PAULINIAN GLEANERS’ PRAYER

God, our loving Father, through Your With TRANQUIL-DARING to proceed

Holy Spirit, enable us to participate in when we feel that the work and
Jesus’ saving mission to make You responsibilities given us are back-
known and loved throughout the world. breaking and beyond our capacity; and
May we joyfully live out our Paulinian
identity as gleaners who are: ALL TO ALL, willing to faithfully serve
everyone especially the least, the last,
PRAYERFUL, mindful of who we truly and the lost.
are and why we are here – Your children
called to follow Your Holy Will; Our Lady of Chartres, pray for us.
St. Paul the Apostle, our Patron, pray for
SELF-EFFACING, quick to transcend us.
when we are not recognized for the good Fr. Louis Chauvet and our First Sisters,
we have done or when we are taken for intercede for us.
granted; Caritas Christi urget nos,
now and for ever. Amen.
MATHEMATICS IN THE
MODERN WORLD
 Module 1
THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
Lesson 1 Math in Our World (Patterns and
Numbers in Nature)
Lesson 2 Mathematical Language
Lesson 3 Mathematical Reasoning
 PAULINIAN AFFIRMATION

“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am

an engaging, trustworthy, team builder,
and mentor, fostering community
through active collaboration.”
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
During the learning engagement, you should be able to
● critically examine the Fibonacci sequence in nature
and in art,
● investigate common patterns in nature as explained
through some mathematical concept or model, and
● explain the nature of number as a language through
which relationships in nature can be explored.
 MODULE 1 LESSON 1
Math in Our World
(Patterns and Numbers in
Nature)
PATTERNS
In this discussion, we will be looking at patterns and regularities in the world, and
how MATHEMATICS comes into play, both in nature and in humanendeavor.
Definition
Patterns are regular, repeated or recurring forms ordesigns.
Example
layout of floor tiles designs
of buildings
the way we tie ourshoelaces
Studying patterns helps us in identifying relationships and finding local
connections to form generalizations and make predictions.
Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University
Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
PATTERNS
1. Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?

Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University

Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
PATTERNS
2. Which of the figures, you think best fits the series below?

Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University

Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
PATTERNS
3. Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?

Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University

Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
PATTERNS

4. Which number should come next in this series?

10, 17, 26, 37, ?

A.46 B.52
C.50 D.56

Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University

Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
PATTERNS
5. Which number should replace the question mark "?"

A.4
B.5
C.6
D.7
Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University
Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
PATTERNS

1 The base figure rotates at an angle of 45◦ in the counterclockwise

direction. Hence choice C is the perfect match.
2 The base figure rotates at an angle of 90◦ in the clockwise direction.
Hence choice A is the bestfit.
3 In the given series, a figure is followed by the combination of itself and
its vertical inversion. Thus D. is the right choice.
4 Beginning with 3, each number in the series is a square of the
succeeding no. plus 1.
5 For each row the sum of the first two columns is equal to the multiple of
the last two columns.
Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University
Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
SYMMETRY

Definition
Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and
the resulting parts are mirror images of each other.
Example
butterfly
Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man starfish

Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University

Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
SYMMETRY

Figure 1

The butterfly is symmetric about the axis indicated by the black line. Note
that the left and right portions are exactly the same. This type of symmetry is
called bilateral symmetry.
Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University
Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
SYMMETRY

Figure 2

Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man shows the proportion and

symmetry of the humanbody.
Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University
Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
SYMMETRY
There are other types of symmetry depending on the number of sides or
faces that aresymmetrical.

Figure 3

Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University

Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
HONEYCOMB

Figure 5

Do you wonder why bees used hexagon in making honeycomb and not any
other polygons? The reason is that more area will be covered using hexagon
compared to other polygons.
Anna Clarice M . YandayPangasinan State University
Chapter 1: Nature of Mathematics
• Fibonacci Sequence/ Numbers
Named for the famous mathematician,
Leonardo Fibonacci, this number
sequence is a simple, yet profound
pattern. Based on Fibonacci’s rabbit
problem, this sequence begins with the
numbers 1 and 1, and then each
subsequent number is found by adding
the two previous numbers. Therefore,
after 1 and 1, the next number is 2
(1+1). The next number is 3 (1+2) and
then 5 (2+3) and so on.
• Fibonacci Sequence/ Numbers
What’s remarkable is that the
numbers in the sequence are often
seen in nature. A few examples
include the number of spirals in a pine
cone, pineapple or seeds in a
sunflower, or the number of petals on a
flower. The numbers in this sequence
also form a unique shape known as a
Fibonacci spiral, which again, we see
in nature in the form of shells and the
shape of hurricanes.
 Who Was Fibonacci?

• ~ Born in Pisa, Italy in 1175 AD

• ~ Full name was Leonardo Pisano
• ~ Grew up with a North African education under the Moors
• ~ Traveled extensively around the Mediterranean coast
• ~ Met with many merchants and learned their systems of
arithmetic
• ~ Realized the advantages of the Hindu-Arabic system
 The Fibonacci Numbers

• ~ Were introduced in The Book of Calculating

• ~ Series begins with 0 and 1
• ~ Next number is found by adding the last two numbers together
• ~ Number obtained is the next number in the series
• ~ Pattern is repeated over and over
•

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610,

987, …
 The Fibonacci Numbers in Nature
• ~ Fibonacci spiral found in both snail and sea shells
• Lilies and irises = 3 petals
Buttercups and wild roses = 5 petals

Corn marigolds = 13 petals Black-eyed Susan’s = 21 petals

• ~ The Fibonacci numbers can be found in pineapples and
bananas
• ~ Bananas have 3 or 5 flat sides
• ~ Pineapple scales have Fibonacci spirals in sets of 8, 13, 21
• Fibonacci Sequence/ Numbers

The Fibonacci sequence occurs many

times in nature. Take a look at
sunflowers. In particular, pay attention
to the arrangement of the seeds in its
head. Do you notice that they form
spirals? In certain species, there are
21 spirals in the clockwise direction
and 34 spirals in the counterclockwise
direction .
 • Hexagons in Nature
Another of nature’s geometric
wonders is the hexagon. A regular
hexagon has 6 sides of equal length, and
this shape is seen again and again in the
world around us. The most common
example of nature using hexagons is in a
bee hive. Bees build their hive using a
tessellation of hexagons.
But did you know that every
snowflake is also in the shape of a
hexagon?
 • Concentric Circles
Another common shape in nature is a set
of concentric circles. Concentric means
the circles all share the same center, but
have different radii. This means the circles
are all different sizes, one inside the other.
A common example is in the ripples of a
pond when something hits the surface of
the water. But we also see concentric
circles in the layers of an onion and the
rings of trees that form as it grows and
ages.
 • The Golden Ratio

The golden ratio is so fascinating that the proportions of the human

body as the face follows the so-called divine proportion. The closer the
proportion of the body parts to the golden ratio, the more aesthetically
pleasing and beautiful the body is. Many painters, including the famous
Leonardo da Vinci, were so fascinated with the golden ratio that they
used it in their works of art. The amazing ratio is denoted by the Greek
symbol phi ( ϕ ).
 Mathematics is all around us. As we
discover more and more about our
environment and our surroundings, we see that
nature can be described mathematically. The
beauty of a flower, the majesty of a tree and
mountain, even the rocks upon which we walk
can exhibit nature’s sense of symmetry and
patterns.
 MODULE 1 LESSON 2
Mathematical Language
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

During the learning engagement, you should be able to

1. Explain the importance of utilizing mathematical
language and its conventions;
2. Differentiate the corresponding mathematical and
English languages.
3. Utilize logical connectives in expressing certain
mathematical concept.
Mathematics is a system of communication about
objects like numbers, variables, sets, operations,
functions, and equations. It is a collection of both
symbols and their meaning shared by a global
community of people who have an interest in the
subject. Regardless of where in the world learners of
math come from or what language they speak, they
will likely understand what those symbols mean.
 TRANSLATING PHRASES

• When translating phrases into algebraic expressions,

you need to identify keywords and phrases which
specifically refer to a mathematical operation (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division). Usually, you
can write out the algebraic expression of the verbal
description in the order that it is said. The exceptions
occur for certain verbal statements made in regards to
subtraction and division.
Mathematical Statements English Translations
Four plus two equals six.
4+2=6 Four plus two is equal to six.
Four increased by two is six.
Twice the difference of ten and
2(10-5)=10
five is ten.
Thrice the difference of twice a
3(2x-1)=5
number and one is five.
 MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
The mathematical language is the system used to
communicate mathematical ideas. This language consists
of some natural language using technical terms
(mathematical terms) and grammatical conventions that
are uncommon to mathematical discourse, supplemented
by a highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical
formulas. The mathematical notation used for formulas
has its own grammar and shared by mathematicians
anywhere in the globe.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
• Precise - culture of being correct all
the time
• Concise - simplicity
• Powerful - a way of expressing
complex thoughts with relative ease.
 MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

• ∑ - the sum of • ℜ or ℝ - set of real numbers

• ∃ - there exists • ℤ - set of integers
• ∀ - for ever (for any) • ℚ - set of rational numbers
• ∈ - element of (or member of) • N – set of natural numbers
• ∞ - infinity • ⇒ - if …, then
• ⸦ - subset of • ⇔ - if and only if
 Logical Connectives
If two or more statements are joined,
or connected, then we can form
compound statements. These
compound statements are joined by
logical connectives “and”, “or”, “if
then”, and “if and only if”.
 Logical Connectives
Type of
Statement Connective Symbolic Form
Statement
not not ¬𝑝 Negation

and and 𝑝∧𝑞 Conjunction

or or 𝑝v𝑞 Disjunction

If , then If . . . then 𝑝⇒𝑞 Conditional

if and only if If and only if 𝑝⇔𝑞 Biconditional

 Logical Connectives
Write the following in symbolic form using P, Q, and R for the statements
and use the symbols ¬, ∧, v, ⇒, ⇔ where
P: Pres. Duterte is a good president.
Q: Government officials are corrupt.
R: People are happy.

a. If Pres. Duterte is a good president, then the government officials are

not corrupt. P ⇒ ¬Q
b. If government officials are not corrupt, then the people are happy.¬Q⇒R
c. If Pres. Duterte is a good president and the people are happy, then
the government officials are not corrupt. P ∧ R ⇒ ¬Q
 Logical Connectives
Write the following in symbolic form using P, Q, and R for the statements
and use the symbols ¬, ∧, v, ⇒, ⇔ where
P: The sun is shining.
Q: It is raining.
R: The ground is wet.

a. If it is raining, then the sun is not shining. Q ⇒ ¬P

b. The sun is shining or it is raining. P v Q
c. The ground is not wet. ¬R
d. The ground is not wet if and only if the sun is shining. ¬R ⇔ P
 Negations
A statement is a negation of another if 𝑝 ¬𝑝
the word is not introduced in the negative
statement. T F

Examples: F T
a. P: 2 is a rational number.
b. Q: 6 is an odd number
NEGATION:
a. 2 is not a rational number or 2 is irrational (¬𝑃)
b. 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even number (¬𝑄)
 MODULE 1 LESSON 3
Mathematical Reasoning
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

During the learning engagement, you should be able to

1. Distinguish inductive or deductive reasoning through
identification of the statements.
2. Use reasoning skills to draw logical conclusion through
induction and deduction process.
3. Apply inductive and deductive reasoning to solve
problems.
 Mathematical Reasoning
It refers to the ability of a person to analyze
problem situations and construct logical arguments
to create both conceptual foundations and
connections to be able to process the available
information and solve the problem. In our daily
lives, we make decisions based on our reasoning
but this is a process that varies depending on the
situation obtained on the ground.
 Mathematical Reasoning

There are two types of reasoning:

1. inductive reasoning
2. deductive reasoning
 Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning is the process
that uses specific examples to reach
a general conclusion. The conclusion
formed by using inductive reasoning
is called a conjecture.
 Inductive Reasoning
Examples:
1. Every object that I release from my hand falls to the ground.
Therefore, the next object I release from my hand will fall to the
ground.
2. Every crow I have ever seen is black. Therefore all crows are
black.
3. Based on available data, the Earth has revolve around the
sun following an elliptical path for millions of years. Therefore,
the Earth will continue to revolve around the sun in the same
manner next year.
 Inductive Reasoning

Example:

The sum of the interior angles of a right triangle is 180°.

The sum of the interior angles of an obtuse triangle is 180°.
The sum of the interior angles of an acute triangle is 180°.
Therefore, the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is
180°.
 Try It!

Example 1: Determine if the argument is a result of

induction or not:

Filipinos in Luzon have brown skin.

Filipinos in Visayas have brown skin.
Filipinos in Mindanao have brown skin.
All Filipinos have brown skin.
 Try It!

Example 1: Determine if the argument is a result of

induction or not:
Filipinos in Luzon have brown skin.
Filipinos in Visayas have brown skin.
Filipinos in Mindanao have brown skin.
All Filipinos have brown skin.

Solution:
The argument that all Filipinos have brown skin is a result of
induction because of the data gathered from the
observations.
 Try It!

Example 2: Use inductive reasoning to determine the

probable next number in the list:
4, 8, 13, 19, …
 Try It!

Example 2: Use inductive reasoning to determine the

probable next number in the list:
4, 8, 13, 19, …
Solution:
By observing the pattern, we can write the following:
1+3=4
4+4=8
8 + 5 = 13
13 + 6 = 19
19 + 7 = 26
Therefore, the next number in the list is 26.
 Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning is a type of
reasoning that uses general facts,
definitions, and accepted properties in
a logical order to write a logical
argument
 Deductive Reasoning

Example:

All humans are immortal.

Sarah is a human.
Therefore, Sarah is
immortal.
 Learn about It!

Law of Detachment
2 simply states that if the conditional statement is true and its hypothesis is true,
then the conclusion is also true

Example:

Statements: Michael knows that the Mathematics teacher

imposes strict policy in cheating, zero in exam
and a callout for parents.
 Learn about It!

Law of Detachment
2 simply states that if the conditional statement is true and its hypothesis is true,
then the conclusion is also true

Example:
Statement: He was not able to study for a quiz, so he was
tempted to open his notes but his teacher
caught him.

Conclusion: Michael will get zero in his exam and his

parents will be called out.
 Learn about It!

Law of Contrapositive
3 states that if the conditional statement (𝑝 → 𝑞) is true, if the hypothesis is the
negation of the conclusion, then the conclusion is the negation of the hypothesis.

In symbols, we write:
(𝑝 → 𝑞)
~𝑞
∴ ~𝑝
 Learn about It!

Law of Contrapositive
3 states that if the conditional statement (𝑝 → 𝑞) is true, if the hypothesis is the
negation of the conclusion, then the conclusion is the negation of the hypothesis.

Example:

Statements: All even numbers are divisible by 2.

9 is not divisible by 2.
 Learn about It!

Law of Contrapositive
3 states that if the conditional statement (𝑝 → 𝑞) is true, if the hypothesis is the
negation of the conclusion, then the conclusion is the negation of the hypothesis.

Example:

Conclusion: Therefore, 9 is not an even number.

 Learn about It!

Law of Syllogism
4 (also called the Law of Transitivity) states that if the conclusion of the first
conditional statement is the hypothesis of the second, then the first hypothesis
implies that the conclusion of the second statement will be true

In symbol, we say:
(𝑝 → 𝑞) 𝑝 is the hypothesis, 𝑞 is the conclusion
(𝑞 → 𝑟) 𝑞 is the hypothesis, 𝑟 is the conclusion
∴𝑝→𝑟
 Learn about It!

4 Law of Syllogism
(also called the Law of Transitivity) states that if the conclusion of the first
conditional statement is the hypothesis of the second, then the first hypothesis
implies that the conclusion of the second statement will be true

Example:
Statements: If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
If you pass the exam, you will be promoted
to the next grade.
 Learn about It!

Law of Syllogism
4 (also called the Law of Transitivity) states that if the conclusion of the first
conditional statement is the hypothesis of the second, then the first hypothesis
implies that the conclusion of the second statement will be true

Example:

Conclusion: If you study hard, then you will be promoted

to the next grade.
 Try It!

Example 1: The sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is

360°. Polygon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral. Write a conclusion using
deductive reasoning.
 Try It!

Example 1: The sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is

360°. Polygon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral. Write a conclusion using
deductive reasoning.

Solution:
1. Transform the first statement into if-then form, and then
draw a conclusion by applying the Law of Detachment.

If a polygon is a quadrilateral, then the sum of all its angles is

360°.
Polygon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral.
 Try It!

Example 1: The sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is

360°. Polygon 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral. Write a conclusion using
deductive reasoning.

Solution:
2. Since the second statement matches the hypothesis of the
first statement, the conclusion of the first statement is also
true for the second statement.

Conclusion:
Therefore, the sum of all angles of polygon 𝐀𝐁𝐂𝐃 is 360°.
 Try It!

Example 2: Make a conclusion for the following:

If there is a typhoon, classes will be suspended.

If classes are suspended, I will watch movies at home.
 Try It!

Example 2: Make a conclusion for the following:

If there is a typhoon, classes will be suspended.

If classes are suspended, I will watch movies at home.

Solution:

Notice that the conclusion of the first conditional statement

is the hypothesis of the second.

In this case, we can apply the Law of Syllogism.

 Try It!

Example 2: Make a conclusion for the following:

If there is a typhoon, classes will be suspended.

If classes are suspended, I will watch movies at home.

Solution:

The Law of Syllogism states that if the conclusion of the first

conditional statement is the hypothesis of the second, then
the first hypothesis implies that the conclusion of the second
statement will be true.
 Try It!

Example 2: Make a conclusion for the following:

If there is a typhoon, classes will be suspended.

If classes are suspended, I will watch movies at home.

Solution:

Thus, the conclusion will be as follows:

Therefore, if there is a typhoon, then I will watch movies

at home.
Identify if Law of Detachment, Law of Contrapositive, or Law of Syllogism was used
in the following. If the arguments are invalid, write “Invalid”.
1. If I study for one hour each day, then I will get a high score on the exam. Law of
I study for more than one hour a day. Detachment
Therefore, I will get a high score on the exam.

2. If jobs in the Philippines were sufficient, then there would be less OFWS. Law of
If there were less OFWs, then more families would be together. Syllogism
Therefore, if jobs in the Philippines were sufficient, more families would be
together.

3. If you are caught cheating in an exam, then you will be given a violation. Invalid
You are not given a violation. Therefore, you are caught cheating in an exam.

4. If I buy a dress, then I won’t get shoes. I got shoes. Law of

Therefore, I didn’t buy a dress. Contrapositive
Have you ever stopped to look around and
notice all the amazing shapes and patterns
we see in the world around us?
Mathematics forms the building blocks of
the natural world and can be seen in
stunning ways.
The heart of mathematics is more than just
numbers, numbers which many supposed to be
meaningless and uninteresting. Have you gone for
beach trips or did mountain climbing perhaps and
noticed in awe the beautiful world around you? The
degree of changing hues of color has to be exact
measurement to appear pleasing and harmonious
to the human eye.
And it is mathematics that reveals the simplicities of
nature and permits us to generalize from simple
examples to the complexities of the real world. It
took many people from many different areas of
human activity to turn a mathematical insight into a
useful product (Stewart, 1995).
We look at mathematics as a useful way to think about the
nature and the world in general; thus, patterns and
numbers that are useful in this world will be dealt with- to
think about Fibonacci sequence and other arrays of
numbers in order to predict and control the behavior of
nature and phenomena in this world. In the long run, we
think about the numerous applications of mathematics as
aids in decision making.