Only reabsorption of water takes place here .

-
Unabsorbed food is thrown out through anus .

MF £917
TRANSPORT on ( UMM , 3497 transport af # geoetus.at )
,

→
Transportation is a life process where substances synthesized or

in other
absorbed one
part of the body are carried to the
parts
of the body .

Importance
D Transportation is important in plants and animals as it leads to
nutrients , water , minerals in their bodies
movement
of , gases etc .

which is essential for their survival and growth .

It also transports wastes material which is to be excreted out

from the
body .

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
" Soil is the natural and richest source of raw material for plants .

" Raw materials like nitrogen phosphorus

,
and other minerals are

absorbed by plants from soil

by roots .

0 Plants absorb water and minerals from soil by roots and

transport
to the leaves .

As the distance between roots and leaves Is

large , diffusion is not

sufficient to provide materials to leaves and to roots

raw
energy .

D Plants use slow

transport system but large as
required in
tall plants to transport energy from leaves and raw materials form
roots .
 A group of special cells forming vascular tissue transport water and

nutrients to all the cells of the plants .

Two types of vascular tissue are xylem and phloem .

Xylem transports water and minerals obtained from the soil .

Phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other

parts of the plant .

G Vessels ,
tracheids of the roots , stems and leaves are connected to
form
a continuous system in xylem cells to transport water to all the

parts of the
plants .

4 Cells in the roots which are in contact with the soil take
up
ions which creates difference concentration between the roots and
a
of
and the soil and therefore water moves to the roots to eliminate the

difference .

A Water is moved into xylem of roots and from where it is

pushed
upward .

4 Plants different to
use mechanisms pull water upwards through
xylem like -

•
Water which is lost through stomata is replaced by water absorbed

by the roots .
 •
Evaporation of water in the form of water
vapor is called

Transpiration .

*
Importance of Transpiration
•

Regulates temperature .

in absorption
Helps of water and upward movement of water and
•

minerals .

When stomata are

open during the day , large amount of water
is lost and thus
upward movement of water also becomes more .

Phloem transports soluble products of photosynthesis ,

amino acids , and
other substances .

A The
transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation .

4 The substances are

transported to the storage organs of roots ,
fruits
and seeds .

The translocation takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of
adjacent companion cells .

4 The movement substances bidirectional both

of is i.e .

upward and
downward .

4 Energy from ATP is utilised

for translocation .

4 Materials like sucrose move to

phloem using energy , increasing the .

osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move and materials

in the tissues
'
to to the
phloem according plants needs .

Examine : when the buds

grow these need energy and sugar
stored in the root or stem would be transported to the
buds as the sugar is an
energy giving molecule .
TRANSPORTATION IN TIUMANS BLOOD
Blood special fluid that is actually a connective tissue
is
→
a .

To be more
precise it is a transport liquid which is pumped by the
-

heart to different parts of the body after which it comes back ,

again to the heart .

Main components of blood

9) Plasma
Red
CCWBC)
2) Erythrocytes or Blood Cells RBC)

3) Leukocytes or White Blood Cells

9) Plasma
→ Plasma constitutes about 55% of the blood volume .

-
Plasma contains 99 -

92% water , 7% proteins ,

0.9% inorganic salts 0.9%
,

glucose .

2) Red Blood Cells

→
Transport oxygen to all parts of the body from the lungs and
take back CO2 to the
lungs .

3) White Blood Cells

→
They help in
fighting diseases and attack the
foreign bodies in the
blood
F)Red
.

HHT
-

They are less compared to RBCs ( Immunity Blood Cells .

Blood Platelets
They are
responsible for controlling bleeding or in
clotting of blood .

Functions of Blood
• Blood provides the body 's bells with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide .

•
Blood transports nutrients and hormones .
 • Forms clots to prevent blood loss .

•
Blood regulates body temperature .

•
It
brings waste products to the kidneys and liver .

Blood Vessels
1- S
v
Arteries
-
veins capillaries
-
-

-
These are blood vessels -
These are blood vessels → These are tiny
which blood that blood towards blood vessels
carry away carry
from the heart to various the heart from various connecting arteries
to veins
of
organs the
body organs of the
body
.

.
.

HEART

'>
The heart is a muscular organ which is as
big as our
fist .

Because both and dioxide have to be

transported
'>
carbon
oxygen
by the blood , the heart has different chambers to prevent the

oxygen rich -
blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon
dioxide .
 The for
I> carbon dioxide rich -
blood has to reach the
lungs the carbon
dioxide to be removed , and the oxygenated blood from the
lungs has to
be brought back to the heart .

This blood is then

oxygen-rich pumped to the rest of the
body
•
.

*
Oxygen -
rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled
upper
chamber of the heart on the left ,
the left atrium .

The left atrium relaxes it is

collecting this blood
*
when .

It then contracts , while the next chamber, the left ventricle > expands.

so that the blood is transferred to it .

* When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn ,

the
blood is
pumped out to the
body .

De from the body

* -

oxygenated blood comes to the

upper chamber
the right atrium it
on as
expands .

*
As the
right atrium contracts, the
corresponding lower chamber , the

right ventricle ,
dilates .

'>
This transfers blood to the
right ventricle , which in turn
pumps
it to the
lungs for oxygenation .

• Since ventricles have to blood into various

organs , they have
pump
thicker muscular walls than the atria do .

-
Valves ensure that blood does not
flow backwards when the
atria or ventricles contract .

A Schematic representation of transport oxygen and

and
exchange of
carbon diomede .
AnswereFunctions
dD of Blood
• Blood provides the body 's cells with oxygen and removes carbon

dioxide .

•
Blood transports nutrients and hormones .

• Forms clots to prevent blood loss .

•
Blood regulates body temperature .

•
It
brings waste products to the kidneys and liver .

%) Function of blood vessels

→
Through blood vessels ( arteries ,
veins and
capillaries) ,
the blood is
pushed
to the heart through them
by heart and also comes back .

Function heart
of
→ The deoxygenated blood from the body parts received by the

heart is
pumped to
lungs for enriching with oxygen .

2) It is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in

animals because it allows to

mammals and good supply of oxygen
in
the
body and this system .
animals
,
that have high energy
is
requirement useful .