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ASD Intern Project Report

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CHE 853 Gopinath
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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[Calculation of EHV AC Transmission Line Corona and Field Effects]

A Project Report

In the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

B.Tech
Under the supervision of
Prof. Shouvik Sarkar

Academy of Skill Development

Submitted by
Ankit Meena
Karan Sharma
Sohanlal Meena

[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]


Certificate from the Mentor

This is to certify that Ankit Meena, Karan Sharma and Sohanlal Meena have
successfully completed the project titled ‘’Calculation of EHV AC Transmission
Line Corona and Field Effects’’ under my supervision during the period from
September to November which is in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
award of the B.Tech and submitted to Electrical Department of Indian Institute
of Technology, Roorkee, Uttrakhand

____________________

Signature of the Mentor

Date:
Acknowledgement

I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and sincerest thanks to my


project mentor, Prof. Shouvik Sarkar for giving the most valuable suggestion,
helpful guidance and encouragement in the execution of this project work.

I would like to give a special mention to my colleagues. Last but not the least I
am grateful to all the faculty members of Academy of Skill Development for
their support.
CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
CORONA............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Corona Formation: ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Surface Voltage Gradient: ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Voltage Gradient Of Three-Phase Horizontal Line ................................................................................. 6
MATLAB Code ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Audible Noise of EHV Transmission Lines ...................................................................................................... 7
Audible Noise: BPA Method .............................................................................................................................. 8
MATLAB Code ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Result ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Radio Interference of EHV Transmission Lines ......................................................................................... 10
Profile Of RI (CIGRE Formula) ................................................................................................................... 10
MATLAB Code .................................................................................................................................................... 10
Result ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Electrostatic of EHV Lines ...................................................................................................................................... 12
MATLAB Code .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Result ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
MATLAB GUI ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Magnetic Fields of EHV Lines................................................................................................................................ 17
MATLAB Code .................................................................................................................................................... 17
Result ............................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
References ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
INTRODUCTION

Transmission lines are high voltage power lines used to transmit large block of
power efficiently over a long distances. These lines connect the scattered
generating plants to load centres like megacities, industrial hubs and agriculture
sectors. This paper presents the caclculation of Extra high Voltage Corona
calculation, Electric Field and Magnetic Field calculation with MATLAB Softwere.
We also have written code to implement in MATLAB GUI for various calculation
of field. For the EHV AC transmission line With increase in system voltage , number
of circuits required to transmit the same amount of power over a same distance
are less. It also optimizes the right of way [ROW], increases efficiency and reduces
power loss per Km. The EHV system increases the associated electric and magnetic
fields (EMF) and hence, need to examine its impact on design of lines, behavior of
humans, animal and plants in and around the power lines. Electric field is
associated with voltage/ charge on conductor / wire , whereas magnetic field is
due to line loading current and short circuit current. Power lines, electrical wiring,
electrical appliances and devices all produces electric and magnetic fields. Peoples
are continuously exposed to these fields at work places, offices, public places,
schools etc. EMF produces adverse biological effects on human like neurological,
cardiovascular disorders and low sperm count in the workers who regularly
service the line.

CORONA
Corona is a luminous discharge due to ionization of the air surrounding an
electrode/conductor, caused by a voltage gradient
exceeding a certain critical value (breakdown strength
of air (gas)). There are always free-electrons in the air
due to ultraviolet radiations from sun, cosmic rays from
outer space, radioactivity of earth, etc. The breakdown
of a gas takes place when a self sustained discharge or
ionization process is set in. This takes place when the
electric field stress exceeds a certain critical value. For air breakdown strength
(at 250C and 760 mm Hg) is 30 kV/cm for DC and 30 kV/cm (peak) OR 21.2
(rms) for AC. In the case of uniform field, this condition is satisfied at all the
points and there will be complete breakdown by forming an arc between the
electrodes. However, if the electric field is highly non-uniform the breakdown
condition may not be all over the gap.

Corona Formation:

Thus, self sustained discharge condition will be


valid only in the strong field region giving rise to
corona. This associated with a glow and a hissing
(or frying sound) and when it takes place in air
and ozone, oxides of nitrogen and nitric acid (in
the presence of moisture) are formed. The corona
manifests itself by visual corona, audible noise,
radio interference. The avalanches, being electrons in motion, actually constitute
electric current and produces electro-magnetic field in the vicinity. Since they are
sudden and short in duration induce high frequency voltage pulses in nearby radio
antenna. The positive conductor has more uniform bluish (or violet) white glow
near to conductor. Negative polarity isolated reddish tufts or beads are formed.

Surface Voltage Gradient:

A voltage gradient is a difference in electrical potential across a distance or space. The surface
potential gradient is a critical design parameter for planning overhead lines since it
determines the level of corona loss, radio interference, and audible noise. The majority of
existing surface gradient calculations are based on analytical methods which restrict their
application in simulating complex surface geometry.

Voltage Gradient Of Three-Phase Horizontal Line

Charge potential relation


1
[V] = 2𝜋𝜀 [𝑃][𝑄]
Voltage at Extreme Phase (Lets say Phase 1)
𝑄1
V1 = 2𝜋𝜀 (𝑃11 − 0.5𝑃12 − 0.5𝑃13 )
Therefore
𝑄1 𝑉1
=
2𝜋𝜀 2𝐻/𝑟𝑒𝑞
ln ( )
𝐻 2
{(1 + (2𝐻/𝑆)^2)(1 + ( 𝑆 ) )}^(1/4)
Voltage Gradient of Extreme Phase
11 (𝑁−1)𝑟
(1+ )𝑉1
𝑁𝑟 𝑅
𝐸𝑜𝑚 = 2𝐻/𝑟𝑒𝑞
ln ( )
𝐻 2
{(1+(2𝐻/𝑆)^2)(1+( ) )}^(1/4)
𝑆

Voltage gradient of Middle Phase


11 (𝑁−1)𝑟
(1+ )𝑉1
𝑁𝑟 𝑅
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 2𝐻/𝑟𝑒𝑞
ln ( )
2𝐻 2
(1+( ) )^(1/2)
𝑆

MATLAB CODE
function Esm(N,r,B,VLL,H,S)
global Eom Ecm
r=r*0.01;
R=B*0.5*0.01/sin(pi/N);
req=(N*r*(R^(N-1)))^(1/N);
Eom=((1+(N-
1)*r/R)*VLL/(sqrt(3)*N*r))/log((2*H/req)/sqrt(sqrt((1+(2*H/S)^2)*(1+(H/S)^2))));
Ecm=((1+(N-
1)*r/R)*VLL/(sqrt(3)*N*r))/log((2*H/req)/sqrt(sqrt((1+(2*H/S)^2)*(1+(2*H/S)^2))));
disp('the maximum surface voltage gradients on the outer phases')
Eom=Eom/100
disp('the maximum surface voltage gradients on the centre phases')
Ecm=Ecm/100
disp('kV/cm')
end

Audible Noise of EHV Transmission Lines

High voltage lines are usually dimensioned so


that they are relatively free from corona and
associated noise is less under perfectly dry
conditions. However, this situation cannot be
maintained in rain or whenever there are water
droplets on the conductors. The problems for the
network operators have become more acute by
upgrading of lines to higher transmission
voltages and by greater stringency of noise
regulations. Some sections of lines run near human habitation and may locally be
the major sources of noise, especially at night. Audible noise control is an
important for EHV/UHV transmission projects. The audible noise from EHV/UHV
transmission lines refers to the audible noise produced by corona and spark
discharges around conductors. Hum noise' is result of a pressure wave caused by
the movement of air ions alternatively attracted to and repelled from the
conductors.

Less than 52.5 dB No Complaints


52.5 dB to 59 dB Few Complaints

Greater than 59 dB Many Complaints

Audible Noise: BPA Method

It is difficult to theoretically deduce an accurate corona noise prediction equation. The formula
developed by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) of the USA

Here E0i is the maximum surface gradient of the ith conductor, d is the diameter of the sub
conductor in the bundle, N is the number of sub conductors in the bundle, Di is the aerial distance
between ith conductor and the point M(x, y), k and AN0 are the constants depend on number of
conductors in the bundle.

MATLAB CODE

clear all;
clc;
global Eom Ecm
VLL= 765; %Line to Line Voltage (kV)
N = 4; %No of conductor Bundle
d = 3.6; %Bundle sub-conductor diameter (in cm)
r =d/2; %Bundle sub-conductor radius (in cm)
B = 60; %Bundle conductor Spacing (in cm)
H = 17; %Height of the conductor (in m)
S = 15; %Spacing b/w phase conductor (in m)

% Calculation of the maximum surface gradient of the conductor


Esm(N,r,B,VLL,H,S);

%The average AN due to ith conductor at measuring point M(x, y) is


%calculated as
X=[-100:0.1:100];
for u1=1:numel(X)
AN(u1)=AN_BPA_fn(N,d,H,S,X(u1),Eom,Ecm);
end

plot(X,AN)
title('Audible Noise Profile (BPA METHOD)')
xlabel('X m')
ylabel('Audible Noise (dB)')
view(2);
hold on

function y=AN_BPA(N,d,H,S,X,Eom,Ecm)
if N>=3
k=26.4;
ANo=128;
else N<3
k=0; ANo=115.4;
end
X=X-S;
for i=1:3
AD(i)=sqrt(X.^2+H.^2);
X=X+S;
end
AN(1)=120*log10(Eom)+55*log10(d)-11.4*log10(AD(1))+k*log10(N)-ANo;
AN(2)=120*log10(Ecm)+55*log10(d)-11.4*log10(AD(2))+k*log10(N)-ANo;
AN(3)=120*log10(Eom)+55*log10(d)-11.4*log10(AD(3))+k*log10(N)-ANo;
ANT=10*log10(10^(AN(1)/10)+10^(AN(2)/10)+10^(AN(3)/10));
y=ANT;
end

RESULT
Radio Interference of EHV Transmission Lines
Corona on the transmission line conductors produces electromagnetic emission
predominantly at frequencies below 3 MHz including the standard broadcast band from
0.5 to 1.6 MHz. The interference energy can travel by one, or simultaneously, by two or
three of the means of transmission (conduction, induction, radiation). At higher
frequencies radiation becomes relatively more and is more likely to be the cause of
interference than the conduction currents or the induction fields. Power line interference
tends to be roughly in inverse proportion to the frequency, that is, the higher the
frequency, the lower the absolute interference level.

Profile Of RI (CIGRE Formula)


𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝐼𝑖 = 3.5 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 6𝑑 − 33 log ( ) − 30 𝑑𝐵
20

Here Emax i is the average maximum surface gradient of the ith conductor, d is the diameter of the sub-conductor
in the bundle, and Di is the aerial distance between ith conductor and the measuring point M(x, y). To calculate
the RI level in rain, add 17 dB in above calculations. At 1 MHz, the RI level is 6 dB lower. To calculate the RI
level in rain, add 17 dB in above calculations. At 1 MHz, the RI level is 6 dB lower.

MATLAB CODE
clear all;
clc;
global Eom Ecm
VLL= 750; %Line to Line Voltage (kV)
N = 4; %No of conductor Bundle
d = 4; %Bundle sub-conductor diameter (in cm)
r =d/2; %Bundle sub-conductor radius (in cm)
B = 46; %Bundle conductor Spacing (in cm)
H = 18; %Height of the conductor (in m)
S = 15;%Spacing b/w phase conductor (in m)
f = 1; %Mhz
rain =0; %rain presence
% Calculation of the maximum surface gradient of the conductor
Esm(N,r,B,VLL,H,S);

X=[-100:0.1:100];
for u1=1:numel(X)
RI(u1)=RI_fn(d,X(u1),H,S,Eom,Ecm,f,rain);
end

plot(X,RI)
title('RI level Profile (CIGRE FORMULA)')
xlabel('X m')
ylabel('RI level (dB)')
hold on

%RI(d,X,H,S,Eom,Ecm,f,rain)
function y=RI_fn(d,X,H,S,Eom,Ecm,f,rain)
X=X-S;
for i=1:3
AD(i)=sqrt(X^2+H^2);
X=X+S;
end

RI(1)=3.5*Eom+6*d-33*log10(AD(1)/20)-30;
RI(2)=3.5*Ecm+6*d-33*log10(AD(2)/20)-30;
RI(3)=3.5*Eom+6*d-33*log10(AD(3)/20)-30;

a_1=sort(RI,"descend");
if a_1(1)-a_1(2)>=3&&a_1(1)-a_1(3)>=3
RI_L=a_1(1);
else
RI_L=0.5*a_1(1)+0.5*a_1(2)+1.5;
end

if f==0.5 %MHz
RI_L=RI_L;
else f==1 %MHz
RI_L=RI_L-6;
end
if rain==1
RI_L=RI_L+17;
else
RI_L=RI_L;
end
y=RI_L;
end
RESULT

ELECTROSTATIC OF EHV LINES

Electrostatic effects from overhead EHV lines are caused by the extremely high voltage.
Electromagnetic effects are due to line loading current and short-circuit currents. Hazards exist due
to both causes of various degree. For example, potential drop in the earth's surface due to high fault
currents, direct flashover from line conductors to human beings or animals. Electrostatic fields cause
damage to human life, plants, animals, and metallic objects such as fences and buried pipe lines.
Under certain adverse circumstances these give rise to shock currents of various intensities.
MATLAB CODE
clear all;
clc;
%Parameter
V_LL =1050; %kV
f= 50;
N_ph= 3;%NPhase
N_G= 0;%NGround
X = [-18.3 0 18.3];
Ytower = [18.3 18.3 18.3];
D = 3.3;%cm
Mur = 1; %The conductor relative permeability
Ncond = 8; %The number of conductors per bundle
BD = 10.1; %The bundle (Circle) diameter
BDR = 0; %in cm
B = 0; %in cm
w=2*pi*f;
GMR = (D/2);%in cm
theta = 2*pi/3;
V_ph_mag=(V_LL/sqrt(3));
V_ph = transpose([1 cos(-2*pi/3)+sin(-2*pi/3)*1i cos(2*pi/3)+sin(2*pi/3)*1i]);
V_ph = V_ph_mag*V_ph;
if BDR~=0
B = 2*BDR*sin(pi/Ncond);
BD=2*BDR;
elseif BD~=0
BDR = BD/2;
B = 2*BDR*sin(pi/Ncond);
else
BDR=B/(2*sin(pi/Ncond));
BD=2*BDR;
end
%% Equivalent Radius of Bundle
r_eq = (Ncond*(GMR)*(BDR^(Ncond-1)))^(1/Ncond)*0.01;%in meters

%% Position of conductors in (x,y) plane


Ytower_I = (-1)*Ytower;
X_Y=zeros(2,2*N_ph);
for v_1=1:2
if v_1==1
for j=1:2*N_ph
if j<=N_ph
X_Y(v_1, j) = X(1,j);
else
X_Y(v_1, j) = X_Y(1,j-N_ph);
end
end
else
for j=1:2*N_ph
if j<=N_ph
X_Y(v_1, j) = Ytower(1,j);
else
X_Y(v_1, j) = Ytower_I(1,j-N_ph);
end
end
end
end

%% Distance Calculation b/w conductor


I=zeros(N_ph,N_ph);
A=zeros(N_ph,N_ph);
for v_1=1:N_ph
for k=1:N_ph
I(v_1, k) = sqrt((X_Y(1,v_1)-X_Y(1,N_ph+k))^2+(X_Y(2,v_1)-
X_Y(2,N_ph+k))^2);
end
end

for v_1=1:N_ph
for k=1:N_ph
if v_1==k
A(v_1, k) = r_eq;
else
A(v_1, k) = sqrt((X_Y(1,v_1)-X_Y(1,k))^2+(X_Y(2,v_1)-
X_Y(2,k))^2);
end
end
end
%%
P=zeros(N_ph,N_ph);
for v_1=1:N_ph
for k=1:N_ph
P(v_1, k) = log(I(v_1,k)/A(v_1,k));
end
end
P;
M=inv(P);

X_A=[0:0.01:60];
Y_A=4;
X_A_by_H=X_A/Ytower(2);
for u1=1:numel(X_A)
E(u1)=E_fn(X_A(u1),Y_A,X_Y,N_ph,M,V_ph);
end

%plot(X_A_by_H,E)
plot(X_A,E)
title('Electric Field on Ground and above Ground')
xlabel('x m')
ylabel('Electric Field on Ground (KV/m)')

hold on
function y=E_fn(X_A,Y_A,X_Y,N_ph,M,V_ph)
%% Distance from desired point (X_A, Y_A)
for v_1=1:N_ph
D_A(v_1)=sqrt((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1))^2+(Y_A-X_Y(2,v_1))^2);
D_AI(v_1)=sqrt((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1+N_ph)).^2+(Y_A-X_Y(2,v_1+N_ph)).^2);
end
%% J K
for v_1=1:N_ph
J(v_1)=((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1))/((D_A(v_1)).^2))-((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1))/((D_AI(v_1)).^2));
K(v_1)=((Y_A-X_Y(2,v_1))/((D_A(v_1)).^2))-((Y_A+X_Y(2,v_1))/((D_AI(v_1)).^2));
end
Jh=J*M;
Kv=K*M;
%%
if N_ph==6
V_ph=[V_ph;V_ph];
end
E_h=Jh*V_ph;
E_v=Kv*V_ph;
E_hm= abs(E_h);
E_vm= abs(E_v);
y=sqrt(E_hm^2+E_vm^2);
end

RESULT
MATLAB GUI
MAGNETIC FIELDS OF EHV LINES

Because of the manifold increase in use of electric power in modern society,


the level of exposure of biological systems to electromagnetic fields have
increased by several orders of magnitude in the recent past. It is important
to evaluate possible interactions between the man made electromagnetic
environment with humans and such interactions will be detrimental to what
extent. Today, with the increasingly growing environmental quality
awareness, the public becomes more and more concerned about the
electromagnetic environmental effects in the vicinity of power transmission
facilities. In a strong electric field, when a person insulated against the
ground touches a grounding object, or a person at ground potential touches
an object insulated against the ground, there may be perceptible current
flowing through his/her body or uncomfortable spark discharges may take
place. Power frequency magnetic fields can induce current within living
organisms, causing voltage over objects near transmission lines, and
uncomfortable electric shock.

MATLAB CODE
clear all;
clc;
%Parameter
I_L =157.102; %A
f= 50;
N_ph= 3;%NPhase
N_G= 0;%NGround
X = [-15 0 15];
Ytower = [20 20 20];
D = 4;%cm
GMR=D/2;
Mur = 1; %The conductor relative permeability
Ncond = 4; %The number of conductors per bundle
BD = 0; %The bundle (Circle) diameter
BDR = 0; %in cm
B = 50; %in cm
%Parameter

%% Line Current in Phase Conductor


w=2*pi*f;
I_L_mag=(I_L);

if N_ph==1
I_L = I_L_mag;
elseif N_ph==3
I_L = I_L_mag*transpose([1 cos(-2*pi/3)+sin(-2*pi/3)*1i
cos(2*pi/3)+sin(2*pi/3)*1i]);
elseif N_ph==6
I_L = I_L_mag*transpose([1 cos(-2*pi/3)+sin(-2*pi/3)*1i cos(2*pi/3)+sin(2*pi/3)*1i
1 cos(-2*pi/3)+sin(-2*pi/3)*1i cos(2*pi/3)+sin(2*pi/3)*1i]);
end

%%
if B==0 && BD==0
B = 2*BDR*sin(pi/Ncond);
BD=2*BDR;
elseif B==0 && BDR==0
BDR = BD/2;
B = 2*BDR*sin(pi/Ncond);
else
BDR=B/(2*sin(pi/Ncond));
BD=2*BDR;
end
%% Equivalent Radius of Bundle
r_eq = (Ncond*(GMR)*(BDR^(Ncond-1)))^(1/Ncond)*0.01;%in meters
%% Position of conductors in (x,y) plane
Ytower_I = (-1)*Ytower;

X_Y=zeros(2,2*N_ph);
for v_1=1:2
if v_1==1
for j=1:2*N_ph
if j<=N_ph
X_Y(v_1, j) = X(1,j);
else
X_Y(v_1, j) = X_Y(1,j-N_ph);
end
end
else
for j=1:2*N_ph
if j<=N_ph
X_Y(v_1, j) = Ytower(1,j);
else
X_Y(v_1, j) = Ytower_I(1,j-N_ph);
end
end
end
end

X_A=[-50:0.01:50];
Y_A=0;
X_A_by_H=X_A/Ytower(2);
for u1=1:numel(X_A)
M(u1)=M_fn(X_A(u1),Y_A,X_Y,N_ph,I_L);
end

%plot(X_A_by_H,E)
plot(X_A,M)
title('Magnetic Field Intensity on Ground and above Ground')
xlabel('x/H')
ylabel('Magnetic Field Intensity on Ground Tesla T)')

hold on
function y=E_fn(X_A,Y_A,X_Y,N_ph,I_L)
%% Distance from desired point (X_A, Y_A)
for v_1=1:N_ph
D_A(v_1)=sqrt((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1))^2+(Y_A-X_Y(2,v_1))^2);
D_AI(v_1)=sqrt((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1+N_ph)).^2+(Y_A-X_Y(2,v_1+N_ph)).^2);
end
%% J K
for v_1=1:N_ph
J(v_1)=((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1))/((D_A(v_1)).^2))-((X_A-X_Y(1,v_1))/((D_AI(v_1)).^2));
K(v_1)=((Y_A-X_Y(2,v_1))/((D_A(v_1)).^2))-((Y_A+X_Y(2,v_1))/((D_AI(v_1)).^2));
end

%% Magnetic field intensity Horizontal and vertical component for each phase
for v3=1:N_ph
Hh(v3)=I_L(v3)*K(v3)/(2*pi);
Hv(v3)=I_L(v3)*J(v3)/(2*pi);
end

%% Total Horizontal and vertical Magnetic Field


Hh_T=0; Hv_T=0;
for v3=1:N_ph
Hh_T=Hh_T+Hh(v3);
Hv_T=Hv_T+Hv(v3);
end

%% Magnitude of Horizontal and vertical Magnetic Field of three phase


Hh_m=abs(Hh_T);
Hv_m=abs(Hv_T);

%% Total Magnetic Field Intensity


H = sqrt(Hh_m^2+Hv_m^2);

%%Total Magnetic Flux Density


uo=4*pi*10^(-7)
B = uo*H;
y=H;
end
CONCLUSION

Rigorous analysis of EMF for UHV lines is carried out using MATLAB
software. It is presented by graphically for various scenarios, which will be
use full to power engineers and line operators. Its biological effects on
animals, humans and plants are discussed. The comparison of calculated
values of EMF with allowable limits set by international standards revels
that the level of exposure to workers and general public’s are well below the
recommended limits for all scenarios considered

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