Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

Assignment No. 1

Q.1 Write down the contributions of higher education in economic development of country. Support your

answer with relevant data.

Ans Higher education plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country by contributing in various

ways. Here are some key contributions of higher education to economic development, supported by relevant

data:

Skilled Workforce: Higher education institutions produce a highly skilled and educated workforce, which is

essential for driving innovation, productivity, and economic growth. According to a report by the Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), individuals with higher levels of education are more

likely to be employed and earn higher wages than those with lower levels of education.

Research and Innovation: Universities and research institutions are hubs of research and development, fostering

innovation and technological advancements. They contribute to the creation of new knowledge, technologies,

and intellectual property. A study conducted by the European Commission found that research-intensive

universities have a positive impact on regional economic development, leading to higher employment rates and

increased productivity.

Entrepreneurship and Start-ups: Higher education institutions are breeding grounds for entrepreneurship and

start-up creation. They provide resources, mentorship, and networking opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs.

A report by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) highlighted that countries with a higher level of

entrepreneurial activity tend to have higher economic growth rates.

Industry-Academia Collaboration: Collaboration between higher education institutions and industries fosters

knowledge transfer, commercialization of research, and the development of industry-relevant skills. This

collaboration helps in addressing industry challenges, enhancing productivity, and creating new business

opportunities. According to a study published in the Journal of Technology Transfer, industry collaboration

with universities positively impacts regional economic development.

Increased Productivity: Higher education equips individuals with advanced skills and knowledge, leading to

increased productivity in various sectors of the economy. A study conducted by the World Bank found that each

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

additional year of higher education is associated with an average increase in productivity of around 8.8%.

Economic Diversification: Higher education contributes to economic diversification by fostering the

development of new industries and sectors. It helps in shifting from traditional industries to knowledge-based

sectors such as technology, research, and services. This diversification reduces dependence on a single sector

and enhances resilience in the face of economic challenges.

Human Capital Development: Higher education develops human capital by imparting critical thinking,

problem-solving, and analytical skills. It prepares individuals to adapt to changing job requirements, encourages

lifelong learning, and promotes a culture of innovation. A study published by the National Bureau of Economic

Research (NBER) found that education has a significant positive impact on economic growth through the

accumulation of human capital.

These contributions of higher education to economic development are supported by numerous studies and

reports. The data presented here emphasizes the importance of investing in higher education to drive economic

growth, foster innovation, and create a skilled workforce for the future.

Q.2 What is meant by philosophy of higher education? Explain the philosophy of higher education with

reference to Pakistan.

Ans The philosophy of higher education refers to the underlying principles, values, and beliefs that guide the

educational policies, practices, and goals of institutions of higher learning. It encompasses the purpose, nature,

and aims of higher education, as well as the roles and responsibilities of educators and students within the

educational system.

In the case of Pakistan, the philosophy of higher education has evolved over time, influenced by historical,

cultural, and socio-political factors. The country's higher education system aims to provide individuals with

advanced knowledge and skills to contribute to the development of society, promote critical thinking, and foster

a sense of national identity and values.

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

One important aspect of the philosophy of higher education in Pakistan is the emphasis on access and equity.

The government has recognized the importance of providing opportunities for higher education to a larger

segment of the population, particularly those from marginalized communities and rural areas. Efforts have been

made to expand the higher education sector by establishing new universities and colleges, increasing

scholarships and financial aid programs, and implementing affirmative action policies.

Another key aspect of the philosophy of higher education in Pakistan is the focus on relevance and

employability. There is a recognition that higher education should not only provide theoretical knowledge but

also equip students with practical skills that are applicable to the job market. Efforts have been made to align

the curriculum with the needs of the industry, promote research and innovation, and foster entrepreneurship and

vocational training.

Furthermore, the philosophy of higher education in Pakistan emphasizes the development of well-rounded

individuals with a strong moral and ethical foundation. The goal is to instill values such as tolerance, respect for

diversity, social responsibility, and citizenship in students. This is achieved through the incorporation of

subjects like ethics, humanities, and social sciences in the curriculum, as well as extracurricular activities,

community service, and student organizations that promote holistic development.

It is important to note that the philosophy of higher education in Pakistan is not without challenges. Some of the

key challenges include inadequate funding, outdated infrastructure, quality assurance issues, and the need for

faculty development and research capacity-building. Efforts are being made to address these challenges through

reforms, policy initiatives, and collaborations with international partners.

Overall, the philosophy of higher education in Pakistan aims to provide quality education that is accessible,

relevant, and socially responsible. It seeks to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for

personal growth, professional success, and contributing to the betterment of society.

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

Q.3 Highlight and analyses role of Higher Education commission in the development and growth of

higher.

Ans The Higher Education Commission (HEC) plays a crucial role in the development and growth of higher

education in a country. Here are some highlights and an analysis of the role of the Higher Education

Commission:

Regulation and Quality Assurance: One of the primary responsibilities of the Higher Education Commission is

to regulate and maintain the quality of higher education institutions. The HEC sets standards and guidelines for

curriculum development, faculty qualifications, infrastructure, and research. By ensuring quality assurance, the

HEC contributes to the development of a skilled and competent workforce.

Accreditation and Recognition: The HEC is responsible for accrediting higher education institutions and

programs. Accreditation ensures that the institutions and programs meet the necessary standards of quality and

relevance. By recognizing and accrediting institutions, the HEC helps students and employers identify reputable

educational institutions and programs, which enhances the credibility and value of higher education.

Funding and Scholarships: The HEC plays a vital role in allocating funds for higher education institutions. It

provides financial support for research projects, infrastructure development, faculty development, and student

scholarships. By providing funding opportunities, the HEC promotes research and innovation, encourages

faculty members to pursue advanced degrees, and facilitates access to education for deserving students.

Research and Development: The HEC emphasizes the importance of research and development in higher

education institutions. It promotes a research culture by providing grants, scholarships, and incentives for

faculty and students. The HEC also encourages collaboration between universities, industry, and other

stakeholders to foster innovation and knowledge transfer. By promoting research and development, the HEC

contributes to the intellectual growth and economic development of the country.

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

Curriculum Development and Relevance: The HEC plays a significant role in shaping the curriculum of higher

education programs. It ensures that the curriculum is updated, relevant, and aligned with the needs of the job

market and industry demands. The HEC collaborates with employers and industry experts to identify emerging

trends and skills required in the workforce, ensuring that graduates are equipped with the necessary knowledge

and skills for employment.

International Collaboration and Recognition: The HEC facilitates international collaboration and recognition of

higher education institutions and programs. It establishes partnerships with international universities, enabling

faculty and student exchanges, joint research projects, and the transfer of knowledge and expertise. The HEC's

efforts in international collaboration enhance the global reputation and competitiveness of higher education in

the country.

In summary, the Higher Education Commission plays a vital role in the development and growth of higher

education. Through its regulatory functions, funding support, quality assurance measures, research promotion,

curriculum development, and international collaborations, the HEC contributes to the overall improvement of

higher education institutions, the advancement of knowledge and research, and the development of a skilled

workforce.

Q.4 Compare the systems of higher education in Pakistan and Japan. What are the implications of

Japanese System of Higher Education for Pakistan?

Ans The systems of higher education in Pakistan and Japan have some similarities, but they also have

significant differences in terms of structure, organization, and educational philosophy. Here is a comparison of

the two systems:

Structure and Organization:

Pakistan: The higher education system in Pakistan is mainly divided into universities and degree-awarding

institutions. Universities offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines.

Japan: In Japan, higher education institutions are categorized into national universities, public universities, and

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

private universities. There is a clear hierarchy among universities, with national universities being the most

prestigious.

Admission Process:

Pakistan: In Pakistan, admission to universities is usually based on a combination of academic performance in

pre-university exams, entrance tests, and interviews. Quota systems and provincial preferences can also play a

role.

Japan: Japanese universities typically have rigorous entrance exams, with admission decisions primarily based

on the scores obtained. The exams are highly competitive, and a student's high school performance is also taken

into consideration.

Curriculum and Teaching Methods:

Pakistan: The curriculum in Pakistani universities is generally theoretical and lecture-based. Traditional

teaching methods are commonly used, with limited emphasis on practical and research-oriented education.

Japan: Japanese universities often focus on a well-rounded education, offering a wide range of subjects for

students to explore. The curriculum is more practical and research-oriented, encouraging active student

participation and engagement.

Research and Innovation:

Pakistan: Research and innovation in Pakistani universities are relatively underdeveloped compared to Japan.

Limited funding, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of research culture hinder the progress of scientific

research and innovation.

Japan: Japan has a strong research culture and is known for its technological advancements. Universities

actively engage in cutting-edge research, and there is significant investment in science and technology.

Implications of the Japanese System of Higher Education for Pakistan:

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

Research Culture: Pakistan can learn from Japan's emphasis on research and innovation. By promoting a

research-oriented environment, investing in research facilities, and encouraging collaboration between academia

and industry, Pakistan can enhance its scientific output and contribute to technological advancements.

Practical Education: Pakistan can benefit from adopting teaching methods that focus on practical education and

active student participation. By incorporating hands-on learning experiences and promoting critical thinking,

problem-solving, and creativity, Pakistan can better prepare its students for real-world challenges.

Industry-Academia Collaboration: Emulating Japan's successful industry-academia collaboration models can

help Pakistan bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Encouraging partnerships

between universities and industries can lead to innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic development.

Entrance Examination Reforms: Pakistan can consider introducing more standardized and merit-based entrance

examinations for university admissions, reducing reliance on other factors that may introduce biases and

improve transparency in the selection process.

Faculty Development: Pakistan can invest in faculty development programs, providing training and support to

professors to enhance their teaching and research skills. Emphasizing professional development can improve the

quality of education and promote a culture of continuous learning.

In conclusion, the Japanese system of higher education provides valuable insights for Pakistan. By

incorporating elements such as research culture, practical education, industry collaboration, and entrance

examination reforms, Pakistan can enhance the quality and relevance of its higher education system and

contribute to the country's overall development.

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

Q.5 Identify the important functions of university. Give examples related to each function from your own

Ans Universities serve various important functions that contribute to the overall development of individuals,

society, and the advancement of knowledge. Here are some key functions of universities, along with examples

related to each function:

1. Education and Teaching: Universities primarily exist to provide education and impart knowledge to

students. They offer a wide range of academic programs and courses, ensuring that students receive a

well-rounded education in their chosen fields. For example, a university may offer undergraduate

programs in computer science, business administration, or biology, providing students with specialized

knowledge and skills in these areas.

2. Research and Innovation: Universities are centers of research and innovation, where faculty members

and students conduct cutting-edge research across various disciplines. They contribute to the creation of

new knowledge, advancements in technology, and the development of solutions to complex problems.

For instance, a university's engineering department may research renewable energy sources or develop

new materials for sustainable construction.

3. Knowledge Dissemination: Universities play a vital role in disseminating knowledge to the wider

community. They publish research papers, organize conferences, and collaborate with other institutions

to share their findings and promote intellectual exchange. For example, a university's biology

department might publish research papers on the latest discoveries in genetics, helping to advance the

field and inform the scientific community.

4. Community Engagement: Universities engage with their local communities and society at large by

organizing outreach programs, community service initiatives, and partnerships with external

organizations. These efforts aim to address societal challenges, promote social welfare, and contribute to

the betterment of the community. For instance, a university's medical school may offer free health

clinics in underserved areas or collaborate with local NGOs to improve public health awareness.

5. Professional Development: Universities prepare students for their future careers by providing them with

the necessary skills, knowledge, and experiences. They often offer career counseling, internships, and

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 Course: Higher Education (828) Semester: Spring, 2023 Level: MA/M.Ed.

job placement services to assist students in transitioning from academia to the workforce. For example, a

university's business school may have connections with industry partners, organizing networking events

and internships that help students gain practical experience and enhance their employability.

6. Cultural Preservation and Enhancement: Universities foster cultural diversity and promote the

preservation and enhancement of cultural heritage. They offer programs in humanities, arts, and social

sciences, encouraging students to explore and appreciate different cultures and perspectives. For

instance, a university might have a department of anthropology that conducts research on indigenous

cultures or offers courses in art history to study and preserve artistic traditions.

It's important to note that these functions may vary across different universities, and each institution may

prioritize certain functions based on its mission and areas of expertise.