Introduction to Cloud Computing

Course Code: (CSC-467)

(Module#1)
Dhawa Sang Dong
(Lecturer)

Deerwalk Institute of Technology

Sifal, Kathmandu
May 2023
 Chapter#1
Introduction to Cloud Computing

✓ Class Outline
1 Introduction to Cloud Computing
2 Emergence of Cloud Computing
3 Cloud Computing Architecture
4 Cloud Based Services
5 Cloud Computing Deployment Models
6 Cloud Computing vs Grid Computing
7 Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing
8 Benefits of Cloud Computing Models
9 Cloud Computing Challenges
 Evaluation Methods

I Internal weight (20)

- Assignments (in total 10/12) [ 12 ]
- Class Test (in total 4) [ 1*4 = 4 ]
- Terminal Test (in total 2) [ 2*2 = 4 ]

II Practical Assessment (20)

- 6 - 7 lab Sessions (Lab Attendance+Report) [ (1+1)*2 = 12 ]
- Two Lab Test [ 4*2 = 8 ]

III External weight (60/100)

- End Semester Exam by IST, TU
 Text and Reference Books

✎ “Cloud Computing” – Dr Kumar Saurabh,

✎ “Mastering Cloud Computing” – Raj Kumar Buyya, Christian
Vechchila, S. Thamarai.

✓ “Cloud Computing Technology” – Springer, Huawei.

✓ “Guide to Cloud Computing Principle and Practice” – Richard
Hill, Laurie Hirsch, Peter Lake, Siavash Moshiri, Springer.
✓ “Cloud Computing Basics” – S. Srinivasan, Springer
 Introduction

What is Cloud?
- Historically, term cloud has been used as metaphor for internet.
- The cloud itself is set of networks, hardware, storage, services
and interfaces that enables the delivery of computing as service.

What is Cloud Computing?

- It is a technology that uses remote servers on the internet to
✓store, ✓manage, ✓access, and ✓manipulate (do some
computations on) data online rather than at local drives.
- The data can be anything such as ✓files, ✓images,
✓documents, ✓audio, ✓video, and more.
 Introduction

What is Cloud Computing?

✓ Cloud Computing (also referred to as “The Cloud”) is the

delivery of on-demand computing resources (which includes
hardware and software - every thing from applications to data
centers) over the internet as service on a pay-for-use basis.

✎ The Computing Resources include:

✓Networks, ✓Servers, ✓Storage, ✓Applications, ✓Services
 Introduction

What is Cloud Computing?

✓ The definition of Cloud Computing by The US National

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) :

✎ “Cloud Computing is a model for enabling convenient,

on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources, that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.”
 Introduction

What is Cloud Computing?

✓ The definition of Cloud Computing by Eric Schmidt – Google’s

former CEO (definition by Enterprise) :

✎ “Cloud computing distributes computing and data across a

large number of distributed computers, making computing and
storage capabilities highly scalable and allowing users to easily
access applications and services over the network through a
variety of access methods, such as computers and mobile
phones.”
 Introduction

What is Cloud Computing?

✓ The definition of Cloud Computing by Zhu Jinzhi (who once

worked at IBM) in his book – Smart cloud computing: a
platform for the Internet of Things (definition by academia) :

✎ “Cloud Computing is a computing model: IT resources, data

and applications are provided as services to users through the
network.”
 Introduction

Why Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing can be used for the following:
1 Developing new applications and services
2 Storage, back up, and recovery of data
3 Hosting blogs and websites
4 Delivery of software on demand
5 Analysis of data
6 Streaming videos and audios
 Introduction

Why Cloud Computing?

- For all IT companies, a Server Room is needed which is the
basic for IT companies.
- In the server room, there should be a database server, mail
server, networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS
(Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be
handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed,
and the maintenance engineers.
- To establish such IT-infrastructure, we need lots of money.
- To overcome all these problems and reduce cost in that
IT-infrastructure, Cloud Computing comes into existence.
 Introduction

Cloud Computing in Existence

- Because of Cloud Computing systems in existence, there is a
significant workload shift.
- Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lifting when
it comes to running an applications.
- the network of computers that make up the cloud handles them
instead.
- hardware and software demands on the user’s side decreases.
- the only thing the user’s computer needs to be able to run is
the cloud computing system’s interface software, which can be
as simple as a web browser.
 Introduction

Five Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing: | NIST

1 On-demand self-service ✓ 4 Rapid elasticity
2 Broad Network access 5 Measured service
3 Resource Pooling

On-demand self-service: | Characteristics of Cloud Computing

- we can access to the cloud resources such as the processing
power, storage, and network you need, using a simple interface,
without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
 Introduction

Five Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing: | NIST

1 On-demand self-service 4 Rapid elasticity
2 Extensive Network access ✓ 5 Measured service
3 Resource Pooling

Broad Network Access: | Characteristics of Cloud Computing

- The cloud computing resources can be accessed via the
network through standard mechanisms and platforms such as
mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations.
- Some think of cloud computing as Internet+Computing and
network access as intrinsic property of cloud computing.
 Introduction

Five Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing: | NIST

1 On-demand self-service 4 Rapid elasticity
2 Broad Network access 5 Measured service
3 Resource Pooling ✓

Resource Pooling: | Characteristics of Cloud Computing

- It is what gives cloud providers economies of scale, which they
pass on to their customers, making cloud cost-efficient.
- Using a multi-tenant model, computing resources are pooled to
serve multiple consumers;
- Cloud resources are dynamically assigned and reassigned,
according to demand, without customers needing to concern
themselves with the physical location of these resources
 Introduction

Five Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing:| NIST

1 On-demand self-service 4 Rapid elasticity ✓
2 Broad Network access 5 Measured service
3 Resource Pooling

Rapid elasticity: | Characteristics of Cloud Computing

- Rapid elasticity implies that you can access more resources
when you need them, and scale back when you don’t, because
resources are elastically provisioned and released.
 Introduction

Five Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing: | NIST

1 On-demand self-service 4 Rapid elasticity
2 Broad Network access 5 Measured service ✓
3 Resource Pooling

Measured Service: | Characteristics of Cloud Computing

- Measured Service means that you only pay for what you use or
reserve as you go.
- if you’re not using resources, you’re not paying.
- Resource usage is monitored, measured, and reported
transparently based on utilization
 Introduction

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1 Agility (rapid provisioning of computer resources)
2 High availability and reliability
3 high scalability
4 multi-sharing
5 device and location independence
6 maintenance free
7 low cost
8 services in the pay-per-use mode
 Emergence of Cloud Computing

✓ Conceptually in 1950s, large-scale mainframe computer was

available with volume of processing power.
- practice of time sharing, or resource pooling evolved.
- multiple users were able to access the same data storage layer
and CPU power from any terminal.
✓ Around in 1961, John MacCharty (in a speech at MIT)
suggested that computing can be sold as a utility, just like
water or electricity.
✓ Latter in 1970s, operating system called virtual machine (VM)
was released.
- It became possible to mainframe to have multiple virtual
systems or virtual machines on a single physical node.
 Emergence of Cloud Computing

- Virtual Machine (Operating System) VMs – multiple distinct

compute environments on the same physical hardware.
- Each virtual machine hosted guest operating systems that
behaved as though they had their own memory, CPU, and
hard-drives, even tough these were shared resources.
- virtualization become catalyst for evolution in computing.
- servers were virtualized into shared hosting environment, virtual
private servers, virtual dedicated servers using the same
functionality provided by VMs.
-
 Emergence of Cloud Computing

✓ If a company needs ’X’ number of physical system to run their

applications, they could take one physical node and split it into
multiple virtual systems.
- This was enabled by hypervisor – it is a small software that
enable multiple operating systems to run alongside each other,
sharing the same physical computing resources.
- Hypervisor separates the virtual machine logically, assigning
each its own of slice of the underlying computing power,
memory and storage, preventing virtual machine from
interfering each other.
- If one VMs (Operating System) suffers a crash or security
compromise, the other keep working.
 Emergence of Cloud Computing

✓ First milestone for cloud computing was the arrival of

salesforce.com in 1999.
- This pioneered the concept to deliver enterprises applications
through website.
- As technology and hypervisor improved, and were able to share
and deliver resource reliably, some companies decided to make
the cloud’s benefits accessible to users who didn’t have
abundance of physical servers to create their own cloud
computing infrastructure.
✓ The next development was Amazon Web Services started in
2002 which provides the storage, computation and even human
intelligence through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk?).
 Emergence of Cloud Computing

✓ In 2006, Amazon lunched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

as a commercial web service that allows small companies or
individuals to rent computing resource to run their own
computer applications (cloud computing in true sense).
✓ In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing
enterprise applications (Gmail, Google drive, Google sheet,
Google slides, Google calendar, etc).
✓ At the same time (2009), Microsoft launched Windows Azure,
and companies like Oracle and HP have all joined the game.
- This proves that today, cloud computing has become
mainstream.
Emergence of Cloud Computing
 Cloud Computing Architecture

Fig. 1 Cloud Computing Architecture (Communication Engineer’s view)

 Cloud Computing Architecture

Fig. 2 Cloud Computing Architecture (IT Engineer’s view)

 Cloud Computing Architecture
Front End: |Cloud Computing Architecture
- The Front-End is used by the client.
- It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing platforms.
- The front end includes web servers (including Chrome,
Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and
mobile devices.

back End: |Cloud Computing Architecture

- The back end is used by the service provider.
- It manages all the resources that are required to provide cloud
computing services.
- It includes a huge amount of data storage, security
mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers,
traffic control mechanisms, etc.
 Cloud Computing Architecture

Components:|Cloud Computing Architecture

1 Client Infrastructure:
- It is a Front-End/Client-side component.
- It provides GUI to interact with the cloud.
2 Application:
- The application may be any software or platform that a client
wants to access.
3 Service:
- A Cloud Service manages the type of services according to the
client’s requirement (three layers in computing stack).
- ✓ Software as a Service(SaaS), ✓ Platform as a Service(PaaS),
or ✓ Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
 Cloud Computing Architecture

Service: Components |Cloud Computing Architecture

Cloud Service Models

 Cloud Computing Architecture

Service: Components |Cloud Computing Architecture

Software as a Service (SaaS)

- It is also known as cloud application services.
- Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through the web
browser means we do not require to download and install
these applications.
- it is also software licensing and delivery model in which
software and applications are centrally hosted and licensed on
a subscription basis (pricing model – monthly or yearly basis).

✓ Examples: Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce,

Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.
 Cloud Computing Architecture

Service: Components |Cloud Computing Architecture

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

- It is also known as cloud platform services.
- It is quite similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS
provides a platform (software and hardware tools) to develop
and deploy applications, but using SaaS,
- we can access software over the internet without the need of
any platform.

✓ Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce

Cloud, OpenShift.
 Cloud Computing Architecture

Service: Components |Cloud Computing Architecture

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

- It is also known as cloud infrastructure services.
- It is responsible for managing applications data, middleware,
and runtime environments.
- you get access to infrastructure and physical computing
resources such as servers, networking, storage, and data
center space - without the need to manage or operate them.

✓ Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google

Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod.
 Cloud Computing Architecture

Components: |Cloud Computing Architecture

4 Runtime Cloud
- Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime
environment to the virtual machines.
5 Storage
- Storage is one of the most important components of cloud
computing. It provides a huge amount of storage capacity in
the cloud to store and manage data.
6 Infrastructure
- It provides services on the host level, application level, and
network level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and
software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources
that are needed to support the cloud computing model.
 Cloud Computing Architecture

Components: |Cloud Computing Architecture

7 Management
- Management is used to manage components such as
application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure,
and other security issues in the backend and establish
coordination between them.
8 Security
- Security is an in-built back end component of cloud
computing. It implements a security mechanism in the back
end.
9 Internet
- The Internet is medium through which front end and back end
can interact and communicate with each other.
 Cloud Based Services

- Based on the specific deployment model, we can classify cloud

computing as public, private, and hybrid cloud.
- At the same time, infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS),
platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS)
based on the service it offers.
 Cloud Based Services
✓Software as a Service (SaaS:) |Cloud Based Service Models
- SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software".
- It is a software distribution model in which services are hosted
by a cloud service provider.
- These services are available to end-users over the internet, so
the end-users do not need to install any software on their
devices to access these services.
 Cloud Based Services

Business Services: |Software as a Service (SaaS)

- SaaS Provider provides various business services to the start-up.
- The SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), billing,
and sales.

Document Management: |Software as a Service (SaaS)

- SaaS document management is a software application offered
by a third party (SaaS providers) to create, manage, and track
electronic documents.
- Example: Slack(Salesforce), Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.
 Cloud Based Services

Social Networks: |Software as a Service (SaaS)

- As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general
public, so social networking service providers use SaaS for their
convenience and handle the general public’s information.

Mail Services: |Software as a Service (SaaS)

- To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on
e-mail services, many e-mail providers offering their services
using SaaS.
 Cloud Based Services
Popular SaaS Providers: |Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Cloud Based Services
Popular SaaS Providers: |Software as a Service (SaaS)
Provider Services
Salesforce.com On-demand CRM solutions
Microsoft Office 365 Online office suite
Google Apps Gmail, Google Calendar, Docs, and sites
NetSuite ERP, accounting, order management,
CRM, Professionals Services Automation
(PSA), and e-commerce applications
GoToMeeting Online meeting and video-conferencing
software
Constant Contact E-mail marketing, online survey, and
event marketing
Oracle CRM CRM applications
Workday, Inc Human capital management, payroll, and
financial management
 Cloud Based Services

✓Platform as a Service (PaaS): |Software as a Service (SaaS)

- In Platform as a Service (PaaS) model, cloud providers provide
computing platform typically operating system, programming
language execution environment, database and web server (as a
whole runtime environment).
- It allows programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy
web applications in cloud platform.
- You can purchase these applications from a cloud service
provider on a pay-as-per use basis and access them using the
Internet connection.
 Cloud Based Services

Platform as a Service (PaaS): |Software as a Service (SaaS)

- In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud service
provider, so end-users do not need to worry about managing
the infrastructure.
- PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking)
and platform (middle-ware, development tools, database
management systems, business intelligence, and more) to
support the web application life cycle.
- Example: Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Cloud Foundry, Google
App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Windows Azure, Engine Yard,
Heroku, Mendix etc.
 Cloud Based Services

Platform as a Service (PaaS): | Cloud Based Service Models

- PaaS providers provide the Programming languages,
Application frameworks, Databases, and Other tools:
 Cloud Based Services

Programming languages: |Platform as a Service (PaaS)

- PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the
developers to develop the applications.
- Some popular programming languages provided by PaaS
providers are Java, PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.

Application frameworks: |Platform as a Service (PaaS)

- PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily
understand the application development.
- Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS
providers are Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring,
Play, Rack, and Zend.
 Cloud Based Services

Databases: |Platform as a Service (PaaS)

- PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB,
PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Redis to communicate with the
applications.

Other tools: |Platform as a Service (PaaS)

- PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to
develop, test, and deploy the applications.
 Cloud Based Services

✓Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): |Cloud Based Service

- IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).
- It is one of the layers of the cloud computing platform.
- It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as
servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual machines, and
other resources.
- Customers access these resources on the Internet using a
pay-as-per use model.
 Cloud Based Services

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): |Cloud Based Service

- In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out
for a specific period of time, with pre-determined hardware
configuration.
- The client paid for the configuration and time, regardless of the
actual use.
- With the help of the IaaS cloud computing platform layer,
clients can dynamically scale the configuration to meet
changing requirements and are billed only for the services
actually used.
- IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for
every organization to maintain the IT infrastructure.
- IaaS is offered in models: public, private, and hybrid cloud.
 Cloud Based Services
Platform as a Service (PaaS): | Cloud Based Service Models
- IaaS providers provide the services: compute, storage, network
and load-balancers:
 Cloud Based Services

Compute: |Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

- Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units
and virtual main memory for the VMs that is provisioned to the
end- users.

Storage: |Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

- IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.

Network: |Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

- Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components
such as routers, switches, and bridges for the VMs.

Load balancers: |Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

- It provides load balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.
 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Types of Cloud Computing

 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Public Cloud Computing

- Public cloud is open to all to store and access information
through the Internet using the pay-per-usage method.
- In public cloud, computing resources are managed and
operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP).
- Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM
SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App Engine,
Windows Azure Services Platform.
 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Public Cloud Computing

 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Private Cloud Computing

- Private Cloud is also known as an internal or corporate cloud.
- It is used by organizations to build and manage their own data
centers internally or by the third party.
- It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack
and Eucalyptus.
- Based on the location and management, National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into
the following two parts:
✓On-premise private cloud
✓Outsourced private cloud
 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Private Cloud Computing

 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Hybrid Cloud Computing

- It is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud.
- Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are
running on the public cloud can be accessed by anyone,
- while the services which are running on a private cloud can be
accessed only by the organization’s users.
- Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and
Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the Web and One
Drive), Amazon Web Services.
 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Hybrid Cloud Computing

 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Community Cloud Computing

- Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible
by a group of several organizations to share the information
between organization and a specific community.
- It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more
organizations in the community, a third party, or a
combination of them.
- Example: Health Care community cloud
 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Community Cloud Computing

 Cloud Computing vs Grid Computing
Cloud Computing
- Cloud computing uses a client-server architecture to deliver
computing resources over the cloud (pay-as-you-go pricing).
- It is very popular option for organizations because of its
advantages: cost-saving, increased productivity, efficiency,
performance, data back-ups, disaster recovery, and security.
 Cloud Computing vs Grid Computing
Grid Computing
- Grid computing is also called as "distributed computing."
- It links multiple computing resources (workstations, servers, and
storage) together and provides a mechanism to access them.
- Main advantages: it increases user productivity by providing
transparent access to resources, and quick work completion.
 Cloud Computing vs Grid Computing

Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Follows client-server computing Follows distributed computing
architecture architecture
High scalability Normal scalability
More flexible than grid Less flexible than cloud
Operates as a centralized man- Operates as a decentralized
agement system management system
Cloud servers are owned by in- Grids are owned and managed
frastructure providers by the organization
Uses services: IaaS, PaaS, and Uses systems: distributed com-
SaaS puting, distributed information,
and distributed pervasive
Service-oriented Application-oriented
Accessible through standard Accessible through grid middle-
web protocols ware
 Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing

What is parallel computing?

- It is “parallel processing” which utilizes several processors to
perform tasks allocated to them simultaneously.
- It helps to increase the CPU utilization and improve the
performance because several processors work together.
- Moreover, the failure of one CPU has no impact on the other
CPUs’ functionality.
- The CPU might cause latency, if one processor needs
instructions from another (communication between processors).
- System with supporting parallel computing can have shared or
distributed memory.
- in shared memory, all processors share the memory; while in
distributed memory, memory is shared among the processors.
 Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing
Advantages: | Parallel Computing
- Because many resources works together to cut down on time
and costs; therefore, the resource saving.
- It may be difficult to resolve larger problems on Serial
Computing.
- Parallel computing is much better than serial computing for
modeling, simulating, and comprehending complicated
real-world events.

Disadvantages: | Parallel Computing

- The multi-core architectures consume a lot of power.
- Parallel solutions are more difficult to implement, debug, and
prove right due to the complexity of communication and
coordination, and they frequently perform worse than their
serial equivalents.
 Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing

What is distributed computing?

- It comprises several software components that reside on
different systems but operate as a single system.
- In distributed computing system, computers can be physically
close together and linked by local are network (LAN) or
geographically distant and linked by wide area network(WAN).
- A distributed system can be made up of any number of different
configurations, such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and
minicomputers.
- The objective is to make a network of computing resources work
as a single computer.
 Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing

Advantages: | Distributed Computing

- It is flexible and simple to install, use, and debug new services.
- you may add multiple machines as required in this computing.
- If a server crashes in the system, it doesn’t affect other servers.
- it may combine the computational capacity of several
computers, making it faster than traditional systems.

Disadvantages: | Distributed Computing

- Data security and sharing are the main issues in distributed
systems due to the features of open systems.
- Because of the distribution across multiple servers,
troubleshooting and diagnostics are more challenging.
- The main disadvantage of distributed computer systems is the
lack of software support.
 Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing

key differences between parallel and distributed computing

1 Parallel computing is a sort of computation in which various
tasks or processes are run at the same time. In contrast,
distributed computing is that type of computing in which the
components are located on various networked systems that
interact and coordinate their actions by passing
messages/instructions to one another.
2 In parallel computing, processors communicate with each
other via a bus. However, computer systems in distributed
computing connect with one another via a network.
3 Parallel computing takes place on a single computer. In
contrast, distributed computing takes place on several
computers.
 Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing

key differences between parallel and distributed computing

4 Parallel computing aids in improving system performance,
while, distributed computing allows for scalability, resource
sharing, and the efficient completion of computation tasks.
5 The computer in parallel computing can have shared or
distributed memory. In contrast, every system in distributed
computing has its memory.
6 Multiple processors execute multiple tasks simultaneously in
parallel computing. In contrast, many computer systems
execute tasks simultaneously in distributed computing.
Parallel Computing vs Distributed Computing

Fig. 3 Distributed computing vs parallel computing architecture

 Benefits of Cloud Computing Models

✓ The most important reason why cloud computing is growing

rapidly is the various benefits it offers.
✓ It saves businesses’ the time and resources required to set up
full-fledged physical IT infrastructure.

Reduced costs: | Benefits of Cloud Computing

- Maintaining IT systems requires big outlays of capital, the
cloud helps to reduce it.
- Using the resources provided by cloud service provider,
businesses can avoid the need to purchase expensive
infrastructure, substantially reducing their expenditure (CapEx).
- Cloud Computing Service providers work on the pay-as-you-go
model, which means businesses only pay for the services they
use, further reducing costs (OpEx).
 Benefits of Cloud Computing Models

Scalability: | Benefits of Cloud Computing

- Cloud allows organizations to grow their users from merely a
few to thousands in a very short time.
- Depending on the need, a business can scale their storage
needs up or down, allowing organizations to be flexible.

Business Continuity: | Benefits of Cloud Computing

- Cloud safely stores and protects your data in the event of an
outage or crisis.
- This makes it easier to resume work once the systems are up
and running again.
 Benefits of Cloud Computing Models

Flexibility and Collaboration: | Benefits of Cloud Computing

- Since the data on cloud can be accessed directly via the
internet, it enables employees work from anywhere, anytime.
- That’s why we can say cloud gives you the freedom to set up
your virtual office anywhere you are.
- It also allows teams to work on a project across locations by
giving them access to the same files as third-party vendors.

Competitive edge: | Benefits of Cloud Computing

- Cloud takes care of various business aspects, such as
maintaining the IT infrastructure, licensing software, or training
personnel to manage your data.
- It, therefore, gives you an edge over your competitors since the
time and resources you invest are minimal.
 Cloud Computing Challenges

✓ The biggest challenge of cloud computing is the security

concerns associated with the technology.
✓ Although cloud service providers assure you of implementing
the best security standards and industry certifications, there’s
always a risk while storing your data on cloud.

Downtime: | Cloud Computing Challenges

- Almost every cloud user will tell you that outages (?) tops
their list of cloud computing challenges.
- At times, cloud service providers may get overwhelmed due to
the huge number of clients they provide services to each day.
- This may lead to technical outages, due to which your
applications may temporarily experience some downtime.
 Cloud Computing Challenges

Internet Connection Dependency:|Cloud Computing Challenges

- A user may not be able to access the data on cloud without a
good internet connection and a compatible device.
- Moreover, using public Wi-Fi to access your files could pose a
threat if the right security measures are not taken.

Financial Commitment: | Cloud Computing Challenges

- Cloud service providers use a pay-as-you-go pricing model.
- However, businesses need to give a monthly or annual financial
commitment for most subscription plans of the services.
- This needs to be factored into their operating costs.
 Cloud Computing Challenges
Security risks: | Cloud Computing Challenges
- Even if your cloud service provider promises you that they have
the most reliable security certifications, there’s always a chance
of losing your data.
- With hackers increasingly targeting cloud storage to gain access
to sensitive business data, this might be an even greater
concern, for which the appropriate measures need to be taken.

Limited access: | Cloud Computing Challenges

- A user may have minimal control since the cloud service
provider owns and manages the infrastructure.
- The user would only be able to manage applications and not
the backend infrastructure. Crucial tasks, such as firmware
management, may not be passed to the user at all.
- You always have to trust a third-party vendor to ensure security
and take care of your data.
 Cloud Computing Challenges

Legal, regulatory, & compliance | Cloud Computing Challenges

- there is issues in data protection and privacy issues which are
different in different countries.
- depending up on different legal and regulatory issues, different
modality on cloud computing is needed.

Lack of Standard: | Cloud Computing Challenges

- Clouds have documented interfaces; however, no standards are
associated with these.
- thus it is unlikely that most clouds will be interoperable.
- Open Grid Forum - developing open cloud computing
interface.
- Open Cloud Consortium - working on cloud computing
standards and practices.
 Legal Issues in Cloud Computing

Data privacy and security:

- When data is stored in the cloud, there is always a risk of
unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber attacks.
- This can lead to significant legal liabilities for both the cloud
service provider and the cloud customer.

Intellectual property rights:

- Cloud computing raises several intellectual property issues,
including copyright infringement, trademark violations, and
patent infringement.
- For example, a cloud provider may inadvertently store pirated
software or copyrighted materials without the knowledge or
consent of the copyright owner.
 Legal Issues in Cloud Computing
Jurisdictional issues:
- The location of data storage and the cloud provider can have
legal implications.
- This can impact data privacy and security regulations, tax
laws, and intellectual property laws, as well as the ability of
law enforcement agencies to access data.

Service-Level Agreements (SLAs):

- Cloud providers often offer SLAs that specify the level of
service they will provide.
- These agreements can include uptime guarantees, service
credits, and other provisions.
- However, the terms of the SLA must be carefully reviewed to
ensure that they meet the customer’s needs and that there are
clear remedies for any breaches of the agreement.
 Legal Issues in Cloud Computing

Liability and indemnification/Contractual Issues:

- Cloud providers may try to limit their liability for any damages
or losses that occur due to their services.
- However, customers should be aware of these limitations and
negotiate for appropriate indemnification provisions to protect
themselves in case of any legal disputes.

Compliance and regulatory issues:

- Different industries and jurisdictions have specific regulatory
requirements that must be followed when it comes to data
storage and security.
- Customers must ensure that their cloud provider is compliant
with these regulations and that they can provide adequate
evidence of compliance when requested.
 Module Assignment # As-You-Go

Assignment for Module#1 is available at MS-Team.

Submission Deadline: 18th May 2023 (Before 3:00 PM)