TRAINING MODULE FOR NGCP

EXTERNAL CUSTOMERS
 OUTLINE

Alberto C. Baritua
1 RESOURCE
SPEAKER
Power System Theory and
Application
Senior Manager
MTD-B SLOM

RESOURCE Carlu P. Delfino

2
Substation High Voltage
SPEAKER HVE Testing and Diagnostics
Equipment Testing
Supervisor

RESOURCE Garry A. Navarro

3 SPEAKER Power System Protection Device Maintenance
Supervisor

4 RESOURCE Substation Metering and Jay M. Montas

SPEAKER Systems Maintenance
Automation System (SCADA) Supervisor
 POWER SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

ALBERTO C. BARITUA – SENIOR MANAGER MTD-B, SLOM

RESOURCE SPEAKER
Transmission and Distribution System
 Electrical Schematics

Grounding Resistor
R Connected to the starpoint of a
generator or transformer to limit the
line-to-ground fault current

AC Generator
A machine that produces AC power
(from mechanical to electrical energy)
when driven by a prime mover
 Electrical Schematics

52 Circuit Breaker
A device designed to open a circuit
under normal/abnormal conditions

Disconnect Switch
A device that isolates equipment from
buses or live apparatus, sectionalizes
buses or circuits
Grounding Switch
Operates in tandem with the ordinary
line DS with the primary purpose of
grounding a T/L after opening the
ordinary DS. It is designed not to be
closed when the ordinary DS is at close
position
 Electrical Schematics

POWER NETWORK SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

DISTRIBUTION

GENERATOR STEP UP X’FR TRANSMISSION LINES STEP DOWN X’FR

LO
AD

BREAKERS BUS
FAULT ANALYSIS AND CLEARANCE
SYSTEM
Fault Clearance System
 Basic Principles in Power System

FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEM

• Single line-to-ground fault

• Line-to-line fault

• Double line-to-ground fault

• Three phase fault

• Three phase-to-ground fault

 Basic Principles in Power System

FAULT ANALYSIS

• the determination of the magnitudes and phase angles of

currents, voltages and impedances in the various parts of the
electrical network under short circuits or unbalanced conditions.

• A fault-proof system is neither practical nor economical for

faults or failures occur in any power system.
 Basic Principles in Power System

TYPES AND CAUSES OF FAULTS

The following table shows the different types and
causes of faults or short circuits occurring in a power
system.
TYPE CAUSE
• Insulation failure or • Design defect error
error • Improper
manufacturing
• Improper installation
• Aging installation
• Overvoltage
 Basic Principles in Power System

TYPES AND CAUSES OF FAULTS

The following table shows the different types and
causes of faults or short circuits occurring in a power
system.
TYPE CAUSE
• Electrical • Lightning Surges
• Switching Surges
• Temporary and dynamic
overvoltage
 Basic Principles in Power System

TYPES AND CAUSES OF FAULTS

The following table shows the different types and
causes of faults or short circuits occurring in a power
system.
TYPE CAUSE
• Mechanical • Wind
• Contamination
• Trees falling across the
line
 Basic Principles in Power System
TYPES AND CAUSES OF FAULTS
The following table shows the different types and
causes of faults or short circuits occurring in a power
system.
TYPE CAUSE
• Man-made & Animal- • Vandalism
made • Birds shorting out lines
• Small animals entering
switchgears
• Vehicle colliding with
tower/poles
• Aircraft colliding with
power lines
 Basic Principles in Power System

TYPES AND CAUSES OF FAULTS

The following table shows the different types and
causes of faults or short circuits occurring in a power
system.
TYPE CAUSE
• Thermal • Overcurrent
• Overvoltage
 POWER SYSTEM GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION

1. Volume will be maintained if Water inflow = Water outflow.

2. Volume will increased if Water inflow > Water outflow.
3. Volume will decreased if Water inflow < Water outflow.
4. Formula of flow Q = v*A
Where: Q = Volumetric flow rate (cubic feet per second)
v = Flow velocity (foot per second)
A = cross sectional vector area (ft2)
MECHANICAL REPRESENTATION
1. Capacity will be maintained if Power generated = Power consumed.
2. Capacity will increased if Power generated > Power consumed.
3. Capacity will decreased if Power generated < Power consumed.
4. Formula for Power, P = 𝟑 ∗ 𝑽 ∗ 𝑰 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜣
Where: P = Power output (in kilo-Watts)
V = Voltage (Volts)
I = Current (Amperes)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜣 = Power factor
ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATION
Controls:
• Flow
• Pressure

Controls:
• Flow
• Pressure

Protective Measures:
• Pressure Relief valves
• Flow Control valves
Controls:
• Frequency
• Voltage
• Current

Controls:
• Frequency
• Voltage
• Current

Protective Measures:
• MW / MVAR / Frequency Regulator
• MLD / ALD / SIPS
• Surge & Lightning Arresters
 h∝P Voltage ∝ Pressure

P ∝ ρ*g*h
Where:

P = Pressure
ρ = Density of water
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height

Combined Mechanical / Electrical

Representation
 The water flow is
controlled by the faucet
P = ρ*g*h
opening the same way
that the impedance
Volume flow rate in
controls the flow of
* L/min
current.
* cm3/sec
* m3/sec

* Vessel burst results to the total

discharge of the volume.
 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐
Isc =
3∗𝑉

Where:

V = Voltage (kV)
Isc = Short circuit current (kA)
MVAsc = MVA short circuit (MVA)
What if :
1. Tank bursts = Water totally spilled
2. Grid failed = Power loss
Short circuit of the Grid such as:
*Line – Ground Fault,
*Line – Line Fault,
results to the MVA capacity to discharge to the ground due to
lesser impedance. In which case, there will be no MVA capacity
left for the load.

Tank bursting results to huge and uncontrolled pressure

discharged due to the size of the orifice discharging full volume
of the tank.
 Philippines

Bicol

G
350 kVDC, 2 Lines, 1000 mm2
Oil-filled Submarine Cable

Samar

Panay
G

Cebu
Negros
Bohol

MINDANAO
LUZON-VISAYAS INTERCONNECTION

21 432
circuit kilometers of Circuit kilometers of
submarine cable overhead wires
 MINDANAO-VISAYAS
INTERCONNECTION

184 422
Dumanjug, circuit kilometers of Circuit kilometers of
Cebu submarine cable overhead wires

Santander, Cebu

Lala, Lanao
del Norte
HVDC Major Components

HVDC Major Components

CONVERTER STATION
* RECTIFIER
* INVERTER

DC TRANSMISSION LINES
* DC OVERHEAD LINES
* DC SUBMARINE CABLES

ELECTRODE STATION
CABLE TERMINAL STATION
HVDC Major Components

Thyristor Valves System

 Converter Smoothing
Transformer Reactor
 ADVANTAGES OF USING
HVDC TRANSMISSION

• Long distance power transmission.

• Lower Line Cost
• Lower Losses
• Asynchronous connection
• Controllability
• Reliability
• Limits Short Circuit Current
• Ground can be used as return conductor.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
HVDC TRANSMISSION

• Converters are expensive.

• Converters require much reactive power.
• Converters generate harmonics, requiring
filters.
• In monopolar links, the return current passing
through ground causes corrosion to metal
objects.
• Converters have little overload capability.
• Lack of HVDC Circuit Breakers hampers multi-
terminal or network operation.
Thank you.
GRID CONNECTION REQUIREMENT AND
APPLICATION FOR NEW HIGH VOLTAGE
EQUIPMENT (OATS 2008-00017)

CARLU P. DELFINO – HV EQUIPMENT DIAGNOSTIC SUPERVISOR

RESOURCE SPEAKER
 CARLU P. DELFINO, PEE

SL - Operations and HV Equipment Maintenance & [email protected]/

Maintenance Diagnostics Testing Division-B +639189679395
Department Supervisor
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the program, participants will be able
to:

1. Understand the Grid Connection Requirement

(OATS 2008-0017) for High Voltage Equipment
(HVE) as mandated by ERC.
2. Understand the applications of the requirement
and its impact on the reliability of the equipment.
 OBJECTIVES
3. Enhance awareness on the general safety practices
during the conduct of the Testing & Commissioning of
High Voltage Equipment.
Part 1 – GRID CONNECTION
REQUIREMENTS (OATS 2008-00017)

Part 2 – INTRODUCTION TO THE

IMPORTANCE OF HIGH VOLTAGE
EQUIPMENT TESTS
Part 3 – HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT
TEST METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Part 4 - GENERAL SAFETY

PRECAUTIONS

Part 5 – TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON

NEW CONNECTIONS (YEAR2021-
2023)
 Part 1 – Grid Connection
Requirements (OATS 2008-00017)
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

MINIMUM TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED ON THE FOLLOWING EQUIPMENT

(ANNEX “E”)

A. POWER TRANSFORMER
1. Insulation Resistance (5KV DC)
2. Insulation Power Factor (10KV AC)
3. Turns ratio
4. Winding resistance
5. Excitation
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

MINIMUM TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED ON THE FOLLOWING EQUIPMENT

(ANNEX “E”)

6. Insulating Oil tests

6.1 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
6.2 Oil Power Factor
6.3 Dissolved Gas Analysis
6.4 Water-in-Oil / Moisture in ppm
7. Bushing tests
7.1 Capacitance (C1 and C2)
7.2 Percent (%) Power Factor
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

MINIMUM TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED ON THE FOLLOWING EQUIPMENT

(ANNEX “E”)

OLTC test
8.1 Tap check / Ripple test (Per phase)
9. Calibration of Temperature Monitoring Device
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

B. POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER

1. Insulation Resistance
2. Contact Resistance
3. Timing
4. SF6 Gas (Moisture and Purity) – Commissioning only
5. Oil for OCB (DBV, IPF, Color)
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

C. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
1. Insulation Resistance (DC)
2. Insulation Power Factor (AC)
3. Ratio and Phase Deviation (High Current at100% or
10% rated current)
4. Excitation/Saturation (Full tap)
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

D. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
1. Insulation Resistance (DC)
2. Insulation Power Factor (AC)
3. Ratio and Phase Deviation

E. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
1. Insulation Resistance (5KV DC)
2. Insulation Power Factor (10KV AC)
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

F. DISCONNECT SWITCH
1. Insulation Resistance (5KV DC)
2. Contact Resistance (High Current, at least 10%
current rating

G. STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER

1. Insulation Resistance
2. Winding Resistance
3. Turns Ratio
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

H. POWER CABLE / BUS BAR / POST INSULATOR

1. Insulation Resistance
2. Hi-pot (Optional)

I. GROUNDING SYSTEM
1. Earth / Soil Resistance
2. Ground Grid Integrity @ 300A AC

J. CAPACITOR BANK
1. Capacitance
2. Insulation Resistance
Circular No. 2008-0017: Guidelines on the Processing of OATS Applications
Effectivity Date: 01 July 2008

K. REACTOR
a. Insulation Resistance (5KV DC)
b. Insulation Power Factor (10KV AC)
c. Winding Resistance
d. Insulating Oil Tests
4.1 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
4.2 Insulation Power Factor
e. Calibration of Temperature Monitoring Device
QUIZ!!! Enumerate the
minimum test
requirements for each
HVE in the Single Line
Diagram mandated
under OATS 2018-
00017
 Part 2 –Introduction to the
importance of High Voltage
Equipment Tests
 WHY PERFORM
ELECTRICAL TEST?
WHY PERFORM ELECTRICAL TEST?

1. Enhances safety to personnel

2. Establish criteria for gauging the reliability of the equipment
WHY PERFORM ELECTRICAL TEST?

3. Monitor insulation conditions

4. Evaluate the useful life of equipment

 WHY PERFORM ELECTRICAL TEST?

5. Determine if corrective maintenance is necessary

6. See whether newly installed equipment has been damaged.

 WHY PERFORM ELECTRICAL TEST?

7. Evaluate if the equipment can continue to perform its design

functions safely and adequately.
WHY PERFORM ELECTRICAL TEST?

8. Chart gradual deterioration of the equipment

9. Chart new equipment before energization.
WHAT ARE THE TYPE
OF TEST CONDUCTED
FOR HVE?
 TYPES OF TEST

Factory Test
1. Manufacturing stage
2. After manufacture – Finish product
3. Before delivery
63
 TYPES OF TEST

Field Test
1. Acceptance Tests
2. Routine or Maintenance Tests
3. Special Tests
BASIC INSULATION
THEORY
 What is an Insulation?

A material or a
combination of
Non-Conducting
Materials that
provides Electrical
Isolation of two
parts of different
voltages.
 What is Dielectric?

Dielectric is a
material with
insulating
properties, it is
either gaseous,
solid or liquid
property.
What causes Insulation Failure?

Overheating

Moisture
What causes Insulation Failure?

Dirt/Contamination

Aging
What is the Purpose of Insulation Testing?

To measure the AC and DC Characteristics of Insulation

What is DC Insulation Resistance Testing?
It is a procedure
for Testing DC
Electrical
Characteristics
of Insulation
using High
Voltage DC
Source.

Why do we need to monitor DC Electrical Characteristics of Insulation?

71
What are the three commonly used test
for Insulation Resistance Testing?

1. Spot Reading Test

2. Dielectric Absorption
Ratio (DAR) Test
3. Polarization Index
(PI) Test
 Questions???

Why is it during DAR Test, insulation at 60 sec

reading is higher than insulation at 30 sec
reading?

Why is it during PI Test, insulation at 10 min

reading is higher than insulation at 1 min
reading?
What are the three types of Test Currents during
Insulation Resistance Testing?
DC Insulation One Line Diagram

IT
C
DC VOLTAGE
SOURCE
RL IRC

IR
What are the three types of Test Currents during
Insulation Resistance Testing?

CAPACITANCE
CHARGING CURRENT

MICROAMPERES
TOTAL CURRENT

CURRENT IN

CONDUCTION ABSORPTION
OR LEAKAGE CURRENT
CURRENT

5 10 15 25

TIME IN SECONDS
What are the characteristics of a
Good DC Insulation?

1. Insulation Resistance is infinity.

2. No conductive components in the insulation

3. No leakage current flow in the insulation

Are these Happening in Reality?

 What is AC Power Factor Testing?
It is a procedure for Testing AC Electrical Characteristics of
Insulation using High Voltage AC Source.

Why do we need to monitor AC Electrical Characteristics of Insulation?

What is a Power Factor?
0% PF
IT
IC

Ѳ
E
100% PF

I
 What is a Power Factor?

IC IT
δ
= COS Ѳ

Ѳ IR
=
E IT
I
 What is a Power Factor?

S, Z P
Q,C δ
=
S

Ѳ R
=
E
Z
P, R
What are the two types of Test Currents during
Power Factor Testing?

IT
IC
IR
HIGH VOLTAGE
AC SOURCE
CP RP

AC Insulation One Line Diagram

Power Factor vs Dissipation Factor?

IT
IC δ

ø
E
IR
What is a Dissipation Factor?

IT
IC δ = Tan δ

IR
Ѳ =
E IC

IR
What is a Dissipation Factor?
IT P
Q,C δ =
Q

R
Ѳ =
E C
P,R 84
COMPARISON OF PERCENT POWER
FACTOR AND DISSIPATION FACTOR

%PF %DF
Ѳ δ
(% COS) (% tan)
90 0 0 0
89.71 0.50 0.29 0.50
87.13 5.00 2.87 5.00
84.26 10.00 5.74 10.05
COMPARISON OF PERCENT POWER
FACTOR AND DISSIPATION FACTOR

%PF %DF
Ѳ δ
(% COS) (% tan)
81.37 15.00 8.63 15.18
53.13 60.00 36.87 75.00
45.00 70.71 45.00 100.00
0 100 90 Infinity
Why POWER FACTOR?
IC3 IT3 300 MVA

IT2 100 MVA

IC2

IT1 5 MVA
IC1 Ѳ

IR1 IR2 IR3 E

What are the Characteristics of a
Good AC Insulation?
1. Current leads the voltage by 90 Degrees

2. Power Factor is zero %

3. No conductive components in the insulation
4. No leakage current in the insulation

Are these Happening in Reality?

 QUESTION!!!

What is the Common Enemy of AC & DC

Characteristics of Insulation?
DC Testing on Series Insulation

STOP GOOD

HIGH VOLTAGE FAILED

DC SOURCE

FAILED
DC Testing on Series Insulation

FAILED

HIGH VOLTAGE STOP GOOD

DC SOURCE

FAILED
DC Testing on Series Insulation

FAILED

HIGH VOLTAGE
FAILED
DC SOURCE

FAILED
AC Testing on Series Insulation
C = 100pF 0.5 % PF
GOOD

HIGH VOLTAGE C = 100pF 0.5 % PF

AC SOURCE
GOOD
C = 100pF 0.5 % PF
GOOD

PFA = 0.5+0.5+0.5 = 0.5%

3
CT = 33.33pF
AC Testing on Series Insulation
C = 100pF 0.5 % PF

GOOD

HIGH VOLTAGE C = 200pF 2.0 % PF

AC SOURCE
FAILED
C = 200pF 2.0 % PF

FAILED

PFA = 0.5+2.0+2.0
= 1.5%
3
CT = 50pF
DC Testing on Parallel Insulation

STOP STOP

HIGH VOLTAGE
DC SOURCE GOOD GOOD
FAILED
AC Testing on Parallel Insulation

C = 100pF C = 100pF C = 100pF

HIGH VOLTAGE
0.5 % PF 0.5 % PF 0.5 % PF
AC SOURCE
GOOD GOOD GOOD

PFA = 0.5+0.5+0.5
3 = 0.5% CT = 100+100+100 = 300pF
AC Testing on Parallel Insulation

C = 100pF C = 200pF C = 100pF

HIGH VOLTAGE
0.5 % PF 1.5 % PF 0.5 % PF
AC SOURCE
GOOD FAILED GOOD

PFA = 0.5+1.5+0.5
= 0.83% CT = 100+200+100 = 400pF
3
 QUESTION!!!

Which is Powerful in detecting Insulation

Failure? Is it DC or an AC Test?
Part 3 – High Voltage Equipment
Test Methods and Procedures
 What are the Types of Test Methods used for
High Voltage Equipment inside the Substation?
Off-Line
Test Methods

On-Line
Test Methods
Off-Line Test Methods
Power Transformer
1. Winding Resistance Test
2. Turns Ratio Test
3. Insulation Resistance Test
▪ Spot Test
▪ Dielectric Absorption
Ratio
▪ Polarization Index
4. Insulation Power Factor
Test
▪ Bushing (C1 & C2)
▪ Overall (Winding)
5. Excitation Current Test
Off-Line Test Methods
Power Transformer
7. Oil Test
▪ Oil Dielectric
Breakdown Voltage
Test (ODBV)
▪ Moisture Content
Test
▪ Oil Power Factor
Test
▪ Dissolved Gas
Analysis (DGA) Test
Off-Line Test Methods
Power Transformer
8. Ripple Test

9. Short Circuit
Impedance Test
10.Bushing Current
Transformer
▪ Winding Resistance
Test
▪ Ratio & Polarity
Test
▪ Saturation Test
Key Risk Areas
Power Transformer
1. Bushing Current
Transformer
▪ Open Secondary Circuit
▪ Parallel Secondary Circuit
▪ Double Grounding
▪ Core Characteristics
▪ Cable Tagging
▪ Tightness of Sec.
Terminals
▪ Left Overhead Strands

2. Oil Leak in the Sampling Port

3. Tightness of Terminal
Connections
Key Risk Areas
Power Transformer

4. Electromechanical
devices
5. Terminal box and
Local Control Cubicle
6. Cooling system
7. Bushing
Off-Line Test Methods
Current Transformer

1. Winding Resistance Test

2. Ratio & Polarity Test
3. Saturation Test
4. Insulation Resistance Test
5. Insulation Power Factor Test
 Key Risk Areas
Current Transformer
1. Open Secondary Circuit
2. Parallel Secondary Circuit
3. Double Grounding
4. Core Characteristics
5. Cable Tagging
6. Tightness of Terminals
7. Left Overhead Strands
8. Ground Grid Integrity and
Soil Resistivity
Off-Line Test Methods
Potential Transformer
1. Ratio & Polarity Test
2. Insulation Resistance Test
3. Insulation Power Factor and
Capacitance Test
 Key Risk Areas
Potential Transformer
1. Ungrounded H2 Terminal
2. Shorted Secondary Terminal
3. Cable Tagging
4. Tightness of Terminals
5. Left Overhead Strands
6. Ground Grid Integrity and Soil
Resistivity
Off-Line Test Methods
Lightning Arrester
1. Insulation Resistance
Test
2. Insulation Power Factor
and Capacitance Test
Key Risk Areas
Lightning Arrester
1. Open Ground Connections
2. Tightness of Primary
Connections
3. Ground Grid Integrity and
Soil Resistivity
Off-Line Test Methods
Capacitor Bank
1. Insulation Resistance
Test
2. Capacitance Test
3. Insulation Power Factor
Test
Key Risk Areas
Capacitor Bank

1. Improper Connections
2. Tightness
3. Ground Grid Integrity
and Soil Resistivity
 On-Line
High Voltage Equipment Test Methods

Infrared Thermal
Scanning
115
 On-Line
High Voltage Equipment Test Methods

Partial Discharge
(PD) Monitoring

UV Corona Imaging
 On-Line
High Voltage Equipment Test Methods

Oil Analysis
 On-Line
High Voltage Equipment Test Methods
Leakage Current
Monitoring on LA’s

Bushing (PD)/ Insulation

Power Factor (IPF-C1)
Monitoring
 On-Line
High Voltage Equipment Test Methods
Fault Clearance System
Inspection (FCSI)

Ground Grid
Integrity Test
Part 4 – General Safety
Precautions
 High Voltage Safety Tips
1. Ensure that only authorized employees work around high
voltage equipment.
2. Be careful around output circuits even when the input
power is off. Parallel power sources and energy storage
devices can still be dangerous.
3. Be careful when working with power supplies that serve
more than one area.
4. Before working in a high voltage area,
inspect the power supply and check
all protective devices.
“Talk less, do your job safely. Say
no to carelessness!”
 Before Testing and Maintenance
1. All personnel must attend the toolbox meeting;
2. No Work Permit, No Work policy;
3. Check if power circuit breaker and disconnect switches
are in open position;
4. Check if grounding clusters are already connected to
line/equipment;
5. Install caution tapes and safety signs to partition working
areas;
6. Ground power equipment before making test connection
(This is to drain high voltage charge that may still be
present in the equipment).
“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”
During Testing and Maintenance
1. Only authorized personnel/workers must be in the work
place;
2. Be sure that all grounding clusters are properly connected;
3. Horse playing is not allowed;
4. Use the proper tools when loosening or tightening bolts and
nuts
5. Verify if there are other groups working on the equipment.

6. Perform testing and maintenance as per applicable

procedures and work instructions.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 After Testing and Maintenance
1. Disconnect tools and testers from the equipment
tested.
2. Check equipment status.
3. Remove caution tapes.

4. Remove grounding cluster, caution tags and safety

signs.
5. Conduct walk down inspection.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices
POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Isolate all terminal connections to the transformer
before testing.
• Ground test instrument to prevent damage due to
overvoltage and induction voltage.
• Do not work below linemen/worker who are working
above.
• No personnel are allowed on the transformer when
conducting HV testing like power factor, TTR, Winding
resistance.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices
POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Before conduct of High Voltage test inform/warn
maintenance worker working on the transformer.

• Do not touch or hold transformer bushings and

terminal pads. High voltage or high current may be
induced during the testing.
• Designate a spotter on the blind side of the
transformer to see if something malfunction or goes
wrong during testing.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices
POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Do not stay in front of the valve or oil outlet during
transformer oil sampling/extraction, sudden flow of oil
will surge and wet personnel causing skin irritation and
allergy.
• Ensure not to conduct testing and maintenance on poly
chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated transformer.
• Insert the manual crank firmly when operating tap
changer.
• Ensure the removal of all shorting wires used in testing.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices
POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER
• Check the breaker is in open position.

• Isolate all terminal connections to the power circuit

breaker before testing.
• Only authorized personnel/workers must be in the
work place.
• Do not lean the ladder to the power circuit breaker.

• Consider the breaker to be energized when High

Voltage testing is going on.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices
POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Use gas mask when filling SF6 gas to the breaker.

• Stay away in front of the filling valve or inlet during

filling.

• Connect to ground the test instruments to prevent

damage due to overvoltage and induction voltage.
• Ensure that SF6 vacuum pressure reading during
filling does not go below prescribed manufacturer’s
recommendation.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices
POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER

• Use gas mask when testing SF6 gas.

• Wear earmuffs / plug when conducting close/operation

test of the breaker.

• Check and remove all shorting wires used in the

testing.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

• Ensure the proper tightening of CT terminals.

• Short all unused CT cores during testing.

• Ground HV terminals after testing to discharge induce

voltage.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices

PT / CVT

• Never short secondary terminals during testing.

• Ground HV terminals after testing to discharge induce

voltage.

• Ensure the proper tightening of PT /CVT terminals.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/ Devices

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS

• Isolate the primary terminals from the line during

testing.

• Ground the primary terminal pad.

• Check for loosed ground connection after testing.

“Talk less, do your job safely. Say no to carelessness!”

 Part 5 - Technical Assistance on
Applications for Connections (Year
2021-2023)
Date: June 26, 2021
Location: Pili SS
Activity: Witness Testing and Commissioning of HVE
Date: September 12, 2021
Location: Bicol Ice Plant SS
Activity: Testing of 2MVA Transformer
Date: November 18, 2021
Location: Embarcadero SS
Activity: Technical Assistance to Metering Facility
Maintenance Group /Testing of Metering LA
Date: February 10, 2022
Location: Lagonoy SS
Activity: Testing of 69kV Power Circuit Breaker
Date: February 16, 2022
Location: Bitano SS
Activity: Testing of 69kV Metering LA
Date: March 10, 2022
Location: Libmanan SS
Activity: Conduct Timing Test of 69 kV Circuit
Breaker
Date: April 28, 2022
Location: Polangui SS
Activity: Testing of 10MVA XF after Change
Tapping
Date: May 21, 2022
Location: Tigaon SS
Activity: Testing of Metering LA with LOA
Date: June 14, 2022
Location: San Felipe SS
Activity: Testing of XF Capacitance with LOA
Date: November 27, 2021
Location: Putiao SS
Activity: Testing of 69kV Metering LA
Date: September 14, 2023
Location: Partido Rice Mill Corp. SS
Activity: Witness the testing of 69kV PCB
Date: August 11, 2023
Location: CASURECO II / Calabanga SS
Activity: Testing of oil of new 20 MVA Transformer
Date: April 26, 2023
Location: CANORECO / Calintaan SS
Activity: Testing of Bushing Current Transformer
Date: April 26, 2023
Location: CANORECO / Malangcao-Basud SS
Activity: Testing of Bushing Current Transformer
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

GARRY A. NAVARRO – DEVICE MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR

RESOURCE SPEAKER
 Objectives OBJECTIVES

Provide basic knowledge on Protection System.

1.
To be able to widen the understanding with the
concepts of Overcurrent and Differential Protection of
2. Power transformers.

To provide protection coordination between 69kV Breakers

3. and 13.8kV Feeders

To provide insights on the protection requirements of the

4. OATS Rule for new and upgrading Substation Projects.
 Power
Power System
System Protection
Protection

OUTLINE
• Protection System
• Overcurrent Protection
• Differential Protection
• Minimum Requirements with the OATS
Rule
PROTECTION SYSTEM
Devastated Line and
Substation Equipment
 Protection
Protection

Protection is the art or science of continuously

monitoring the power system, detecting the
presence of a fault and initiating the correct
tripping of the circuit breaker.
From the book : Power System Protection Lecture Notes by Mohammed T. Lazim Alzuhairi
 Power System
Power System

A network which consists generation, distribution

and transmission system.
 Function
Function of Protective Relaying
of Protective Relaying

The function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt

removal from services of an element of a power system
when it suffers a short circuit or when it starts to operate in
any abnormal manner that might cause damage or
otherwise interfere with the effective operation of the rest
of the system.

Excerpts from Mason’s book “ The Art and Science of Protective Relays”
 What
What is thePurpose
is the Purpose ofProtective
of the the Protective
Relaying?
Relaying?

The purpose of the protective relaying systems is to isolate only

the faulty component of power system. Relaying equipment are
classified into two groups:

1. Primary relaying equipment.

2. Back-up relaying equipment.

 What is
What is the
thePurpose
Purposeof the
ofRelay?
the Relay?

Primary relaying - is the first line of defense for protecting the

equipment.

Back-up protection relaying - works only when the primary

relaying equipment fails (they are slow in action)
COMPONENTS AND IMPORTANCE OF
PROTECTION SYSTEM
 Component and
Components and Importance
Importance of Protection
of Protection System
System

Relay

Current/potential
Transformer

Power Circuit Breaker

Battery SCADA
 Electrical
Electrical Diagram Diagram of Relay
of Relay

Circuit Breaker
Current Transformer

Protected Transmission Line

Device

Trip Coil

Station
Battery

Relay Contacts
 Components and
Components and Importance
Importance of System
of Protection
Protection Sytem

1. Instrument Transformer – Feeds system

information to the relay. Step down the high
voltage and current of power system to
convenient levels for the relay to deal with.
2. Relays – Discriminate system information
between normal and fault conditions.
 Components and
Components and Importance
Importance of System
of Protection
Protection Sytem

3. Circuit breakers– Physically open or isolate the system

based on relay and auto-recloser commands.
4. Batteries – Provide power in case of power disconnection
in the system.
5. Communication channels – Allow remote tripping or
closing of equipment and allow analysis of current and
voltage at remote terminals of a line.
RELAY CLASSIFICATION
AND IMPORTANCE
 Protection – –
Protection Why it is it
Why needed?
is needed?

RISKS OF FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEM:

• Severe damage to faulted equipment

• Damage/ Disruption to adjacent Plant
• Danger to staff or the public
 Classification of Relays
Classification of Relays

Classification according to function

• Protective Relays
• Monitoring Relays
• Reclosing, Synchronism Check, and
Synchronizing Relays
• Regulating Relays
• Auxiliary Relays
 Classification of Relays
Classification of Relays

Classification according to input

• Current
• Voltage
• Power
• Pressure
• Frequency
• Temperature
• Flow
• Vibration
 Types of Relays
Types of Relays
 Classification of Relays
Classification of Relays

Classification according to construction

• Electromechanical Relays
 Classification of Relays
Classification of Relays

Classification according to construction

• Solid-State or Static Relays
 Classification of Relays
Classification of Relays

Classification according to construction

• Microprocessor-based or Computer Relays
OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
 Overcurrent Protection Principles

Purpose of Protection
•Detect abnormal conditions
•Overload
•Short-Circuit
•Isolate faulty part of the system
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

Fuses
• Simple
• Can provide very fast fault clearance
• Less than 10ms for large fault current
• Limit fault energy

Arcing Time
Pre-arc Time
Prospective Fault Current

t
Total Operating
Time
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

Fuses - Disadvantages
• Issues on coordination
• Limited sensitivity to earth faults
• Single phasing
• Fixed characteristic
• Need replacing following fault clearance
 Difference of Relay over Fuse:

Relay

“An electric device that is designed to interpret input conditions in a

prescribed manner and after specified conditions are met to respond to
cause contact operation or similar abrupt change in associated electric
control circuits” (IEEE 100-1984)
Fuse
‘‘an over-current protective device with a circuit-opening
fusible part that is heated and severed by the passage of the
overcurrent through it’’ (IEEE 100).
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays

• Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault

operates

50 IF2 50 IF1
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays

• Problem
• Relies on there being a difference in fault level between
the two relay locations
• Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2

50 IF2 50 IF1
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

Definite/ Independent Time Overcurrent Relays

51 51

• Operating time is independent of current

• Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

Definite/ Independent Time Overcurrent Relays

51 51

• Problem
• Longest operating time is at the source where fault level is
highest
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

IDMT Overcurrent Relays

TIME

IS APPLIED CURRENT
(RELAY CURRENT SETTING)

Discrimination by both “time” and “current”. The relay operation time is inversely
proportional to the fault current.
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

1. The characteristic is a function of

both time and current settings.
2. The time of operation is inversely
proportional to the current
applied.
Types of Overcurrent Protection

Disc Type IDMT O/C Relays

• Current setting via plug bridge

• Time Multiplier Setting via disc movement
• Single characteristic
• Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus additional EF
relay
 Types of Overcurrent Protection

Static IDMT O/C Relays

• Electronic, multi-characteristic
• Fine settings, wide range
• Integral instantaneous elements
Types of Overcurrent Protection

Numerical IDMT O/C Relays

I>1

I>2

TIME
I>3

I>4

CURRENT

• Multiple characteristics and stages

• Current settings in primary or secondary
values
• Additional Protection elements
 Overcurrent Protection Coordination
Principle

• Relay closest to fault must

operate first
• Other relays must have R1 R2 IF
adequate additional operating
T
time to prevent them
operating
• Consider worst case
conditions, operating modes
IS2 IS1 Max Fault I
and current flows Level
 Overcurrent Protection Coordination
Principle

When performing coordination study, the following need

to be considered:

• Relay Characteristics
• Relay Current Setting
• Grading Margin
• Time Multiplier Setting
 O/C Relay Characteristics

IEC Standard: ANSI/IEEE Standard:

• Standard • Moderately Inverse
Inverse
• Very Inverse • Very Inverse
• Extremely • Extremely Inverse
Inverse • Short Time Inverse
• Long Time • Inverse
Inverse
 O/C Relay Characteristics

IEC Characteristics
0.14
• SI t = TMS
M0.02 −1
13.5
• VI t = TMS
M −1 LTI
80
• EI t =TMS SI
M2 −1
120 VI
• LTI t =TMS
M−1 EI

Where: TMS = Time Multiplier Setting and M = Multiple of current setting

 O/C Relay Operating Time

• Relay operating times can be

calculated using relay characteristic
charts
• Published characteristic charts are
drawn against a multiple of current
setting or Plug Setting Multiplier
(PSM)
• Characteristics can be used for any
application regardless of actual
relay current setting
• e.g. at 10x setting (PSM of 10 ) SI
curve op time is 3s (TMS=1)
 O/C Relay Current Setting

• Set just above full load current

• typically, 10% tolerance
• Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by downstream
device
• Consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio)
• Relay must fully reset with full load current flowing
• PU/DO for static/numerical = 95%
• PU/DO for electromechanical = 90%
• e.g. for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95
 O/C Relay Current Grading

• Ensure that if upstream relay has started, downstream

relay has also started

R1 R2 IF

• Set upstream relay current setting greater than

downstream relay
• e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2
 O/C Relay Current Grading Margin

• Operating time difference between two devices to ensure

that downstream device will clear the fault before upstream
device trips
T
• Must include
• Breaker opening time
• Allowance for errors Grading Margin

• Relay overshoot time

• Safety margin I
 O/C Relay Current Grading Margin
Between Relay

R1 R2 IF
Traditionally T

• Breaker Operate Time = 0.1

• Relay overshoot = 0.05 Grading
• Allow for errors = 0.15 Margin

I
• Safety margin = 0.1
• Total = 0.4 s
 O/C Relay Current Grading Margin
Between Relay

Calculate using formula

• t’ = (2Er + ECT) t/100 + tCB + tO + tS
▪ Er = relay timing error
▪ ECT = CT measurement error
▪ t = operate time of downstream relay
▪ tCB = CB interrupting time
▪ tO = relay overshoot time
▪ tS = safety margin
 O/C Relay Current Grading Margin

Relay with Downstream Fuse

T

R
I
• Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to ensure
coordination
• Use EI curve to grade with fuse
• Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s
• Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic
 O/C Relay Time Multiplier Setting

• Used to adjust the operating

time of an inverse
characteristic
• Not a time setting but a
multiplier
• Calculate TMS to give the
desired operating time in
accordance with the grading
margin
 O/C Relay Time Multiplier Setting

Calculation
• Calculate relay operating time required, Treq
• Consider grading margin
• Fault level
• Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with TMS
=1, T1
• TMS = Treq/T1
 Instantaneous Protection

• Fast clearance of faults

• Ensure good operation factor, If >> Is
• Current setting must be coordinated to prevent
over-tripping
• Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of
transformers
• Used on feeders with auto-reclose, prevent
transient faults becoming permanent
• AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energized
 Instantaneous Overcurrent on
Transformer Feeders

• Set HV inst 130% IfLV

R
HV2
R
HV1
R
LV
• Stable for inrush
HV2 • No operation for LV fault
Time LV
HV1
• Fast operation for HV
Fault
• Reduces operate time
required for upstream
relays
If(LV) Current
If(HV)
1.3 If(LV)
 Earth Fault Protection

• Earth fault current may be limited

• Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by
overcurrent relays
• Use dedicated EF protection relays
• Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current
• Can be set to values less than full load current
• Coordinate as for OC elements
• Not possible to coordinated with fuses
 Earth Fault Protection

The earth fault protection

scheme consists the earth fault
relay, which gives the tripping
command to the circuit breaker
and hence restricted the fault
current. The earth fault relay is
placed in the residual part of
the current transformers shown
in the figure.
Earth Fault Protection
Earth Fault Protection
 Why we need Earth Fault Protection?

1. Earth fault is the unintended fault between the live

conductor and the earth.

2. It also occurs, because of the insulation breakdown.

3. When the fault occurs, the short-circuit currents flow

through the system, and this current is returned through
the earth or any electrical equipment.

4. This fault current damaged the equipment of the power

system and interrupted the continuity of the supply.
DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
 Differential Protection

OUTLINE
i. Introduction
ii. Basic Concept and principle of
application
iii.Types of differential relays
iv.Principles Of Application
v. Advantage and Dis-advantages
 Differential Relay

A differential relay is a relay that operates

when the vector difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities exceeds a
predetermined value. The protection schemes
using a differential relay is a type of unit
protection, which operates only when the fault
occurs within its protected zone.
 Differential Relay

Typical transformer phase differential configuration

 Differential Relay

Zone of protection defined by current transformers (CT’s)

 Types of Differential Relay

1. Current balance differential relay

2. Biased differential relay or percentage

differential relay

3. Voltage balance differential relay

 Types of Differential Relay

• Current balance differential relay

In current balance differential relay, the circuit

current is a comparison quantity. Two current’s
magnitude and phasor comparison takes
place.
 Types of Differential Relay

• Current balance differential relay

Types of Differential Relay
Types of Differential Relay
 Types of Differential Relay

• Biased differential relay or percentage

differential relay
This is the most used form of differential relay. Their
arrangement is same as that of the current
differential relay; the only difference is that this
system consists an additional restraining coil
connected in the pilot wires
 Types of Differential Relay

• Biased differential relay or percentage

differential relay
Types of Differential Relay
Advantages of Differential Relay

The faults occur in the transformer

inside the insulating oil can be
detected by Buchholz relay. But if any
fault occurs in the transformer but not
in oil then it can not be detected by
Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the
bushings are not adequately covered
by Buchholz relay. Differential relays
can detect such type of faults.
Moreover Buchholz relay is provided
in transformer for detecting any
internal fault in the transformer but
Differential Protection scheme detects
the same in more faster way.
 Advantages of Differential Relay

The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur in

side the differential protection zone of transformer.
 Problems that will be encountered in
installing a Differential Relay

1.Unmatched characteristics of CTs.

2. Ratio change as a result of tapping.

3. Magnetizing inrush current.

 Problems that will be encountered in
installing a Differential Relay

1.Unmatched characteristics of CTs.

Unless saturation is avoided, the difference in CT characteristics due
to different ratios being required in circuits of different voltages may
cause appreciable difference in the respective secondary currents
whenever through-faults occur. This trouble is aggravated in the case
of transformers due to unequal ratio CTs being employed on either
side of the protected transformer. A source of ratio error which
results in circulating currents under through-fault condition is the
unequal burden imposed on the CTs due to unequal lead lengths.
 Problems that will be encountered in
installing a Differential Relay

2. Ratio change as a result of tapping.

Tap changing equipment is a common feature of a power

transformer which effectively alters the turns ratio. Compensating for
this effect by varying the tappings on differential-protection CTs is
impracticable. Biased or percentage differential relays ensure stability
with the amount of unbalance occurring at the extremities of the
tap-change range. Biased relays are better suited to the overall
protection of variable-ratio transformers.
 Problems that will be encountered in
installing a Differential Relay

3. Magnetizing inrush current.

When the transformer is energized, the transient inrush of

magnetizing current flowing into the transformer may be as great as
ten times full-load current and it decays relatively slowly. This is
bound to operate the Differential Protection of Transformers falsely.
The magnitude of the magnetizing inrush current is a function of the
permanent flux trapped in the transformer core and the instant on
the voltage cycle when it is switched on.
COLABORATION
AND COORDINATION
Functional testing and
witnessing of test
conducted
Functional testing and
witnessing of test conducted
Functional testing and
witnessing of test
conducted
Functional testing and
witnessing of test conducted
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR SPECIFIC
EQUIPMENT/DEVICES
 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/Devices

PROTECTION

• Record as-found metering parameters from the relay monitor or from multi-
meter output before testing;

• Ensure that the test plug is properly connected to the relay tester.

• When testing distance relays, insert the test plug for current input first
before the test plug for voltage input.
 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/Devices

PROTECTION
• Make sure to double check relay tester connection before injecting current or
voltage inputs.

• Make sure to set current and voltage parameters to zero at the relay tester
monitor or laptop to prevent injecting default values by accident which may
exceed the relay’s tolerance.

• Make sure to record all alteration to the relay setting.

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/Devices

PROTECTION
• Make sure to restore first the analog inputs before restoring all trip
outputs.

• Make sure to check whether trip outputs from the relay was reset after
testing before restoring the trip connection.

• Make sure to reset and clear all recorded events on the relay before
restoration.

• Record metering values from the relay’s HMI or monitor to ensure that
everything is normal.
 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/Devices

CT INPUTS

• Ensure that the relay in test is isolated from the CT circuit without
disturbing other relay in series.

• Record terminal label before isolating

• Ensure the proper tightening of CT terminals

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/Devices

PT INPUTS

• Record terminal label before isolating.

 Safety Precautions for Specific
Equipment/Devices

TRIP OUTPUT

• Record terminal label before isolating.

Thank you.
SUBSTATION METERING AND
AUTOMATION SYSTEM (SCADA)

JAY M. MONTAS – SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR

RESOURCE SPEAKER
 OUTLINE
Outline

• Objectives

• SCADA System
• What is SCADA?
• Where is SCADA used?

• Metering System
• Types of Metering
• Purpose and Application
 OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES

• The participants shall be able to enhance their knowledge in

Substation SCADA and Metering System

• The participants shall be able to anticipate future trends in

the equipment and their significance to Distribution Utilities

• The participants shall be able to anticipate possible risk with

SCADA applications
SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM
(SAS)
 Where is SAS used
Where is SAS used

1. Electric Power Generation, Transmission and

Distribution
2. Manufacturing Industry
3. Water Treatment and Wastewater Systems
4. Oil and Gas Systems
5. Food and Pharma Production
 Where is SAS used
Where is SAS used
 DESIGN

SASs EQUIPMENT LEVEL

❑STATION LEVEL
contains the SCADA system as well as operating and monitoring devices
(HMIs) for monitoring the operation of a substation. In addition, the
connection to the network control system of the network operator takes STATION LEVEL
place from here via various WAN technologies

❑BAY LEVEL
consists of the individual IEDs. They process the data supplied by the
process level and make local control decisions. They also transmit data BAY LEVEL
for further processing and monitoring to the higher-level control and
data acquisition system, the SCADA system.

❑PROCESS LEVEL
contains devices such as circuit breakers or data acquisition devices for PROCESS LEVEL
current, voltage and other parameters. This is where the electrical
energy is switched.
 DESIGN

Hardwired/Copper Cable SASs

 DESIGN

SASs EQUIPMENT LEVEL

HMI HMI GATEWAY
GPS SUBSTATION CLOCK
SERVER Master
STATION LEVEL WORKSTATION DGA/BUSHING MONITOR
Control
Centers

STATION BUS

PROTOCOL
CONVERTER

BAY LEVEL
BCU METERING RELAYING
PROCESS BUS

PROCESS LEVEL LAN CABLE

COPPER CABLE
FIBER OPTIC
 DESIGN

IEC 61850 based SASs

STATION LEVEL

BAY LEVEL

PROCESS LEVEL
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

1. Identify Process Level Equipment

-Primary Equipment
-Secondary Devices
-Auxiliary Systems
-Online Monitoring Device (DGA and Bushing)
-Building Management Systems(BMS)
2. Identify control and monitoring capability
-Digital Inputs (DI) e.g. status, indications, alarms
-Digital Outputs (DO) e.g. close, trip command
-Analog Inputs (AI) e.g. current, oil level, temperature, ..
-Counter – MWhr, PCB Counter operation, Surge counter
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

POWER TRANSFORMER POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER DISCONNECT/EARTHING SWITCH

CURRENT TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER SURGE ARRESTER MONITOR

PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

POWER TRANSFORMER
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

POWER TRANSFORMER
Pressure relief valve:
Essentially a spring loaded device designed to quickly
reduce the pressure inside the tank to a normal value.
Generally, a trip switch assembly is provided for signaling
and monitoring purposes.

Oil thermometer:
This element is used to for measuring the temperature of
the dielectric oil and shows it outside via temperature
indicators
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

POWER TRANSFORMER
Buchholz relay:
Any internal trouble, such as insulation breakdown or high
activity partial discharges, can cause decomposition of
materials contained in power transformers, such as
pressboard, wood and oil. This produces gas bubbles that rise
to the top of transformer tank.
The Buchholz relay is designed to detect such gas bubbles and
activate switches for alarm or trip signals.

Oil level indicator:

The function of this accessory is to detect any abnormal
up/down movement of the transformer oil level that may be
caused by any oil leakage or internal faults. An alarm contact is
provided to signal low oil level conditions.
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

POWER TRANSFORMER
Winding temperature sensor:
This is a combined arrangement for obtaining winding temperature by an indirect method. It is based on the fact
that the temperature difference between the winding and the oil in the transformer tank depends upon the
current present in the winding. The device receives an input from an oil thermometer and adds the temperature
effect produced by the winding current, which is obtained from a current transformer installed in the bushing of
the power transformer.
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION
POWER TRANSFORMER
Control Raise/Low
(OLTC, Cooling System) On/Off Fan Group 1 & 2 Temperature Winding Temperature HV
Manual Winding Temperature MV
Auto Winding Temperature LV
Fan Group 1 Oil Temperature OLTC
Fan Group 1 Oil Temperature Main Tank
Remote Reset for Local Annunciator Panel
Metering Primary Uab Secondary Uab Tertiary Uab
Remote Reset for Remote Annunciator Panel
Primary Ubc Secondary Ubc Tertiary Ubc
Primary Uca Secondary Uca Tertiary Uca
Status/Alarm Buchholz Alarm Status/Alarm Cooler Group/Stage 1 Running/Alarm
Primary Uan Secondary Uan Tertiary Uan
Buchholz Trip Cooler Group/Stage 1 Motor Supply Fail
Primary Ubn Secondary Ubn Tertiary Ubn
Leakage Protection of Air-Bag Alarm Fan/Cooler Group/Stage 2 Running/Alarm
Primary Ucn Secondary Ucn Tertiary Ucn
Winding Temp. HV/LV/TV Alarm Fan/Cooler Group/Stage 2 Motor Supply Fail
Primary I Secondary I Tertiary I
Winding Temp. HV/LV/TV Trip Oil Pump Motor Supply Fail
Primary Ib Secondary Ib Tertiary Ib
Oil Temp. Alarm LCP AC/DC Power Supply Fail
Primary Ic Secondary Ic Tertiary Ic
Oil Temp. Trip RCP AC/DC Power Supply Fail
Primary In Secondary In Tertiary In
Sudden Pressure Relay Trip Transformer Paralleling On
Primary P Secondary P Tertiary P
OLTC Pressure Relief Trip Transformer Paralleling Master/Follower
Primary Q Secondary Q Tertiary Q
Main Tank Pressure Relief Trip Parallel Failure
Primary S Secondary S Tertiary S
Oil Level Low Main Tank OLTC Local/Remote/Auto
Primary cos Secondary cos Tertiary cos
Oil Level High Main Tank OLTC Tap Change in Progress
Primary Freq Secondary Freq Tertiary Freq
Oil Level High OLTC Tap Change incomplete
Oil Level Low OLTC Tap Change in position
OLTC Control Off OLTC Motor Trip
Voltage Regulator Failure Dehydrator/Breather Alarm
Shutter Valve Alarm Surge Counter Ph. A/B/C
Rupture Disk Alarm Tap Position (BCD)
Oil Filter Unit Alarm Reset Alarm
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER

Local/Remote Switch

Bushing Current Transformer

Trip/Close Switch

Miniature Breaker with Auxiliary Contact

1. Close/Trip Control Circuit,
2. Heaters, SF6 Gas Monitor and Pressure
3. AC/DC Power Supply, Switch
4. Motor Supply)
PROCESS LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER

•Trip coil 1 (first tripping circuit) (per pole, in case of separate operating mechanisms).
• Trip coil 2 (second tripping circuit) (per pole, in case of separate operating mechanisms).
• Closing coil (per pole, in case of separate operating mechanisms).
• Auxiliary switches reflecting of CB position (open or closed).
• Gas density monitor for SF6 gas supervision.
• Pressure switch for compressed air supervision (if applicable).
• Selector switch to choose local/remote CB operation mode.
•Push buttons for close/trip local commands.
• Compressor motor (if applicable).
•Spring set, hydraulic set or pneumatic set.
•Motor protection switch.
•Miniature circuit breakers.
•Heaters.
POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER IMPLEMENTATION
Control Room
REMOTE CLOSE
SWITCH
PCB Control Panel
LOCAL CLOSE BUTTON

LOCAL/REMOTE
SWITCH

DC MCB
AUXILIARY CONTACT

CLOSE COIL

SF6 LOCK-OUT
CONTACT

CLOSE MCB
POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER IMPLEMENTATION

REMOTE CLOSE
SWITCH

LOCAL CLOSE BUTTON DO – Close Command

LOCAL/REMOTE
SWITCH DI – Local or Remote Indication
DI – DC supply fail
DC MCB
AUXILIARY CONTACT DI – Close or Open Status

CLOSE COIL

SF6 LOCK-OUT
CONTACT DI – SF6 Lock-out Alarm AI – SF6 Level

CLOSE MCB DI – Closing circuit fail

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER IMPLEMENTATION
ALARMS
 What is SCADA?
What is SCADA?

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

Two Major elements:
1.The process/system/machinery to monitor and control
2.A monitoring and control system
 What is SCADA?
What is SCADA?

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

Two Major elements:
1. The process/system/machinery to monitor and control
PCB monitoring devices, IED Meters, Protection Relays
 What is SCADA?
What is SCADA?

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

Two Major elements:
2. A monitoring and control system
2.1 HMI, RTU, Workstations and Servers Computers
 What is SCADA?
What is SCADA?

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

Two Major elements:
2. A monitoring and control system
2.2 Networked Data Communications
a. Network Devices- Modem, Network Switch, Gateway
 What is SCADA?
What is SCADA?

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

Two Major elements:
2. A monitoring and control system
2.2 NETWORKED DATA COMMUNICATIONS
b. Transmission Media- LAN, Coaxial, Fiber, Radio, Satellite, etc
 What is SCADA?
What is SCADA?

Substation System Architecture

 Where is SCADA used
Where is SCADA used

IED Meter for SCADA System

 Where is SCADA used
Where is SCADA used
Status Indication (Close or Open) – Digital Inputs

Alarm Indication (spring discharge,SF6 low,, etc.) – Digital

Inputs

Analog Output Signal (Sf6 gas level, oil level, nitrogen level,
etc.
 Cybersecurity compliance
Cybersecurity compliance

1. Disabling and restriction of ports

2. Availability of SO Firewall
3. Installation and updating of Anti-Virus or Anti-Malware for each SAS
4. Uninstallation of un-authorize application base on the approved list
of authorize application
5. Submission of required reading record on Password policy and
compliance with password policy
6. Conduct of internal VAPT as scheduled
7. Completion of physical security for each substation
8. Attendance and submission of PCR for Basic Cybersecurity training
and awareness
 Cybersecurity compliance
Cybersecurity compliance

MASTER
MASTER
TELECOM
TELECOM STATION
STATION
SUBSTATION ENERGY METERING
SYSTEM
 Purpose and applications
Purpose and applications

• Energy meters are one of the most important components for

monitoring and data acquisition in a power system network with
roles in every part of the power system network, from the
generation through multiple transmission and distribution setups.
They are primarily used for measuring energy for monitoring, end-
user billing and energy trading purpose.

• The vast application of energy meters can be categorized into four

major parts of the power system network: Generation, transmission,
distribution, and utilization. Based on the type of system and
application, the specification and customized functions of the meter
differ, though the principle of measurement remains the same.
 TYPES OF METERS
TYPES OF METERS
• There are 2 main types of electricity meters:

1. Analog meters: also called electromechanical meters. They have an analog display. They do not offer any
connectivity.

2. Digital meters: also called electric meters. They have a digital display (LCD or LED display), they offer connectivity
and some instant functionalities.
 USAGE OF ENERGY METERS
USAGE OF ENERGY METERS

1. Revenue and billing meters

2. Statistical and monitoring meters

 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Single Line Diagram
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Single Line Diagram

BUS

CT

LOAD

PCB

METER

PT
 COMPONENTS OF A METERING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF A METERING SYSTEM

1. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
(CURRENT AND POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER)
2. CABLES
3. TERMINAL BLOCK
4. MARSHALING KIOSK/PANEL
5. TEST SWITCH
6. METER
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Block Diagram
SWITCHYARD CONTROL PANEL/ ROOM

BCT M
Test Block Terminal E
at Block Test
Marshaling at Control Switch T
Kiosk Panel E
PT R
 Detailed Wiring Diagram
Detailed Wiring Diagram
Thank you.