LET US PRAY

Week 6
LESSON 5: Patterns of
Descent with Modification
Recall
Will Evolve
or Will Not
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

A few deer wander out of their native

Will Evolve
woods into a completely new park
or Will
where no deerNot
had ever been before.
They go on to create an entirely new
Evolve
population.
Will Evolve
orWILL EVOLVE
Will Not
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
Yellow toucan birds seek out one
or Will Not
another to make babies together and
Evolve
tend to avoid the green toucan birds.
Will Evolve
orWILL EVOLVE
Will Not
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
During gestation (pregnancy), a
developing male pig had a change in
or Will Not
his genetic code. The result was that
he to Evolve
produce less nitrogenous solid
waste.
Will Evolve
orWILL EVOLVE
Will Not
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will
Five Evolve
hundred years after the deer had
established a flourishing population in
or Will Not
the park, a few of them venture back
Evolve
to their original woods and have
babies with the deer there.
Will Evolve
orWILL EVOLVE
Will Not
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
orOccurrence
Will Notof same allelic
frequencies from 3 succeeding
Evolvegenerations.
WillWILL
EvolveNOT
or Will Not
EVOLVE
Evolve
 06
R E P R O D U CT I V E
I S O L AT I N G M EC H A N I S M S
Mechanisms that can introduce and the maintain speciation.
Show patterns of descent with modification
from common ancestors to produce the
organismal diversity observed today.
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-10)

Specifically:
1. Distinguish the various types of reproductive
isolating mechanisms that can lead to
speciation.
2. Cite real life examples of reproductive isolating
mechanisms.
3. Give the importance of reproductive isolating
mechanisms to speciation.
 06
R E P R O D U CT I V E
I S O L AT I N G M EC H A N I S M S
Mechanisms that can introduce and the maintain speciation.
 THE SAME
SPECIES OR
NOT?
 Do they
belong to
the same
species?
 Do they
belong to
the same
species?
 Do they
belong to
the same
species?
 Eastern Western
Meadowlark Meadowlark

Do they belong to the

same species?
SPECIES?
 What defines a
member of a species?

• The evolutionary biologist Ernst

Mayr set forth the biological
species concept, which defines
species as groups of actually or
potentially interbreeding natural
populations which are
reproductively isolated from other
such groups.
 Diversity of Species

• The diversity of species on Earth

is simply astounding. Scientists
have identified about two million
species and still do not know how
many species inhabit the Earth.
Scientists estimates as many as
30 million species may inhabit
Earth.
So, how did so
many species
form?
S P EC I AT I O N : R E P R O D U CT I V E
I S O L AT I N G M EC H A N I S M S
Mechanisms that can introduce and the maintain speciation.
Activity: Picture Ensemble Analyze the pictures and the scenarios given to
your group. Choose the organisms that belong to
Grouping Images for Insightful Insights your assigned reproductive isolating mechanisms.
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Prezygotic Isolating Postzygotic Isolating

Mechanisms Mechanisms

• prevent the formation of • prevent the proper

functioning of zygotes
zygotes after they form
PRE-Reproduction (pre-zygotic) Barriers
This means there is an obstacle to mating or to fertilization if mating occurs

geographic isolation ecological isolation temporal isolation

behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation

 Ammospermophilus spp

1. Geographic isolation
• New species occur in different areas
• physical barrier separated ancestor species

Harris’s antelope
squirrel inhabits the
canyon’s south rim
(L). Just a few miles
away on the north
rim (R) lives the
closely related white-
tailed antelope
squirrel
2. Ecological isolation
• Species occur in same region, but occupy different
habitats so they rarely encounter each other

2 species of garter snake, Thamnophis,

occur in same area, but one lives in water &
other is terrestrial

lions & tigers could

hybridize, but they
live in different
habitats:
▪ lions in grasslands
▪ tigers in rainforest
3. Temporal “time” isolation
• Species that breed during different times of day,
different seasons, or different years cannot mix
gametes.

Eastern spotted skunk (L) &

Western spotted skunk (R)
overlap in range but eastern
mates in late winter &
western mates in late
summer
4. Behavioral isolation
• Unique behavioral patterns & rituals isolate species
• identifies members of species
• attract mates of same species That’s hot…
• courtship rituals, mating calls

Blue footed boobies mate

only after a courtship display
unique to their species
5. Mechanical isolation
• Morphological differences can prevent successful
mating
Plants
Even in closely related
species of plants, the
flowers often have distinct
appearances that attract
different pollinators.
These 2 species of monkey
flower differ greatly in
shape & color, therefore
cross-pollination does not
happen.
Mechanical isolation Animals
• For many insects, male & female sex organs of
closely related species do not fit together, preventing
sperm transfer
• lack of “fit” between sexual organs:
hard to imagine for us… but a big issue for insects with different
shaped genitals!

Get that thing

away from me!

Damsel fly penises

 6. Gametic isolation
• Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs
of another species
• biochemical barrier: sperm cannot penetrate egg
• receptor recognition: lock & key between egg & sperm
• chemical incompatibility
• sperm cannot survive in female reproductive tract

Sea urchins release sperm

& eggs into surrounding
waters where they fuse &
form zygotes.
Gametes of different
species are unable to fuse.
POST-
Reproduction
(Post-Zygotic)
Barriers
Prevent hybrid
offspring from
developing into a
viable, fertile adult
Post Zygotic: Reduced hybrid viability
• Genes of different parent species may
interact & impair the hybrid’s
development

Species of salamander
genus, Ensatina, may
interbreed, but most
hybrids do not complete
development & those
that do are frail.
Post Zygotic: Reduced hybrid fertility
• Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile
• chromosomes of parents may differ in number
or structure & meiosis in hybrids may fail to
produce normal gametes

Mules are vigorous,

but sterile

Horses have 64 Donkeys have 62

chromosomes chromosomes
(32 pairs) Mules have 63 chromosomes! (31 pairs)
Post Zygotic: Hybrid breakdown
• Hybrids may be fertile & viable in first generation, but when
they mate offspring are feeble or sterile

In strains of cultivated rice,

hybrids are vigorous but
plants in next generation are
small & sterile.
APPLICATION
Explain the importance of speciation or reproductive
isolating mechanisms to:
1. Evolutionary Biology
2. Genetics
3. Ecology
4. Society
5. Economy
 EXERCISE
Determine what type of
ISOLATING MECHANISM acts on
the following situations.
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
Two species of garter snakes live in
theorsame
Willregion,
Not but one lives in
water Evolve
and the other on land
Will Evolve
Ecological
or Will Not
Isolation
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
Two species of meadowlarks with
or Will Not
different mating songs
Evolve
Will Evolve
Behavioral
or Will Not
Isolation
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
Two species of trout that breed in
or Will Not
different seasons
Evolve
Will Evolve
Temporal
or Will Not
Isolation
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
Zonkey
or is
Willsterile
Not offspring of Zebra
and Donkey.
Evolve
Will Evolve
Hybrid Infertility
or Will Not
Evolve
 20 seconds
TIMES UP!

Will Evolve
Twoor species
Will of
Not plants flower at
different months.
Evolve
Will Evolve
Temporal
or Will Not
Isolation
Evolve
Assignment
Watch this video lesson at home and share your insights
next meeting.

The Beak of the Finch” made by the Howard Hughes

Medical Institute. The film can be streamed from the HHMI
Biointeractive website.
MODES OF SPECIATION
 Speciation

• Is the evolutionary process by

which populations evolve to
become distinct species.
• It is the process by which new
species develop from existing
species.
Allopatric • Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation
occurs when some members of a population

Speciation become geographically separated from the other

members thereby preventing gene flow.
Allopatric Dispersal – Few members of a species move to a
new geographical area.

Speciation Vicariance – Natural situation arises to physically

divide organisms.
Finches of the Galapagos Islands
 Allopatric speciation: Polar bears and Brown bears
White, streamlined, Brown, less streamlined,
carnivorous, non- omnivorous, hibernating
hibernating
Parapatric
• Occurs when the groups that evolved to be separate
species are geographic neighbors. Gene flow occurs but
with great distances is reduced.

Speciation
• There is also abrupt change in the environment over a
geographic border and strong disruptive selection must also
happen.
Parapatric
Ring species are often cited as examples of parapatric speciation. In
a ring species, a species spreads out from its origin, gradually
diverging genetically as it adapts to different environmental

Speciation
conditions. Eventually, populations at the ends of the distribution
come into contact again, but due to accumulated genetic differences,
they are reproductively isolated.
Parapatric
• Daughter species form a small proportion of
individuals along a common border between 2
populations.
Speciation • Hybrid Zone is formed
HYBRID ZONE

BULLOCK’S BALTIMORE
ORIOLE ORIOLE
 The two types of plants are close enough that
tolerant and non-tolerant individuals could potentially
fertilize each other—so they seem to meet the first
requirement of parapatric speciation, that of a
continuous population. However, the two types of
plants have evolved different flowering times. This
change could be the first step in cutting off gene flow
entirely between the two groups
Sympatric
• occurs when members of a population that initially
occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge
into two or more different species.

Speciation • It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the

reproductive isolation of a group of individuals.
 • A new species may form within the home
Sympatric range of an existing species
(there is no physical barrier)
Speciation • May be:
• Temporal
• Mechanical
• Behavioral
Sympatric speciation ??
Assessment
 1.

Same or
Different
Species?
 2.

Same or
Different
Species?
 3.

Same or
Different
Species?
 4.

Same or
Different
Species?
 5. In a forest ecosystem,
two closely related
species of frogs, Species
Identify the A and Species B, inhabit
Reproductive different parts of the
Isolating forest. Despite their close
Mechanism genetic relationship, they
rarely interbreed.
 6. In a laboratory setting,
researchers crossbreed
two different species of
fruit flies, Drosophila
Identify the melanogaster and
Reproductive Drosophila simulans.
Isolating Despite numerous
Mechanism attempts, they were
unable to produce viable
offspring.
 7. In a grassland
ecosystem, two species
of flowering plants, Plant
X and Plant Y, are closely
Identify the related and produce
Reproductive similar flowers. However,
Isolating they rarely exchange
Mechanism genetic material.
Determine what type of
MODE of SPECIATION
acts on the following
situations.
 8.
Will Evolve
The hemp nettle, Galeopsis
tetrahit is a tetraploid found to
or Will Not
thrive in the same area as two
other diploids species,
Evolve
Galeopsis pubescens and
Galeopsis speciosa.
 9.
The Panama porkfish,
Will Evolve
Anisotremus taeniatus, found
in the Pacific Ocean is

or Will Not
morphologically similar to the
porkfish, Anisotremus
virginiacus, found in the
Evolve
Caribbean Sea are separated by
a land bridge between North and
South America called the
Isthmus of Panama.
 10.
Will Evolve
The Siberian lesser black-
backed gull, lesser black-backed
gull and herring gull are all found
or Will Not
in the Arctic region. The lesser
black-backed gull interbreeds
Evolve
with the Siberian lesser black-
backed gull but not with the
herring gull.
You are a conservation biologist working in Bicol region where
two closely related endemic species of birds, Species X and
Species Y, are facing habitat destruction due to deforestation.
Both species inhabit neighboring areas and have overlapping
ranges. However, you have noticed a decline in hybridization
between the two species despite their proximity, which raises
concerns about their long-term survival.

Utilize your knowledge of speciation and reproductive isolating

mechanisms to inform conservation efforts for Species X and
Species Y in the face of habitat destruction. Provide specific
strategies that could help mitigate the threat to these species and
promote their continued survival.