Library & Information Science: Doctor of Philosophy in

COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICES
IN LAW LIBRARIES IN DELHI:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY
THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Library & Information Science
SUBMITTED BY
ROSHAN KHAYAL
Enrolment No. P-7277
Under the Supervision of

DR. NISHAT FATIMA
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH- 202 002 (INDIA)
2013
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH-INDIA 202002
EPBX : 2700916, 20-22, 26 Ext. 19/39

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY Direct : +91-571-2700039
Phone Fax : +91-571-2700039
AND Mob. : +91-9358258463
INFORMATION SCIENCE [email protected]
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Roshan Khayal has completed his

thesis entitled “Collection Development and Services in Law
Libraries in Delhi: A Comparative Study” for the award of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information
Science is an authentic record of the candidate’s own independent
and original research work carried out by him under my
supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in thesis has not
been submitted to any other university or institute for the award
of any degree.
Dr. Nishat Fatima

Assistant Professor
CONTENTS
Page No.
Acknowledgement i-iii
List of Tables iv-vi
List of Figures vii-viii
List of Abbreviations ix-xi
CHAPTER-1
Introductory Background and Framework of the Study 1-17
CHAPTER-2
Review of Related Literature 18-43
CHAPTER-3
Profile of the Libraries under Study 44-84
CHAPTER-4
Collection Development and Services of Libraries 85-105
CHAPTER-5
Data Analysis and Interpretation 106-163
CHAPTER-6
Conclusion, Findings, Hypotheses and Recommendations 164-176
BIBLIOGRAPHY 177-185
APPENDIX I
Questionnaire for Librarian/Head of the Library 186-191
APPENDIX II
Questionnaire for Users 192-195
APPENDIX III
Examples of Chi-Square Test 196-220
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title
1.1 Response Rate of Users
5.1.1.2 Qualification, Designation and Pay Scale of Librarian/ Head of the Libraries
5.1.2.1 Strength of Library Staff
5.1.2.2 Library Membership
5.1.3.1 Total Budget of various Law Libraries during the session 2010-11
5.1.3.2 Increase of Annual Budget for the last five years (in lakhs)
5.1.3.3 Opinion Regarding Adequacy of Library Budget
5.1.4.2 Yearly Addition of Print Documents during last five years
5.1.4.3 Yearly Addition of E-Documents during last five years
5.1.4.4 Collection Development Policy
5.1.5.1 Selection of Study Materials
5.1.5.2 Tools used for Selection of Materials
5.1.5.3 Modes of Acquisition
5.1.5.4 Criteria Followed to Evaluate the Documents
5.1.5.5 Problems while Acquiring Documents
5.1.5.6 Provision of Library Committee
5.1.5.6.1 Types of Library Committee
5.1.5.7 Criteria for Weeding out the Reading Material
5.1.6.1 Classification Scheme used
5.1.6.2 Cataloguing Code used
5.1.6.3 Use of Online Public Access Catalogue
iv
5.1.6.4 Software used in Libraries
5.1.7 Library Services
5.1.7.1 Legal Databases used in Libraries
5.1.7.2 Provision of Resource Sharing
5.2.1 Response Rate of Users
5.2.2.1 Purpose of Visit to the Library
5.2.2.2 Frequency of Visit to the Library
5.2.3 Use of library resources
5.2.4 Use of Electronic Information Sources
5.2.4.1 Use of Online Database Service
5.2.4.2 Use of E-Books
5.2.4.3 Use of E-Journals
5.2.4.4 Use of E-Cases
5.2.4.5 Use of E-Reports
5.2.4.6 Use of CD-ROM Database
5.2.5 Frequency of use of E-Resources
5.2.6 Favourite Activities While Using Internet
5.2.7 Use of OPAC and Traditional Catalogue
5.2.8 Adequacy of Reading Facilities
5.2.9 Satisfaction with the Use of Library Resources
5.2.10 Awareness about the services provided by the libraries
5.2.10.1 Awareness of Circulation Service
5.2.10.2 Awareness of Reference Service
5.2.10.3 Awareness of CAS Service
v
5.2.10.4 Awareness of SDI Service
5.2.10.5 Awareness of Inter-Library Loan Service
5.2.10.6 Awareness of Translation Service
5.2.10.7 Awareness of Reprographic Service
5.2.11.1 Satisfaction with Circulation Service
5.2.11.2 Satisfaction with Reference Service
5.2.11.3 Satisfaction with CAS
5.2.11.4 Satisfaction with SDI Service
5.2.11.5 Satisfaction with Inter-Library Loan Service
5.2.11.6 Satisfaction with Translation Service
5.2.11.7 Satisfaction with Reprographic Service
5.2.12 Satisfaction with General Facilities Available in the Libraries
5.2.13 Behavior of Library Staff
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Title

4.1 Collection Development Process
5.1.1.1 Year of Establishment of Libraries
5.1.3.1 Total Budget of various Law Libraries during 2010-11
5.1.3.2 Increase of Annual Budget for last five years (in lakhs)
5.1.4.1 Total Document Collection in Libraries during the session 2010-2011
5.2.3 Use of library resources
5.2.6 Favorite Activities While Using Internet
5.2.7 Use of OPAC and Traditional Catalogue
5.2.9 Satisfaction with the use of Library Resources
vii
5.2.11.7 Satisfaction with Reprographic Service
viii
List of Abbreviations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Sr. No. Abbreviations Full Name
1 AACR Anglo American Cataloguing Rules

2 AALL American Association of Law Libraries
3 ADHC Apex Decisions High Court
4 ADSC Apex Decisions Supreme Court
5 AIR All India Reporter
6 AJIL American Journal of International Law
7 AJJ American Journal of Jurisprudence
8 ALA American Library Association
9 ALIS Annals of Library and Information Studies
10 ARL Association of Research Libraries
11 ASIL Annual Survey of Indian Law
12 AUSL American University of Sharjah Library
13 BICJ Bibliography of the International Court of Justice
14 BPST Bureau of Parliament Studies and Training
15 CAPS Contents Abstracts and Photocopies Service
16 CAR Computer-Assisted Retrieval
17 CAS Current Awareness Service
18 CC Colon Classification
19 CCC Classified Catalogue Code
20 CD Compact Disk
21 CD ROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory
22 CDP Collection Development Policy
23 CLM Corporate Laws Management
24 CMC Computer Maintenance Corporation
25 COM Computer Output Microform
26 CPU Central Processing Unit
27 Cr. LJ Criminal Law Journal
28 CRL Central Reference Library
29 CRL College and Research Library
30 DB Delivery of Books
31 DC Drug Cases
32 DCL Doctor of Civil Law
33 DDC Dewey Decimal Classification
34 DDS Document Delivery Service
35 DESIDOC Defence Science Information & Documentation Centre
36 DLJ Delhi Law Journal
37 DLT Delhi Law Times
38 DMC Divorce & Matrimonial Cases
39 DML Development Multimedia Libraries
40 DULS Delhi University Library System
41 EFC Equipment Fund Committee
42 ELIS Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
43 FAQ Frequently Asked Questions
44 FM Faculty Member
ix
45 HCJL High Court Judges Library

46 HTML Hyper-Text Markup Language
47 IASLIC Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information
Centre
48 IATLIS Indian Association of Teachers of Library & Information
Science
49 ICT Information and Communication Technology
50 IJLIS International Journal of Library and Information Science
51 ILA Indian Library Association
52 ILI Indian Law Institute
53 ILP Information Library Programmes
54 INFLIBNET Information and Library Network
55 IPC Indian Penal Code
56 IPRL Intellectual Property Rights Law
57 ISBN International Standard Book Number
58 ISI Indian Statistical Institute
59 ISO International Standard Organization
60 ISSN International Standard Serial Number
61 IT Information Technology
62 J.D. Juris Doctor
63 JILI Journal of Indian Law Institute
64 JLIM Journal of Library and Information Management
65 JLIS Journal of Library and Information Science
66 JMI Jamia Millia Islamia
67 LA Library Association
68 LAN Local Area Network
69 LARRDIS Parliament Library and Reference, Research,
Documentation and Information Service
70 LCR Law Commission Reports
71 LC Library committee
72 LCR Library Committee Room
73 LIRC Legal Information Resource Centre
74 LLJ Law Library Journal
75 LLJ Labour Law Journal
76 LLJMI Law Library-Jamia Millia Islamia
77 LLUD Law Library-University of Delhi
78 LM Library Management
79 LPP Library Philosophy and Practice
80 LRTS Library Resources and Technical Services
81 LU Libraries Unlimited
82 MARC Machine Readable Catalogue
83 MCL Master of Civil Law
84 NALSAR National Academy of Legal Studies and Research
85 NASSDOC National Social Science Documentation Centre
86 NIC National Informatics Centre
x
87 NLU National Law University

88 PTMC Patent and Trade Marks Cases
89 PARLIS Parliament Library Information System
90 PC Personal Computer
91 PCR Planning Commission Reports
92 PDF Portable Document Format
93 PFA Cases Prevention of Food Adulteration Cases
94 PG Post Graduate
95 Ph. D Doctor of Philosophy
96 PHA Parliament House Annexe
97 PL Parliament Library
98 PLB Parliament Library Building
99 PLIO Principal Library and Information Officer
100 PMA Parliament Museum and Archives
101 SCC Supreme Court Cases
102 SCJL Supreme Court Judges Library
103 SDI Selective Dissemination of Information
104 SG Sansadiya Gyanpeeth
105 UDC Universal Decimal Classification
106 UGC University Grant Commission
107 URL Uniform Resource Locator/Universal Resource Locator
108 VPP Value Payable Post
109 WAN Wide Area Network
110 WLR Weekly Law Reports
111 XML Extensible Markup Language
112 YLJ Yale Law Journal
xi
Appendix 3 Examples of Chi-square Test Method
Examples of Chi-square
Sr. no. Table no. Calculated Tabulated
value value
1 5.2.4.1 46.9 11.07
2 5.2.4.2 22.85 11.07
3 5.2.4.3 25.04 11.07
4 5.2.4.4 63.02 11.07
5 5.2.4.5 67.51 11.07
6 5.2.4.6 30.94 11.07
7 5.2.7 7.71 11.07
8 5.2.8 77.25 11.07
9 5.2.10.1 3.37 11.07
10 5.2.10.2 13.09 11.07
11 5.2.10.3 82.8 11.07
12 5.2.10.4 25.82 11.07
13 5.2.10.5 273 11.07
14 5.2.10.6 48.5 11.07
15 5.2.10.7 20.68 11.07
16 5.2.11.1 23.73 18.30
17 5.2.11.2 17.89 18.30
18 5.2.11.3 86.81 18.30
19 5.2.11.4 218.69 18.30
20 5.2.11.5 245.67 18.30
21 5.2.11.7 34.83 18.30
Example of Table 5.2.4.1- Use of Online Database Service

df= degree of freedom
df= (row-1) x (column-1)
= (2-1) x (6-1) =1x5= 5
Observed frequency (O) Expected frequency (E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2

E
105 104.02 0.96 00
34 47.90 193.21 4.03
08 20.53 157 7.64
09 7.52 2.19 0.29
80 70.49 90.44 1.28
150 135.51 209.96 1.54
47 47.97 0.94 0.01
36 22.09 193.48 8.75
22 9.46 157.25 16.62
02 3.47 2.16 0.62
23 32.50 90.25 2.77
48 62.48 209.67 3.35
∑=46.9
196
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 46.9

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Calculation of Expected Frequency
= corresponding row sum x corresponding column sum
Total
E (105) =152x386 = = 104.02
564
E (34) = 70x386 = 47.90
564
E (08) = 30x386= 20.53
564
E (09) = 11x386= 7.52
564
E (80) = 103x386= 70.49
564
E (150) = 198x386= 135.51
564
E (47) = 152x178= 47.97
564
E (36) = 70x178= 22.09
564
E (22) = 30x178= 9.46
564
E (02) = 11x178= 3.47
564
E (23) = 103x178= 32.50
564
E (48) = 198x178= 62.48
564
Example of table 5.2.4.2 Use of E-Books

E
90 89.2 0.64 00
39 41.1 4.41 0.10
06 17.6 134.56 7.64
06 6.46 0.21 0.03
70 60.4 92.16 1.52
120 116 16 0.13
62 62.8 0.64 0.01
31 28.9 4.41 0.15
24 12.4 134.56 10.85
05 4.54 0.21 0.04
33 44.6 92.16 2.16
78 81.8 14.44 0.17
∑=22.85
197
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 22.85

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (90) = 152x331= 89.2
564
E (39) = 70x331 = 41.1
564
E (06) = 30x331= 17.60
564
E (06) = 11x331= 6.46
564
E (70) = 103x331= 60.40
564
E (120) = 198x331= 116
564
E (62) = 152x233= 62.8
564
E (31) = 70x233= 28.90
564
E (24) = 30x233= 12.40
564
E (05) = 11x233= 4.54
564
E (33) = 103x233= 44.60
564
E (78) = 198x233= 81.8
564
Example of Table-5.2.4.3: Use of E-Journals

E
94 85.97 64.48 0.75
28 39.59 134.32 3.39
08 16.96 80.28 4.73
05 6.22 1.48 0.23
68 58.25 95.06 1.63
116 111.98 16.16 1.14
58 66.02 64.32 0.97
42 30.40 134.56 4.42
22 13.03 80.46 6.17
06 4.77 1.51 0.31
35 44.74 94.86 2.12
82 86.01 16.08 0.18
∑=25.04
198
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 25.04

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (94) = 152x319= 85.97
564
E (28) = 70x319 = 39.59
564
E (08) = 30x319= 16.96
564
E (05) = 11x319= 6.22
564
E (68) = 103x319= 58.25
564
E (116) = 198x319= 111.98
564
E (58) = 152x245= 66.02
564
E (42) = 70x245= 30.40
564
E (22) = 30x245= 13.03
564
E (06) = 11x245= 4.77
564
E (35) = 103x245= 44.74
564
E (82) = 198x245= 86.01
564
Example of Table-5.2.4.4: Use of E-Cases

E
76 90.28 203.91 2.25
35 41.57 43.16 1.03
12 17.81 33.75 1.89
09 6.53 6.10 0.93
95 61.71 1144.46 18.70
108 117.60 92.16 0.78
76 61.71 204.20 3.30
35 28.42 43.29 1.52
18 12.18 33.87 2.78
02 4.46 6.05 1.35
08 41.82 1143.79 27.35
90 80.39 92.35 1.14
∑=63.02
199
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 63.02

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (76) = 152x335= 90.28
564
E (35) = 70x335 = 41.57
564
E (12) = 30x335= 17.81
564
E (09) = 11x335= 6.53
564
E (95) = 103x335= 61.17
564
E (108) = 198x335= 117.60
564
E (76) = 152x229= 61.71
564
E (35) = 70x229= 28.42
564
E (18) = 30x229= 12.18
564
E (02) = 11x229= 4.46
564
E (08) = 103x229= 41.82
564
E (90) = 198x229= 80.39
564
Example of Table-5.2.4.5: Use of E-Reports

E
55 78.69 561.21 7.13
24 36.24 149.81 4.13
07 15.53 72.76 4.68
08 5.69 5.33 0.93
80 53.32 711.82 13.35
118 102.51 239.94 2.34
97 73.30 561.69 7.66
46 33.75 150.06 4.44
23 14.46 72.93 5.04
03 5.30 5.29 0.99
23 49.67 711.28 14.32
80 95.48 239.63 2.50
∑=67.51
200
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 67.51

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (55) = 152x292= 78.69
564
E (24) = 70x292 = 36.24
564
E (07) = 30x292= 15.53
564
E (08) = 11x292= 5.69
564
E (80) = 103x292= 53.32
564
E (118) = 198x292= 102.51
564
E (97) = 152x272= 73.30
564
E (46) = 70x272= 33.75
564
E (23) = 30x272= 14.46
564
E (03) = 11x272= 5.30
564
E (23) = 103x272= 49.67
564
E (80) = 198x272= 95.48
564
Example of Table-5.2.4.6: Use of CD-ROM Database

E
65 91.63 709.15 7.73
42 42.19 0.03 00
15 18.08 9.48 0.52
10 6.63 11.35 1.71
70 62.09 62.56 1
138 119.36 349.69 2.92
87 60.36 709.68 11.75
28 27.80 0.04 00
15 11.91 9.54 0.80
01 4.36 11.28 2.58
33 40.90 62.41 1.52
60 78.63 347.07 4.41
∑=30.94
201
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 30.94

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (65) = 152x340= 91.63
564
E (42) = 70x340= 42.19
564
E (15) = 30x340= 18.08
564
E (10) = 11x340= 6.63
564
E (70) = 103x340= 62.09
564
E (138) = 198x340= 119.36
564
E (87) = 152x224= 60.36
564
E (28) = 70x224= 27.80
564
E (15) = 30x224= 11.91
564
E (01) = 11x224= 4.36
564
E (33) = 103x224= 40.90
564
E (60) = 198x224= 78.63
564
Table-5.2.7: Use of OPAC and Traditional Catalogue (OPACs)

E
140 139.33 0.44 00
62 64.16 4.66 0.07
25 27.50 6.25 0.22
10 10.08 00 00
100 94.41 31.24 0.33
180 181.50 2.25 0.01
12 12.66 0.43 0.03
08 5.83 4.70 0.80
05 2.50 6.25 2.50
01 0.91 00 00
03 8.58 31.13 3.62
18 16.5 2.25 0.13
∑=7.71
202

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (140) = 152x517= 139.33
564
E (62) = 70x517 = 64.16
564
E (25) = 30x517= 27.50
564
E (10) = 11x517= 10.08
564
E (100) = 103x517= 94.41
564
E (180) = 198x517= 181.50
564
E (12) = 152x47= 12.66
564
E (08) = 70x47= 5.83
564
E (05) = 30x47= 2.50
564
E (01) = 11x47= 0.91
564
E (03) = 103x47= 8.58
564
E (18) = 198x47= 16.50
564
Table-5.2.8: Adequacy of Reading Facilities
E
120 134.75 217.56 1.61
55 62.05 49.70 0.80
18 26.59 73.78 2.77
11 9.75 1.56 0.16
98 91.31 44.75 0.49
198 175.53 504.90 2.87
32 17.24 217.85 12.63
15 7.94 49.84 6.27
12 3.40 73.96 21.75
00 1.24 1.53 1.24
05 11.68 44.62 3.82
00 22.46 504.45 22.46
∑=77.25
203
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 77.25

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (120) = 152x500= 134.75
564
E (55) = 70x500 = 62.05
564
E (18) = 30x500= 26.59
564
E (11) = 11x500= 9.75
564
E (98) = 103x500= 91.31
564
E (198) = 198x500= 175.53
564
E (32) = 152x64= 17.24
564
E (15) = 70x64= 7.94
564
E (12) = 30x64= 3.40
564
E (00) = 11x64= 1.24
564
E (05) = 103x64= 11.68
564
E (00) = 198x64= 22.46
564
Table-5.2.10.1 Awareness of Circulation Service

E
123 126.12 9.73 0.07
58 58.08 00 00
24 24.89 0.79 0.03
10 9.12 0.77 0.08
91 85.46 30.69 0.35
162 164.29 5.24 0.03
29 25.87 9.79 0.37
12 11.91 0.09 00
06 5.10 0.81 0.15
01 1.87 0.75 0.40
12 17.53 30.58 1.74
36 33.70 5.29 0.15
∑=3.37
204

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (123) = 152x468= 126.12
564
E (58) = 70x468 = 58.08
564
E (24) = 30x468= 24.89
564
E (10) = 11x468= 9.12
564
E (91) = 103x468= 85.46
564
E (162) = 198x468= 164.29
564
E (29) = 152x96= 25.87
564
E (12) = 70x96= 11.91
564
E (06) = 30x96= 5.10
564
E (01) = 11x96= 1.87
564
E (12) = 103x96= 17.53
564
E (36) = 198x96= 33.70
564
Table-5.2.10.2 Awareness of Reference Service

E
86 96.87 118.15 1.21
42 43.19 1.41 0.03
11 18.51 56.4 3.04
08 6.78 1.48 0.21
71 63.55 55.5 0.87
130 122.17 61.3 0.5
66 58.21 60.68 1.04
28 26.80 1.44 0.05
19 11.48 56.55 4.92
03 4.21 1.46 0.34
32 39.44 55.35 1.4
68 75.82 61.15 0.8
∑=14.41
205
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 14.41

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (86) = 152x348= 96.87
564
E (42) = 70x348 = 43.19
564
E (11) = 30x348= 18.51
564
E (08) = 11x348= 6.78
564
E (71) = 103x348= 63.55
564
E (130) = 198x348= 122.17
564
E (66) = 152x216= 58.21
564
E (28) = 70x216= 26.80
564
E (19) = 30x216= 11.48
564
E (03) = 11x216= 4.21
564
E (32) = 103x216= 39.44
564
E (68) = 198x216= 75.82
564
Table-5.2.10.3 Awareness of CAS Service

E
89 112.65 559.32 4.96
52 51.87 0.01 00
08 22.23 202.49 9.1
10 8.15 3.42 0.41
81 76.33 21.8 0.28
178 146.74 977.18 6.65
63 39.34 559.79 14.22
18 18.12 0.01 00
22 7.76 202.77 26.13
01 2.84 3.38 1.19
22 26.66 21.71 0.81
20 51.25 976.56 19.05
∑=82.8
206

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (89) = 152x418= 112.65
564
E (52) = 70x418 = 51.87
564
E (08) = 30x418= 22.23
564
E (10) = 11x418= 8.15
564
E (81) = 103x418= 76.33
564
E (178) = 198x418= 146.74
564
E (63) = 152x146= 39.34
564
E (18) = 70x146= 18.12
564
E (22) = 30x146= 7.76
564
E (01) = 11x146= 2.84
564
E (22) = 103x146= 26.66
564
E (20) = 198x146= 51.25
564
207
Table-5.2.10.4: Awareness of SDI Service

E
66 65.21 0.62 00
28 30.03 4.12 0.13
00 12.87 165.63 12.87
05 4.71 0.08 0.01
49 44.19 23.13 0.52
94 84.95 81.90 0.96
86 86.78 0.60 00
42 39.96 49.56 1.24
30 17.12 165.89 9.69
06 6.28 0.07 0.01
54 58.80 23.04 0.39
104 113.04 0.92 00
∑=25.82
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 25.82

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (66) = 152x242= 65.21
564
E (28) = 70x242 = 30.03
564
E (00) = 30x242= 12.87
564
E (05) = 11x242= 4.71
564
E (49) = 103x242= 44.19
564
E (94) = 198x242= 84.95
564
E (86) = 152x337= 86.78
564
E (42) = 70x337= 39.96
564
E (30) = 30x337= 17.12
564
E (06) = 11x337= 6.28
564
E (54) = 103x337= 58.80
564
E (104) = 198x337= 113.04
564
208
Table-5.2.10.5: Awareness of Inter-Library Loan Service

E
32 96.48 4157.67 43.09
34 44.43 108.78 2.44
11 19.04 64.64 3.39
09 6.98 4.08 0.58
82 65.37 276.55 4.23
190 125.68 4137.06 32.91
120 55.51 4158.96 74.92
36 25.56 108.99 4.26
19 10.95 64.80 5.91
02 4.01 4.04 01
21 37.62 276.22 7.34
08 72.31 4135.77 57.19
∑=237.26
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 237.26

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (32) = 152x358= 96.48
564
E (34) = 70x358 =44.43
564
E (11) = 30x358= 19.04
564
E (09) = 11x358= 6.98
564
E (82) = 103x358= 65.37
564
E (190) = 198x358= 125.68
564
E (120) = 152x206= 55.51
564
E (36) = 70x206= 25.56
564
E (19) = 30x206= 10.95
564
E (02) = 11x206= 4.01
564
E (21) = 103x206= 37.62
564
E (08) = 198x206= 72.31
564
209
Table-5.2.10.6: Awareness of Translation Service

E
00 26.68 711.82 26.688
00 12.28 150.79 12.28
00 5.26 27.66 5.26
00 1.93 3.72 1.93
00 18.07 326.52 18.07
99 34.75 4128.06 118.79
152 125.31 712.35 5.68
70 57.71 151.04 2.61
30 24.73 27.77 1.12
11 9.06 3.76 0.41
103 84.92 326.88 3.84
99 163.24 4126.77 25.28
∑= 221.95
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 221.95

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (00) = 152x99= 26.68
564
E (00) = 70x99 = 12.28
564
E (00) = 30x99= 5.26
564
E (00) = 11x99= 1.93
564
E (00) = 103x99= 18.07
564
E (99) = 198x99= 34.75
564
E (152) = 152x465= 125.31
564
E (70) = 70x465= 57.71
564
E (30) = 30x465= 24.73
564
E (11) = 11x465= 9.06
564
E (103) = 103x465= 84.92
564
E (99) = 198x465= 163.24
564
210
Table-5.2.10.7: Awareness of Reprographic Service

E
132 126.93 25.70 0.20
61 58.45 6.50 0.11
17 25.05 64.80 2.58
08 9.18 1.39 0.15
91 86.01 24.90 0.28
162 165.35 11.22 0.06
20 25.06 25.60 1.02
09 11.54 6.45 0.55
13 4.94 64.96 13.15
03 1.81 1.41 0.78
12 16.98 24.80 1.46
36 32.64 11.28 0.34
∑=20.68
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 20.68

E
= (2-1) x (6-1) = 5
Total
E (132) = 152x471= 126.93
564
E (61) = 70x471 = 58.45
564
E (17) = 30x471= 25.05
564
E (08) = 11x471= 9.18
564
E (91) = 103x471= 86.01
564
E (162) = 198x471= 165.35
564
E (20) = 152x93= 25.06
564
E (09) = 70x93= 11.54
564
E (13) = 30x93= 4.94
564
E (03) = 11x93= 1.81
564
E (12) = 103x93= 16.98
564
E (36) = 198x93= 32.64
564
211
Table-5.2.11.1: Satisfaction with Circulation Service

E
120 112.4 57.76 0.51
52 51.8 0.04 0.0007
22 22.9 0.81 3.53
08 8.1 0.01 0.0012
81 76.2 23.04 0.302
134 146.4 153.76 1.050
29 25.9 9.61 0.371
12 11.9 0.01 0.00084
06 5.1 0.81 0.158
01 1.9 0.81 0.426
12 17.5 30.25 1.728
36 33.7 5.29 0.1569
03 13.75 115.5625 8.4045
06 6.32 0.1024 0.162
02 2.7 0.49 0.1814
02 1.0 1 1.000
10 9.3 0.49 0.0526
28 17.9 102.01 5.698
23.73
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 23.73

E
= (3-1) x (6-1) = 10
E (120) = 152x417= 112.38
564
E (52) = 70x417 = 51.75
564
E (22) = 30x417= 22.18
564
E (08) = 11x417= 8.13
564
E (81) = 103x417= 76.15
564
E (134) = 198x417= 146.39
564
E (29) = 152x96= 25.87
564
E (12) = 70x96= 11.91
564
E (06) = 30x96= 5.10
564
E (01) = 11x96= 1.87
564
212
E (12) = 103x96= 17.53

564
E (36) = 198x96= 33.70
564
E (03) = 152x51= 13.74
564
E (06) = 70x51= 6.32
564
E (02) = 30x51= 2.71
564
E (02) = 11x51=0.99
564
E (10) = 103x51= 9.31
564
E (28) = 198x51= 17.90
564
Table-5.2.11.2: Satisfaction with Reference Service

E
76 77.07 1.14 0.01
35 35.49 0.24 00
10 15.21 27.14 1.78
06 5.57 0.18 0.03
60 52.23 60.37 1.15
99 100.4 1.96 0.01
66 57.94 64.96 1.12
28 26.68 1.74 0.06
18 11.43 43.16 3.77
03 4.19 1.41 0.33
32 39.26 52.7 1.34
68 75.47 55.8 0.73
10 16.97 48.58 2.86
07 7.81 0.65 0.08
02 3.35 1.82 0.54
02 1.22 0.60 0.49
11 11.50 0.25 0.02
31 22.11 79.03 3.57
∑=17.89
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 = 17.89

E
= (3-1) x (6-1) = 10
Total
213
E (76) = 152x286= 77.07

564
E (35) = 70x286 = 35.49
564
E (10) = 30x286= 15.21
564
E (06) = 11x286= 5.57
564
E (60) = 103x286= 52.23
564
E(99)=198 x286 =100.4
564
E (66) = 152x215= 57.94
564
E (28) = 70x215= 26.68
564
E (18) = 30x215= 11.43
564
E (03) = 11x215= 4.19
564
E (32) = 103x215= 39.26
564
E (68) = 198x215= 75.47
564
E (10) = 152x63= 16.97
564
E (07) = 70x63= 7.81
564
E (02) = 30x63= 3.35
564
E (02) = 11x63=1.22
564
E (11) = 103x63= 11.5
564
E (31) = 198x63= 22.11
564
214
Table-5.2.11.3: Satisfaction with CAS Service

E
76 101.33 641.60 6.33
42 46.66 21.71 0.46
08 20 144 7.2
08 7.33 0.44 0.06
80 68.66 128.59 1.87
162 132 900 6.81
63 38.53 598.78 15.54
18 17.74 0.06 0.003
19 7.60 129.96 17.1
01 2.78 3.16 1.13
22 26.11 16.89 o.64
20 50.20 912.04 18.16
13 12.12 0.77 0.06
10 5.58 19.53 3.5
03 2.39 0.37 0.154
02 0.87 1.27 1.459
01 8.21 51.98 6.33
16 15.79 0.04 0.002
∑=86.81
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 =86.81

E
= (3-1) x (6-1) = 10
Total
E (76) = 152x376= 101.33
564
E (42) = 70x376 = 46.66
564
E (08) = 30x376 = 20
564
E (08) = 11x376 = 7.33
564
E (80) = 103x376 = 68.66
564
E (162) = 198x376 = 132
564
E (63) = 152x143 = 38.53
564
E (18) = 70x143 = 17.74
564
E (19) = 30x143 = 7.60
564
215
E (01) = 11x143 =2.78

564
E (22) = 103x143 = 26.11
564
E (20) = 198x143 = 50.20
564
E (13) = 152x45 = 12.12
564
E (10) = 70x45 = 5.58
564
E (03) = 30x45 = 2.39
564
E (02) = 11x45= 0.87
564
E (01) = 103x45 = 8.21
564
E (16) = 198x45 = 15.79
564
Table-5.2.11.4: Satisfaction with SDI Service

E
66 57.67 69.38 1.20
28 26.56 2.07 0.07
00 11.38 129.50 11.38
04 4.17 0.02 0.006
48 39.08 79.56 2.03
68 75.12 50.69 0.67
76 74.11 3.57 0.048
35 34.13 0.75 0.022
00 14.62 213.74 14.62
06 5.36 0.40 0.076
54 50.22 14.28 0.28
104 96.54 55.65 0.57
10 20.21 104.24 5.15
07 9.30 5.29 0.56
30 3.98 677.04 170.11
01 1.46 0.21 0.14
01 13.69 161.03 11.76
26 26.32 0.10 0.0038
∑=218.69
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 =218.69

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (3-1) x (6-1) = 10
216

Total
E (66) = 152x214= 57.67
564
E (28) = 70x214 = 26.56
564
E (00) = 30x214 = 11.38
564
E (04) = 11x214 = 4.17
564
E (48) = 103x214 = 39.08
564
E (68) = 198x214 = 75.12
564
E (76) = 152x275 = 74.11
564
E (35) = 70x275 = 34.13
564
E (00) = 30x275 = 14.62
564
E (06) = 11x275 = 5.36
564
E (54) = 103x275 = 50.22
564
E (104) = 198x275 = 96.54
564
E (10) = 152x75 = 20.21
564
E (07) = 70x75 = 9.30
564
E (30) = 30x75 = 3.98
564
E (01) = 11x75= 1.46
564
E (01) = 103x75 = 13.69
564
E (26) = 198x75 = 26.32
564
217
Table-5.2.11.5: Satisfaction with Inter-Library Loan Service

E
29 84.08 3033.80 36.08
28 38.84 117.5 3.02
09 16.64 58.36 3.50
07 6.1 0.81 0.13
78 57.16 434.3 7.59
162 109.88 2716.49 24.72
120 55.51 4158.96 74.92
36 25.56 108.99 4.26
19 10.95 64.80 5.91
02 4.01 4.04 1.007
21 37.62 276.22 7.34
08 72.31 4135.77 57.19
03 12.12 83.17 6.86
06 5.58 0.17 0.03
02 2.39 0.15 0.06
02 0.87 1.27 1.46
04 8.21 17.72 2.15
28 15.79 149.08 9.44
∑=245.67
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 =245.67

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (3-1) x (6-1) = 10
Total
E (29) = 152x313= 84.08
564
E (28) = 70x313 = 38.84
564
E (09) = 30x313 = 16.64
564
E (07) = 11x313 = 6.1
564
E (78) = 103x313 = 57.16
564
E (162) = 198x313 = 109.88
564
E (120) = 152x206 = 55.51
564
E (36) = 70x206 = 25.56
564
E (19) = 30x206 = 10.95
564
E (02) = 11x206 =4.01
564
218
E (21) = 103x206 = 37.62

564
E (08) = 198x206 = 72.31
564
E (03) = 152x45 = 12.12
564
E (06) = 70x45 = 5.58
564
E (02) = 30x45 = 2.39
564
E (02) = 11x45= 0.87
564
E (04) = 103x45 = 8.21
564
E (28) = 198x45 = 15.79
564
Table-5.2.11.7: Satisfaction with Reprographic Service

Observed Frequency (O) Expected frequency (E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2
E
120 111.03 80.46 0.72
58 51.13 47.19 0.92
11 21.91 119.02 5.43
07 8.03 1.06 0.13
82 75.24 45.69 0.60
134 144.63 112.99 0.78
20 25.06 25.6 1.02
09 11.54 6.45 0.55
13 4.94 64.96 13.15
03 1.81 1.41 0.78
12 16.98 24.8 1.46
36 32.64 11.28 0.34
12 15.9 15.21 0.95
03 7.32 18.66 2.54
06 3.13 8.15 2.60
01 1.15 0.02 0.01
09 10.77 3.13 0.29
28 20.71 53.14 2.56
∑=34.83
Chi-Square= ∑ (O-E)2 =34.83

E
df= (row-1) x (column-1) = (3-1) x (6-1) = 10
Total
E (120) = 152x412= 111.03
564
219
E (58) = 70x412 = 51.13

564
E (11) = 30x412 = 21.91
564
E (07) = 11x412 = 8.03
564
E (82) = 103x412 = 75.24
564
E (134) = 198x412 = 144.63
564
E (20) = 152x93 = 25.06
564
E (09) = 70x93 = 11.54
564
E (13) = 30x93 = 4.94
564
E (03) = 11x93 =1.81
564
E (12) = 103x93 = 16.98
564
E (36) = 198x93 = 32.64
564
E (12) = 152x59 = 15.9
564
E (03) = 70x59 = 7.32
564
E (06) = 30x59 = 3.13
564
E (01) = 11x59= 1.15
564
E (09) = 103x59 = 10.77
564
E (28) = 198x59 = 20.71
564
220
Chapter - 1 Introductory Background and Framework of the Study
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND AND FRAMEWORK
OF THE STUDY
1.0 Introduction
Law is regarded as the cement of society. It is an essential medium of social
change. Knowledge of law increases ones‟ understanding of public affairs. Its study
promotes accuracy of expression, felicity in argument and skill in interpretation of the
written word, as well as understanding of social values (Williams, 2002).
ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science (1983) has defined library
as, “a collection of materials organized to provide physical, bibliographical and
intellectual access to a target group, with a staff that is trained to provide services and
programs related to the information needs of the target group.”
Generally, the objectives of a library depend upon the type of the library. The
objectives of library are fulfilled through the functions and operations. The objective
of special library is the provision of information in support of the objectives of its
parent organization. Although special libraries exist in a wide variety of organizations
and most of them are units of larger organization but these are established to serve
only a particular group of users or specialists working on a subject or a group of
subjects or on a particular type of documents (Dhar, 2010).
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Library and Information Science (2010) defines
law library as, “a type of special library with a collection consisting of primarily
materials for legal research and study, including case law, federal and state statutes,
international legal agreements, treatises, reference works, legal periodicals and
electronic research tools. A law library maintained by a court, law school, or legal
firm is normally managed by a librarian who may hold a J.D. degree in addition to the
M.L.S. or M.L.I.S”.
The Academic Law Library is indeed the heart of an academic institution and
plays an important role in all academic activities. A law library is truly a vital factor
in the administration of justice. In the present context, legal education is centered on
the strength of law libraries rather than class room teaching. The law library stands as
a functional lead for legal information in the form of books, journals, reference books,
statutes, reports and general books.
1
“Law library plays a vital role in the administration of justice. It is an institution

of extraordinary social significance in a free society. Inspiring the men and women of
vision who devote their talents to the creation and preparation of law libraries, whose
benefits reach out far and beyond the personal interest of the original creators”
(Tewari, 1997).
An efficient and responsive law library service is achievable through well
organized collections of legal information sources. Hence, a law library is to legal
practitioners and judicial officers what instruments are to a technologist, and
apparatus to scientists. In order to accomplish these roles, the library performs the
traditional functions of collection development, organization, retrieval and
dissemination of legal and related information sources. As law library is a special type
of library. A workable definition of law library might be “a collection of materials
wholly or mainly containing legal information, organized for use” (Moys, 1976).
Law librarianship, especially the librarianship in judicial institutions, is
different from librarianship in any other discipline. This aspect is more appropriately
explained by Kavass, (1975) when he says that “the reason for law libraries being
different from other types of libraries is that they serve a profession which is literally
unable to exercise its work without the use of books.” While librarians in other
organizations may convince their users to give them some time for catering to their
information requirements, a court librarian has to furnish the desired information at
once because the case is being argued in the Court and desired information is needed
in the court at the time of argument. So, a law librarian has to provide the information
instantly without any excuse/delay. Because of this reason, a law librarian has to be a
very alert professional and must develop his or her own tools and have the requisite
expertise to provide the desired information instantly.
The law library has skilled people to classify and arrange the books in an
orderly manner. A law library need to stock books on law and law alone. It has to
stock authoritative books from allied branches like philosophy, political science,
public administration, economics, etc. it must also stock language dictionaries,
dictionaries of law, judicial dictionary and thesaurus (Gandhi, M. 1992).
On the basis of different types of users, law libraries could be categorized into:
 Academic Law Libraries (for Students, Research Scholars and Teachers);
 Judicial Libraries attached to Courts (for Judges, Jurist);
2
 Government Departments Law Libraries (for Civil Servants and Government

Officials);
 Legislative Libraries (for Legislators);
 Bar Association Libraries (for Legal Practitioners); and
 Practitioner‟s Libraries (for Practitioners).
1.1 Collection Development
Collection development is systematic planning and rational building of library
material. The term includes all activities involved in assessing the users‟ need,
evaluating the present collection, determining the selection policy, coordinating the
selection of items, re-evaluating and storing parts of the collection and planning for
resource sharing. It is not a single activity, but an agglomeration of activities
(Parameswaran, 1997). Similarly ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science
(1983) defines collection development as, “ a term which encompasses a number of
activities related to the development of the library collection, including the
determination and coordination of selection policy, assessment of needs of users and
potential users, collection use studies, collection evaluation, identification of
collection needs, selection of materials, planning for resources sharing, collection
maintenance and weeding” Shipman, (1975) has also defined it as “the sum total of
library materials; books, pamphlets, manuscripts, punched cards, serials, government
documents, microfiches and computer tapes, etc. that makes up the holdings of a
particular library. In other words, it is planned; systematic development of an already
existing collection.”
Collection development is a plan which can be implemented and evaluated.
The process involves three main aspects:
 Collection planning- a design to acquire documents.
 Collection implementation -process of making documents available.
 Collection evaluation -examining and judging the relevance in relation to goals and
objectives.
Collection development is actually a blue print for the maintenance and
expansion of the library‟s collection in all formats. It is based on a strategic policy
which is responsible for selecting materials for the library to understand the
philosophy and rational that guides the development of collection. With this, the
library is able to allocate acquisition funds wisely, shape a strong collection and
3
inform the user community about the nature of collection. University of Connecticut
School of Law (2003) also defines collection development as “It evolved to
emphasize the needs of users and to assess their changing attitude towards the
collection. Collection development is sometimes considered as synonymous to
„collection building‟ which means that there is already a nucleus (the central and most
important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and
growth) of collection in the library and the librarian is going to build up the
collection”.
Since the beginning libraries have been providing various services such as
issuing books and personally guiding users to the actual source. The vast array of
services that most of the libraries provide consists of circulation, reference,
reprography, translation, current awareness and selective dissemination of information
etc.; but now the mode of services have been drastically changed to provide access to
resources rather than providing the documents itself. This paradigm shift is because of
the ICT revolution that has compelled libraries to modify the existing mode of
services. This developmental change has not only occurred in Academic Law
Libraries, but also court libraries and government law libraries in Delhi.
1.2 Collection Development of Law Libraries
Collection development involves selection and acquisition of information
sources which translates into the collection of a library. Collections of law libraries
are the bedrocks of all the services they can offer and determinant of the extent to
which such services can be provided. These collections can be categorized into three
sources as primary sources, secondary sources and tertiary sources.
Primary sources of information related to law are books of law as a subject,
like Constitutional Laws, Acts, Decrees, Edicts, Gazettes; Law Reports i.e. Courts and
Appellate, Court Decisions, Regulation and Ruling of Administrative Agencies.
Secondary sources are information sources about law, which are not sources of legal
authority. They vary widely in quality, form and authority. Although they lack legal
authority in a formal sense, some may have a persuasive influence in the process of
law-making by virtue of recognized prestige of their authors or quality of their
scholarship, examples are journals, textbooks, treatises, commentaries, restatements
and other periodicals. Tertiary sources of legal information provide access to large
body of law, great number of decisions and statutes issued over time. This facilitates
4
effective operation of the doctrine of precedents, as judges and legal practitioners can
have access to them and decide cases relevant to a particular case or problem.
Examples are digests of decisions, citations, encyclopedias, phrase books, annotated
statutory compilations, loose leaf services and indexes.
The Collection of a law library must be reasonably good and diverse. Such
collections must include all categories of information sources mentioned above. These
collections are available in both print and non-print form, in databases, such as Lexis-
Nexis, Lawtel, and the Internet.
1.3 Status of Law Librarianship in India
Shrivastava (2008) has stated that “Law librarianship in India is still a new
field and much effort to be done for the development of law libraries in a coordinated
manner. Even though there are approximately 600 law schools, 430 sub-ordinate
courts, 22 high courts, along with their 14 benches, a supreme court, 19 national and
state judicial academies and many legal research institutions, except sub-ordinate
courts, there is little coordination among them. There is neither resource sharing
initiatives among them, nor any consortia of law libraries. Though one attempt has
been made to form a consortium of legal libraries by some law school librarians, these
efforts are few and far between. Similarly, an attempt has also been made to form an
association of law librarians in the country and a conference of law librarians was also
organized in Bombay (2006) and in (2012) a conference of Law Librarians was held
in National Law School, New Delhi, but the association could not be registered and
yet to be given a formal birth. Unlike in the United States of America, where the
American Bar Association (ABA) has formulated some standards for Court Libraries,
no attempt has been made in India by any agency so far to formulate the standards for
judicial and court libraries at different levels. The Bar Council of India has
promulgated some standards for law school libraries for the purpose of accrediting
law schools, but once the accreditation has been granted, there is no mechanism to
check whether or not the law schools are adhering to prescribed norms”.
1.4 Statement of the Problem
The past two decades are often described as the Information age and people
now work in what has been renamed as Information Centers/Industries. The basic
foundation and the first perception of any information center is the collection and its
development. The strength of the collection, policies for acquiring the documents,
5
developmental techniques used to organize the collection, and other related aspects
are the key areas and buzz words of the current scenario of Information
Communication Technology (ICT) environment. Collection development remains an
immensely important yard stick in determining the nature and to a considerable
extent, the level of service which a library is able to provide. The present study is thus
undertaken to reveal the different facets of the collection development and its related
aspects in the law libraries of the Indian Capital (New Delhi) which is entitled,
“Collection Development and Services in Law Libraries in Delhi: A Comparative
Study”.
1.5 Need and Significance of the Study
The collection development is most important benchmark in determining the
nature and the services of a particular library. It has generally been perceived that a
library good in collection is good in its services and thus the satisfaction level of users
is also higher. It is known that the availability of good documents largely depends on
user needs and their satisfaction. In order to satisfy the users, the first and the
foremost aspect that is to be kept in mind is the presence of a good collection and its
development. Any study relating to the collection development programme will be
pertinent in the current era and the same applies to the present study as well. The
study is more significant as it covers the law libraries which have been less explored
as revealed from the available literature. The study analyses the complete outlook of
law libraries under the purview of aspects like: users‟ need for the process of selection
of documents, library‟s collection development policy and also the status of collection
development in the libraries. Though, several studies have been under taken regarding
acquisition of documents and the related collection development facets of various
libraries, but there has not been a proportionate research which has investigated the
collection development and services in Academic Law Libraries and Special Law
Libraries (Non-Academic Law Libraries). Thus, the study intends to fill up the gap.
1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The present study is limited to examining the collection development and
Services of law libraries located in Delhi. The time span considered for this study is
from 2007-2011. Data collected through a set of questionnaires, used in this study are
primary in nature. Some data are however, secondary too. The study under purview is
6
aimed at identifying the current status of collection development and services of the
following law libraries in Delhi:
• Indian Law Institute Library
• Law Library-University of Delhi
• Law Library- Jamia Millia Islamia
• Supreme Court Judges Library
• High Court Judges Library
• Parliament Library.
The study focuses mainly on collection development policies, selection criteria
of documents, collection evaluation methods, users‟ assessment methods and the
different types of services provided by these libraries. The study also examines users‟
assessment with regards to level of their satisfaction with collection development and
services.
1.7 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The mainstay and the core area of the present study is to determine the
collection development operations like acquisition, budgeting, organization,
maintenance, weeding out, etc. in the law libraries in Delhi alongwith the services
provided by them. For mining out the same, the following objectives have been
pursued for the purpose of the study on collection development and services of select
law libraries i.e., Academic Law Libraries and Special Law Libraries in Delhi:
 To study the present position of law libraries under study;
 To bring out information regarding the collection and also examine the budget of the
libraries under study.
 To examine and study the method of selection of study materials, tools used for
material selection, modes of acquisition, criteria of evaluation of documents,
provision of library committee, criteria for weeding out of reading materials, etc. in
libraries under study.;
 To study and examine about the collection development policy used in libraries under
study.
 To know the collections and use of legal databases in libraries under study;
 To know the provision of resource sharing in libraries under study;
 To examine the frequency of visit by the users of the law libraries under study;
 To find out the purpose of visit to the libraries;
7
 To assess the frequency of their use of library materials;

 To find out electronic information sources provided i.e. online databases and CD-
ROM databases, e-books, e-journals, e-cases, e-reports, etc.;
 To find out the use, awareness, level of satisfaction, etc., of the users regarding the
various services provided by the libraries, i.e. circulation service, reference service,
CAS and SDI services, bibliographic service, reprographic service, translation
service, etc.;
 To find out the users opinion regarding the overall general facilities available in
libraries; and
 To collect suggestions from the librarians/head of the libraries and users for further
development of libraries, its resources, facilities and services.
 To suggest measure to make library services more effective and efficient.
1.8 Hypotheses of the Study
For the smooth sailing in the area under shadow and in pursuance of the
above mentioned objectives, the following hypotheses have been postulated:
1. In both the categories of Law Libraries in Delhi i.e., Academic Law Libraries and
Special Law Libraries are not adopting a uniform collection development policy.
2. Tools used for the selection of information resources are not same in all the
libraries.
3. There is no significant difference in increasing the collection (printed as well as
electronic documents) of libraries under study during the last five years.
4. In both the categories of libraries Academic Law Libraries and Special Law
Libraries in Delhi are not having a good collection and use of online legal
databases.
5. In both the categories of libraries i.e., Academic Law Libraries and Special Law
Libraries the budget is not increasing constantly during the last five years.
6. There is no significant difference among the users of law libraries with regard to
use of OPAC and traditional catalogue.
7. All the users in both the categories of libraries i.e., Academic Law Libraries and
Special Law Libraries are neither aware nor satisfied with the services provided
by the libraries and also not satisfied with the behavior of library staff in the same
proportionate.
8
1.9 Research Methodology

The term methodology, in a broad sense, refers to the process,
principles and procedures by which one approaches the problems and
seeks the answer. There are various research methods such as,
historical, survey, experimental, etc. In this study the survey method is
used to study the collection development and services of selected six
Law Libraries, i.e. ILI, LLUD, LLJMI, SCJL, HCJL and PL in Delhi.
1.9.1 Variables taken in the Study
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, two sets of questionnaires were
prepared, one for library professionals and other for the users of libraries under study.
The first set of questionnaire was administered to the following categories of
respondents.
 Director/Librarian/Head of the Library/In-charge Acquisition Section.
The second set of questionnaire was administered to the following categories
of users of these below mentioned libraries under study.
 PSs/PAs to Members of Parliament
 PAs to Judges and Lawyers
 Faculty Members of Educational Institutes, Research Scholars and Post Graduate
(P.G.) Students.
The questionnaires were designed to study about collection development, total
annual budget of various libraries, modes of acquisition, provision of collection
development policy, collection and use of legal databases, use and awareness of e-
information resources, awareness and satisfaction about the services provided by the
libraries, etc.
1.9.2 Data Collection Techniques:
Large numbers of data collection techniques are available such
as questionnaire, schedule, interviews, observations, socio metr ic,
document review, psychological test, etc. The questionnaire, interview,
observations and document review techniques has been used to collect
the data.
1.9.2.1 Questionnaire Techniques:
Questionnaire is a tool to collect data from a diverse and widely
scattered group. It is called the heart of survey operation. To collect the
9
necessary data for the present study, two sets of questionnaires were
designed. One for each Librarian/Head of the Library and another for
the users of the library. Major formatting in the construction of the
questionnaire was made to obtain information on collection development
and services of law libraries under study.
In order to get maximum information on present study each
question is formulated on the basis of the literature reviewed. It has
been recognized as the most applicable and reliable instrument for
measuring the current status of libraries.
Administered the Questionnaire
Response rate which is also known as completion rate or return rate.
In survey research, it refers to the number of users who answered the problem divided
by the number of users in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of
a percentage. The response rates of the questionnaire has been outlined in the
following table which represents the total population of respondents, questionnaires
distributed, number of questionnaires returned and the questionnaires analysed for the
final analysis.
The investigator visited all the libraries under study and got 100% co-
operation and response from the side of Librarians/Head of the Library/Institute and
also requested to the librarian/head of the institute for getting permission to distribute
the questionnaire to the users, for this purpose the investigator visited the library in
February-2011, March-2011, April-2011, May-2011, June-2011, November-2011,
February-2012, May-2012, June-2012 and so on, these questionnaires were
distributed to the users of the libraries under study and also collected back the
questionnaire in the same period. The interviews have also been conducted with the
respondents and with various categories in the same period as mentioned above.
Table-1.1 describes the response rate of users that is totally based on random
sampling technique. The total population of users in six libraries under study is 5043.
The investigator administered 866 questionnaires among the users and 574
questionnaires were returned back. Out of these only 564 questionnaires were
considered for analysis because rests of the questionnaires were incomplete and many
questionnaires have not returned back. The table 1.1, given below, clearly highlights
that in Academic Law Libraries i.e. In ILI, LLUD, LLJMI no. of questionnaires
10
distributed and no. of questionnaire accepted for analysis is enough in comparison to

purely specialized law libraries, i.e. SCJL, HCJL and PL. Though the investigator
visited many times for distribution and collection of questionnaires but remained
unable to get complete answers of questionnaires distributed in various libraries,
especially in special law libraries. The details description is in Table- no. 1.1
Table-1.1: Response Rate of Users
Libraries Total Questionnaires Questionnaires Questionnaires
Under Study Population Distributed Returned Accepted for
Analysis
ILI 579 174(30%) 160(91.95%) 152(87.3%)
LLUD 265 80(30%) 70(87.50%) 70(87.5%)
LLJMI 66 33(50%) 30(90.90%) 30(90.9%)
SCJL 32 16(50%) 11(68.75%) 11(68.7%)
HCJL 398 119(30%) 103(86.55%) 103(86.4%)
PL 3703 444(12%) 200(45.05%) 198(44.5%)
TOTAL 5043 866(17.17%) 574(66.28%) 564(77.5%)
1.9.2.2 Interview Techniques:

Interview is an interpersonal face to face conversation in which
the interviewer asks questions pertinent to the research, and respondent
answers the questions. It is a very effective tool to collect the data
from the people because it ensures better responses as compared to
other methods of data collection. Interview also enriches the
qualitative data from questionnaire. Therefore, both structured and
unstructured interviews have been conducted with the various
categories of users on various aspects i.e. document collection, library
and staff, services of the library and their suggestions to improve the
library services.
1.9.2.3 Observation Techniques:
Observation is a well established technique for collection of
data. The observation method is normally employed in measuring,
testing, characterizing human behavior. In order to fully asses current
library practices, the researcher could not rely solely upon interviews
11
or questionnaire or existing data and so a variety of observa tion and

monitoring techniques were employed. On visiting libraries, it was observed
that in a few libraries, there is a wide gap of information provided by the
librarians in the areas of availability of infrastructure facilities, use of the
collection, both printed and electronic, use of information sources awareness
and satisfaction about the services provided by the libraries etc. This
technique helps the researcher to make the study more scientific.
1.9.2.4 Document review:
The investigator also consulted various printed and electronic
document such as annual reports, pamphlets, brochures, CD -ROMs,
concerned web-sites and other records of the libraries whenever is required.
1.9.3 Pilot Study:
The purpose of the pilot study is to test validity of the questionnaire
both as a data collection instrument and statistical measurement device. At
this stage it was intended to make the questionnaire easily understandable to
the people and to eliminate the probability of misunderstanding, confusions
and bias. A group of users, and librarians were agreed to fill in the
questionnaire and being interviewed for testing purposes.
As a result of the pre test it was decided to utilize more structured responses,
and to record some of the questions in order to improve their clarity.
Separate questionnaires were made for librarians and users. The
questionnaire designed for librarians consisting of a number of questions in
definite order and format viz. qualification and designation, strength of
library staff, library membership, total budget of various law libraries,
opinion regarding adequacy of library budget, yearly addition of print
document, collection development policy, modes of acquisition, legal
databases used in libraries, provision of resource sharing etc . The format of
the questionnaire has been given in appendix 1.
The questionnaire designed for library users is also based on structured
pattern and is in definite format viz. purpose of visit to the library, use of
library resources, use of e-information sources, adequacy of reading facilities,
satisfaction with use of library resources, awareness about services provided
by the libraries, satisfaction with the services provided by the libraries,
12
behavior of the library staff, etc. The questionnaire for library users
has been appended as appendix II.
1.9.4 Measurement Scale/the Chi-Square Test
Chi-square test describes the magnitude of difference between observed
frequencies and the frequencies expected under certain assumptions. With the help of
chi-square test, it is possible to find out whether such differences are significant or
insignificant and could have arisen due to fluctuations of sampling.
Mathematical formula for chi-square statistics is given below:
(O  E )2
 
2
E
Where O and E are the observed and expected frequencies respectively
d= (c-1) (r-1)
Where d stands for degree of freedom;
c for the number of columns; and r for number of rows
Such non-parametric tests have assumed great importance in statistical
analysis and statistical inference, because they are easy to compute and can be used
without making assumptions and about parameters as they are distribution free tests.
(examples of data analysis through chi-square test is given in Appendix-III)
1.9.5 Sources of Data
The data for the study collected from primary sources of
information such as journals/periodicals, prospectus, brochures,
standards, monographs, reports, websites and responses received from
the librarians/head of the libraries, staff and users. However, secondary
and tertiary sources i.e. Text books, dictionaries, encyclopedias,
yearbooks; directories were also consulted as per need of the study
1.9.6 Analysis and Interpretation of Data
The data collected through questionnaires has been organized and tabulated by
using statistical method as well as simple percentage. Statistical method of research
lays stress on facts, figures, etc. They have their own characteristics i.e. these methods
do not study any single individual, but a group of individuals; these methods are
quantitative rather than qualitative and so on. Statistical methods are mechanical
processes designed to facilitate the condensation and analysis of a large body of
quantitative data. Inferential statistics have also been used to make predictions to test
13
hypotheses and to deduce characteristics of a population from the characteristics of a

sample.
1.9.7 Standard used for Bibliographical References
For bibliographical references APA Style-6th edition has used.
The Specimen Entry of APA style-6th edition
Collection development (1983). In Heartsill Young (Ed.). ALA Glossary of Library
and Information Science (p.49). Chicago: American Library Association.
Kavass, I. I. (1975). Law Libraries of United States: Development & growth.
International Journal of Law Libraries, 3, 27-28.
Law Library. (2010). In A.S. Siwatch (Ed.) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Library
and Information Science (Vol. 2 (1), p. 395). New Delhi: Shree Publisher.
Library. (1983). In Heartsill Young (Ed.). ALA Glossary of Library and
Information Science (p.130). Chicago: American Library Association.
Moys, E. M. (1976). Law library practice: general principles. In Moys,
Elizabeth M. (Ed.), Manual of law librarianship. (pp. 419-443). London:
Andre Deutsch.
Parameswaran, M. (1997). Collection development in university libraries: policy
and procedure. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, 17 (2), 11-13.
1.9.8 Appendices
Appendix -1 is used for Questionnaire for Librarian/Head of the Library.
Appendix-II is used for Questionnaire for users and Appendix-III is used for
Examples of Chi-Square Test.
14
1.10 Chapterisation
The present study is divided into six well structured and appropriately
designed chapters which are described below:
Chapter-1
Introductory Background and Framework of the Study
The introductory chapter highlights short description of law, library, law
library, types of law libraries, collection development, law library collection
development, etc. This chapter also contains origin of the research problem, need and
significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study, aims and objectives,
hypotheses and research methodology of the study.
Chapter-2
Review of Related Literature
This chapter deals with the overall review of studies conducted abroad as well
as in India in a chronological order regarding the topic under purview. The chapter is
a compilation of the studies conducted earlier in the area of the present study in order
to visualize the problem in multiple dimensions. The investigator reviewed only those
studies, which were similar to the present study. The previously published literature
related to the present study was summarized and included in the present study.
Chapter-3
Profile of the Libraries under Study
This chapter deals with an overall introduction about the libraries under study.
It gives the detailed structure of their collection, users, staff, services, etc. in a
systematic manner. It also includes the background information of the institution and
their libraries in a more comprehensive way.
Chapter-4
Collection Development and Services of Libraries
This chapter describes the concept of the collection development, factors
affecting collection development, prerequisites of collection development, collection
development policy, elements of collection development policy, etc. It also includes
users of libraries, their information needs, details of subject areas and formats
collected elements of miscellaneous issues, selection of resources with a bent towards
electronic resources and so on.
15
Chapter-5
Data Analysis and Interpretation
This chapter highlights the analysis and interpretation of data collected
through questionnaire. It is divided into two parts based on the Librarians‟/Head of
the Libraries response and the Users‟ response. It consists of tables with their
comprehensive interpretation supported by the graphical representation of the
analyzed data. All the aspects of both the Librarians‟ and Users‟ responses have been
analyzed under the purview of the objectives formulated.
Chapter-6
Conclusion, Findings, Hypotheses and Recommendations
This chapter is the last portion of the thesis which indicates the major findings
of the study, conclusion of the overall study, tenability of hypotheses and
recommendation for further research. It presents a lucid summary of all the findings
which will represent the overall output of the thesis based on the objectives of the
study and a winding up conclusion depicting the overall core implications of the
study.
16
REFERENCES
Dhar, M. (2010). Research and technical libraries organizations, operation and
services, New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication.
Gandhi, M.K. (1992). Legal Method and Legal Research. Faridabad: Allahabad Law
Agency.
Kavass, I. I. (1975). Law Libraries of United States: Development & growth.
Law Library. (2010). In A.S. Siwatch (Ed.) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Library and
Information Science (Vol. 2 (1), p. 395). New Delhi: Shree Publisher.
Library. (1983). In Heartsill Young (Ed.). ALA Glossary of Library and Information
Science (p.130). Chicago: American Library Association.
Moys, E. M. (1976). Law library practice: general principles. In Moys, Elizabeth M.
(Ed.), Manual of law librarianship. (pp. 419-443). London: Andre Deutsch.
Parameswaran, M. (1997). Collection development in university libraries: policy and
procedure. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, 17 (2), 11-13.
Shipman, Joseph C. (1975). Collection Building. Colorado: Libraries Unlimited.
Shrivastava, R.K. (2008). Law librarianship in India with special reference to the
judicial system. International journal of legal information, 36 (2), 290.
Tewari, H.N. (1997). Legal Research Methodology. Allahabad: Central law agency.
University of Connecticut School of law (2003). Library collection development plan.
Retrieved on December 17, 2010 from http://www.law.uconn.edu/school-law-
library/information-policies-and procedures/library-collection-development-
plan#Intro.
Williams, G. (2002). Learning the law. New Delhi: Universal.
17
Chapter - 2 Review of Related Literature
CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The review of literature is a link between the proposed research and the
studies that have already been done. It tells readers about those aspects that have
already been established or conducted by other authors. It provides an opportunity to
the readers to appreciate evidences that have already been collected by previous
researchers, and streamlines the current research work in the proper perspective.
Review of literature is also crucial to elaborate the differences in opinions,
contradictory findings or evidences and the diverse explanations given for their
conclusion. An analysis of these factors may help one to understand facts of a critical
and complex matter and at other times, such analysis can lead to a possibility that can
be searched upon in the current project. Thus a review of literature is of paramount
importance in research work.
In short, review of literature is an initial step for carrying out research.
It enables to avoid any type of duplicity in research work and widens the
understanding of the problem. The review of related literature presents over all review
of studies conducted abroad as well as in India regarding the topic. Only those studies,
related to the present study have been reviewed here.
Not a single article or book related to this topic, i.e. “collection development
and services in law libraries in Delhi: a comparative study” is in publication/published
in India, however a few articles are available related to law library services or law
library collections. Most literature is on collection development/collection
development services in Special Law Libraries, other than law libraries‟ collection
development/services. This chapter presents an overall review of studies conducted
abroad as well as in India in a reverse chronological order, which is as follows:
Shubhashree (2012) discussed the various issues, especially the legal ones,
involved in the digitization process, its shortcomings and feasible solutions.
It also analyses how by using varied digital preservation technologies, the law
libraries can preserve not only their unique collections but also provide online access
to the materials which has been previously inaccessible or limitedly accessible, also a
comparative analysis is done to show how Indian Law Libraries can learn from
international law research libraries so to preserve the first class scholarly research
collection.
18
Pande (2012) dealt with some pertinent issues relating to the accessibility of
legal information in the digital age. Firstly, by the way of digitization of legal
education and research, it is obviously not a current phenomenon, which is evident
from the fact that we already have a digital repository in portals such as Manupatra,
Westlaw, and Hein online etc. This paper dealt in detail with the most pressing
concern in the formation of law libraries in the digital age copyright. The author is of
the opinion that if a digital library is regarded as a copyright society, as they are
essentially owners of copyright work, license regulations, similar to sections 30 to 35
of the Indian Copyright Act 1957, may be applicable. The paper concludes with
recommendations towards the building of digital law libraries and for the promotion
of legal research in the digital age.
Hussain, Khan & Fatima (2011) conducted a study on the use of online
resources by the students of Indus Business Academy, Bangalore and Greater Noida,
India. 95 well structured questionnaires were distributed among 167 PGDM students
of management to find out the use of online resources of the information centers. This
study demonstrates and elaborates the various aspects of uses of online resources and
services provided by the institute/library, user‟s awareness about ICT/Digital
Information, frequency and purposes of visit, linking patterns, type of e-information,
uses of search engines, problems, user‟s satisfaction within information services and
utility of online resources.
Hussain, Muzeeb & Fatima (2011) discussed five women‟s college libraries of
South Campus, University of Delhi. The main objective of the study was to gauge the
use of collections and services in the library, to determine the manner of document
location and such elements of the library, to identify infrastructure facilities being
provided by the library and find out the overall user‟s satisfaction with the resources
and services provided in these libraries. The authors have placed emphasis on a good
rapport between the user community and library personnel and a proper paradigm for
the same should be developed.
Ansari (2011) examined collection development policies and information
services provided by government funded medical college, Lucknow and also
discussed how government funded medical colleges make policies for their collection
development and provide information resources to their users. The purpose of the
collection development policy is to provide framework for maintenance and
development of the library‟s collection to indicate priorities, establish selection
19
criteria across the range of different subjects, languages and media and create a
consistent and coherent basis for the future development of the collection. The paper
found that collection development policies and information services are very
important for medical colleges.
Little (2011) conducted a study on the “collection development in library and
information science at ARL libraries”. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the
results of a 2010 survey of LIS selectors at ARL institutions/libraries that do not
support an ALA- accredited programme to learn how and why LIS materials are
collected at these institutions. The collection development librarians completed a
survey that asks them to describe their institution‟s selection policies, practices and
budgets for LIS materials, along with their roles as LIS selectors/subject specialists.
The LIS collections primarily support librarians and staff in their daily work and
ongoing professional development. However, most libraries‟ LIS collection budgets
are comparatively small, selectors receive few requests for new materials, and
collecting parameters vary by institutions, but are limited in terms of subject,
publisher and audience. The majority of LIS selectors are also responsible for
collection development in multiple subject areas.
Kumar, Hussain, Ansari & Fatima (2011) conducted a survey on the use of
library facilities by users of MONIRBA Library, Allahabad (U.P.). A questionnaire
and observation method was used to identify the notions of users towards the
awareness of library services, adequacy and relevancy of library collections, etc. The
paper also examined the satisfaction level of users about library resources and
services.
Naushad & Nisha (2011) conducted a study on use of e-journals among
research scholars at Central Science Library, University of Delhi. The purpose of this
paper was to determine the extent to which research scholars at Central Science
Library, University of Delhi were aware and made use of e-journals. A survey was
designed to collect basic information about the level of use of electronic journals as
well as other factors associated with their use. A well structured questionnaire was
administered among research scholars to collect the necessary primary data keeping in
view the objectives of the study. Findings clearly reveal that more than 60% of users
in the Central Science Library are using e-journals weekly for the purpose of research.
Printed journals are consulted by a majority of the users as compared to e-journals.
Keyword search is the most popular method for searching
20
e-journals among research scholars; where as the date of publication carries the least
percentage among all the options. However, it is found that slow downloading of PDF
files is the major problem that would discourage users from using e-journals.
Tailor (2011) conducted a study on “Jewish studies book awards:
A collection development strategy for non sectarian Academic Law Libraries". The
purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative method of building quality
collections for Jewish Studies. Collection Development Professional in small and
medium size academic libraries worked with highly restricted budgets. The sources of
Jewish Studies literary awards were identified and a detailed analysis of awarded
books, subjects and the publishing sources was conducted. Results showed that
awarded books covered a vast variety of subjects of interest to Jewish studies
collections. Since many of them were also published by academic presses, the use of
identified Jewish Studies book award sources should be considered by bibliographers,
responsible for building Jewish Studies collections in non sectarian college libraries
with very limited budget resources.
Vyas (2010) described academic law libraries‟ roles, set up under autonomous
national law universities during the past two decades and also discussed the integrated
legal curriculum prescribed in the National Law University.
He explained NALSAR University Library Collection (print as well as electronic) and
special features like use of software, various electronic databases, RFID technology
and other facilities. He proposed the need, objectives and advantages of Law-net and
concludes that academic law libraries must provide quality library services to teachers
and students, and also reference service in the real time environment as well as
develop faith in co-creation of library facilities.
Street & Runyon (2010) examined how academic law libraries can respond to
the call for more practice oriented legal education and compared trends in collection
management decisions regarding secondary sources at academic and law firm library.
The results of their survey are followed by recommendations about how academic and
firm librarians can work together to provide best law students with the material they
will need to practice. He suggested that all law libraries must consider many different
factors when choosing to make cancellations and adjustments to existing collections.
His study found an increasing reliance on electronic media. The results also indicate
that there is a continuing need for print in the law firm and academic settings in order
to mitigate high cost as well as to most efficient retrieved information.
21
Palfrey (2010) described a sharing vision for the future of legal information,
one that is informed by methods of multiple disciplines and that will promote
democratic ideals. This shared vision could guide us as we continue to lay the
cornerstones for law libraries in a “digital-plus” era. He also elaborates the process
that should enable law libraries to establish a clear, shared vision for legal information
on a global basis. Further, he says that people are today actively laying the foundation
that will guide them in building the future.
Kumar, Hussain, Fatima & Tyagi (2010) examined the use of collections and
services at IIT Library, Delhi.190 questionnaires were distributed among IIT Library
users‟ during the academic session 2008-2009, to find out the information resources
being provided by the IIT Library. The questionnaires were checked and out of 178
filled questionnaires returned, 170 (95.51%) were found fit for analysis and out of
which 8 (4.49%) were considered unusable. This study demonstrates and elaborates
the various aspects of use of collections and services, purpose of visit to the library,
adequacy of library hours, infrastructure facilities, use and collection of documents,
i.e., internet information resources. The study also identifies levels of use of various
services provided and access to online database services, database search techniques
and user‟s awareness about different types of library network. It highlighted
satisfaction with overall functions of the library. Suggestions have been given to make
the collections and services more beneficial for the academic community of the
mentioned technical institutes in India as well as abroad.
Kichuk (2010) studied about the growth of reviewed electronic resources at
the University of Saskatchewan Library over a 12 year period from 1996-1997 to
2007-2008. The researcher collected data from the library‟s databases (A-Z lists) over
the period, compiled statistics and growth rates for both net holdings and new
acquisitions, then analyzed and contextualized the results. The study revealed that the
growth of electronic resources or development stages corresponded to advances in
electronic resources types i.e., bibliographic, full text, reference and a pattern of
sustained rapid growth. It was found that growth doubled within the last four years of
the period, with more than 100 resources being added annually in the same period.
Both internal and external events impacted this growth. Just as internal and external
events contribute to the growth of electronic resources, new events such as economic
decline may contribute to growth decline.
Khan (2010) conducted a study on managing collection development and
22
organization in globalizing Indian University Libraries. The main purpose of the study
was to identify the current status of collection development organization pattern and
to make a comparative analysis of collection development organization patterns of
four central university libraries of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) i.e., Aligarh Muslim
University (AMU) Aligarh, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Allahabad University
(ALU) and Baba Bhim Rao Ambedkar University (BBRAU), Lucknow.
Hyodynmaa, Ahlholm, Anita, & Nurminen (2010) illustrated a technique to
map, evaluate and describe subject based collections. The case study seeks to describe
the application of this method in a multidisciplinary university library. This case study
presents the collection mapping method and its application in Tampere University
Library and shows how to gather data on subject based collections and their usage.
The study shows that this method can provide useful information on the library‟s
subject based collections. Using this information the library can describe and develop
its collections and also present results on subject based collections to the faculties
concerned. The article also describes Tampere University Library‟s application of the
methods which makes it possible to map, evaluate and describe the library‟s
collections.
Hibbitts (2010) argued that contemporary fascination with the law of
technology has led us to overlook the fundamental impact of the “technology of law”
and offered suggestions for creating “neterate” Lawyers, more comfortable and
conversant with technology itself. He described how the legal news service JURIST
implemented many of these suggestions and provided a unique learning experience
for its law students and staff. Technology and internet have changed the way of
libraries in delivery of information sources and services. Users‟ now do not depend
much on traditional sources of information kept on the shelves of the library.
The author have focused on the literacy of users of law libraries towards internet,
hence he has referred this activity as netracy.
Chaputula & Boadi (2010) looked at the nature of funding for collection
development activities at a Chancellor College Library, University of Malawi, and
saw how this impacts the collection development activities of the institution. The
results of the study shows that funding for collection development activities at
Chancellor College Library, University of Malawi was inadequate and that this
inadequacy of funding seriously affected the library‟s collection development
activities. Due to prevailing conditions, the library had been forced to rely on
23
donations and exchanges as the principle means making its collection grow.
The study therefore was significant in that it will help in some way to fill the
knowledge gaps that exist in this area.
Briscoe (2010) conducted a study on the quality of Academic Law Library
online catalogs and its effect on information retrieval and examined a number of
online catalog entries and documented the accuracy of selected bibliographic records.
He found that 96% users‟ indicated that a misspelling in the title, author or subject
heading will have some or a significant effect on their ability to answer reference
questions and 81% indicated that incorrect publisher information will affect their
ability to answer reference questions. After finding a high level of errors, she
surveyed reference libraries to determine if they believed that these errors would
affect their ability to answer reference questions.
Hussain, Fatima & Kumar (2010) examined the use of library collections and
services by PG Students of Kedar Naath Modi Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Modinagar (U.P.). Questionnaires were used for collecting opinions of
the use of library collections and services. 80 questionnaires were distributed among
PG students out of which 67 questionnaires were received back from the respondents.
This study demonstrated and elaborated the various aspects of library collections
usage within the available resources, frequency and purposes of visit, utilization of
library services, average time spent in the library, adequacy of library hours, adequacy
of reading space, document locations, document search through catalogues, library
computerization. It also assessed the behaviour of library staff as well as satisfaction
with overall functions of the library.
Belniak (2009) conducted an inspection of scholarly writings of the twentieth
and twenty first centuries. Ms. Belniak articulated the skill sets, knowledge areas, and
personality characteristics of the archetypal law librarian over the last one hundred
years. The author has described the historical background and role of law librarians in
20th and 21st century. She further described that there is nothing to suggest an end to
the growth of legal information and sources, or an end to the creation of various
classification or communication technologies. Whether working from an office in a
law library or working remotely from home, the law librarian of the future will seem
nothing like the librarian of present when compared to qualifications, skill sets,
experience and knowledge. However when evaluating the ability of future law
librarians to adapt to change or embrace unanticipated outcomes, it will be oddly
24
similar to that of the 20th century‟s and today‟s figures.

Runyon (2009) conducted a study on effect of economic and electronic
resources on the tradition of law library print collection, and came to the conclusion
that the exponential rise in the cost of legal materials and the increase in availability
of, and expectation for electronic materials has strained the budgets of Academic Law
Libraries. The author surveyed directors of Academic Law Libraries to identify trends
in collection management, such as cancelling, weeding, and signing library
maintenance agreements. This study showed that Academic Law Library collections
are on the brink of a major change, and indeed have begun to take a new shape over
the past five years. He suggested that researches using a larger sample are needed to
confirm these results.
Sudhasankar & Tadasad (2009) conducted a survey of medical college
libraries in the Karnataka State. Questionnaires were circulated in 75 libraries of
medical colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bangalore,
of which 61 medical college libraries responded. Various aspects of medical college
libraries were covered i.e., category of college, year of establishment, type of
management, location of college, strength of students and teaching faculty, colleges
on the same campus, departmental library, library operations, head of the library,
collection development policy, general picture of collection, types of information
resources, mode of book acquisition, criteria adopted for book selection, book
selection tools consulted by librarian, availability of secondary sources of
information, etc. Collection development is quite satisfactory as it is based on the
policy followed in many health science libraries but still the practice has to be made
more users responsive to reshape their collection in the context of their institutions
educational profile.
Yeoh & Kiran (2008) examined the publication output of research in Higher
Education for subject support in collection development in the light of growing
interest in diversified domains of research in higher education. The paper presents a
quantitative analysis of 202 articles published in research in higher education from
2000 to 2005. It applies bibliometric analysis to investigate the publication
distribution, authorship pattern, research collaboration among scholars, and citation
analysis to profile surrogated information for higher education resource management.
Analysis of 40 issues of publications revealed a diversified use pattern of
bibliographic reference sources by contributing researchers, with a cumulative total
25
citations being as 8374. This paper serves as a window to understanding the scientific
productivity of contributing scholars specifically in the field of higher education. This
may assist researchers and stake holder‟s collection management decision, and
provide a referencing source for library professional and policy makers.
Teel (2008) aimed to discuss significant outcomes of change and improvement
in a collection based on the inventory outcomes. In this study application of the shelf
analysis data is used to develop a long range plan for implementing changes and
improvement in collection development process. This case study discusses significant
outcomes that were accomplished by implementing long-range strategic planning.
This article substantiates that a collection inventory provided the catalyst for
instigating major changes in the curriculum collection development of the Joyner
Library Teaching Resource centre.
Mallik & Sen (2008) dealt with the basic role played by libraries of Indian
Academic Law Libraries and available basic information sources for resource
building. Printed resources have been found to be specialized whereas online
information resources are dynamic as they cover a wide range of legal information.
A webpage based study of the libraries of top twenty Indian Academic Legal
Institutes showed that more than half of the Indian premiers Academic Legal
Institutes do not provide any information regarding their online information resources
and thus, it may be assumed that they hardly have any online information resource.
Eight of the India‟s top twenty Academic Legal Institutes have well described
libraries on the web with a variety of online resources which may be considered as
shift change of libraries from printed information resource building to digital
information dependency.
Borin & Yi (2008) provided conceptual guidelines and a model to support
collection evaluation and assessment in the era of unstable and constantly changing
patterns of information. The paper identifies environmental factors in collection
evaluation, establishes set ratios that need to be addressed and finally provides a set of
indicators for collection evaluation and assessment that can be selected from, and
adapted by libraries. This paper bridges two different collection evaluation models,
collection based and user based. It identifies that there is not a single appropriate
collection evaluation method. It provides a different perspective to a body of literature
which is best if practice based. This paper suggests a new model that provides
flexibility and adaptability. It offers a multidimensional approach that libraries can
26
use and adapt to their specific situation.

Hussain & Kumar (2007) conducted a study on “Collection Development: an
overview”. In this study they found that collections provide valuable functions, such
as collecting sources for convenience and saving time and money, selectively
narrowing the search scope to increase precision and ease of use in presenting
choices, and assisting in clarification of information need.
Harpe & Norelli (2007) conducted a study on the business collaboration and
electronic collection developments with strategic business partnership and business
faculty librarian (BFL) collaborations. They seek to address how the motivations for
business partnerships and faculty librarian collaborations are similar. A conceptual
model suggests that the depth of the BFL relationship significantly enhances
electronic collection development outcomes. The findings are significant because they
demonstrate how BFL collaborations can be made more effective through the
application of business principles. BFL collaborations can positively influence
electronic collection development in a variety of ways.
The paper offers a new and unique conceptual model that improves understanding of
the nature and depth of BFL collaboration in the context of electronic collection
development. This paper will be of interest to business faculty in particular and other
faculty in general and librarians working in diverse library settings, especially
librarians aligned with management and business departments. Librarians in
management positions will likely find this information useful as a means to increase
faculty librarian collaboration across all disciplines.
Sarbrinder & Satija (2007) discussed about various trends in collection
development in a digital environment. Changes in acquisition, retrieval and storage of
information due to technological developments have been discussed in this study.
Limitations, restrictions and problems being faced by librarians and readers due to the
above reasons have also been discussed. The effect of these developments on
academic environment and the changed role of librarian have also been portrayed.
Vignau & Quesada (2006) discussed about the topic of Collection
Development in a digital environment and have emphasized that developing digital
collections is a logical consequence of inserting information technologies in
organizations. The usual route towards other models of libraries has allowed the
development of the digital collections as a source of digital libraries. This paper is
based on the development of a user oriented concept of digital collections. The current
27
information society requires collection development to guarantee suitable resources in

information organizations. The authors have provided a new way of looking at the
development of digital collections. In this paper the authors have proposed a cycle to
create a digital collection beginning from the established percepts for traditional
collection development. The creation process is supplemented with an analysis of the
term collection development starting from the users‟ focus.
Stoller (2006) traced the patterns of collection development expenditures
between 1994 to 2004 among Association of Research Libraries (ARL), to identify
the impact of serial inflation, emergence of electronic resources and changes in the
monographic market upon the buying patterns of the largest and smallest academic
libraries, public and private, in the USA and Canada. Analysis of the annual ARL
statistics for collection development expenditures between 1994- 2004, focused upon
10 largest public and private, 10 smallest public and private academic ARL libraries.
Libraries have largely responded to the revolutionary changes of the last decade very
conservatively, retaining their commitment to monographic acquisitions and to their
paper collection as they have built new, electronic libraries. The methodology does
not seek a statistically precise model but seeks only to lay out a useful snap shot of
library collecting patterns over the last 10 years. It provided a picture of collection
development pattern of the largest and smallest ARL Academic Law Libraries that
complements ARL‟s own analysis which is based on median value.
Singh (2006) aimed to outline the emerging trends and developments taking
place in special libraries in India. It aimed to provide an overview of how Special Law
Libraries in India function; particularly since younger library professionals are now
actively becoming involved in developing new skills and competencies in order to
make libraries more customer sensitive and customer centered. In most Indian Special
Law Libraries, features such as internet resources and other electronic/digital
resources, subject gateways and networks and consortia, are fast gaining acceptance.
New trends include the development of the library‟s own websites, the sophisticated
applications of digital technology, more professional marketing of information
products and services, outsourcing, flexi work force, knowledge management and
participative management, which are becoming the order of the day.
Shouse & Teel (2006) conducted a study under the title “Inventory: Catalyst
for Collection Development”. The intention of this article is to show the direct
outcomes of an inventory project, which served as the catalyst for collection
28
development improvements. An inventory project was undertaken with emphasis on

the outcomes derived from the inventory. Several types of problems were discovered,
such as missing items in correct information (call numbers, collection codes, item
types, etc.), damaged materials, and weaknesses in the collection, which resulted in
major improvements and changes in the development of the collection. The results of
the inventory project improved the accessibility of the collection to patrons by
correcting inconsistencies involved in the shelving of materials, online records, call
numbers, collection codes, item types and bar codes.
Patel & Srivastava (2006) conducted a study on access to Indian legal
information through the internet: an experience of judges‟ library, Allahabad High
Court. The article discussed the purpose of using internet, identified popular websites
used by the legal professional, and utility for internet lawyers.
Clemons & Sproles (2006) conducted a survey on the topic using depository
exchange lists as collection development tools. This paper seeks to highlight the
benefits of using depository exchange lists as collection development tools. The
authors have provided a general overview of depository collection development and
analyze exchange list activity at the national and local level. Although exchange lists
are widely available electronically, only a small portion of depository libraries
actually use them as it was found in the analysis of exchange list activity at the
national level. Many unique and out of print documents are regularly being offered on
lists. This paper provided information on an area of government‟s documents and
collection development librarianship that is not widely covered in the literature. It
highlighted the use of exchange lists as a means to increase collections at a relatively
low cost.
Agee (2005) conducted a study on collection evaluation: a foundation for
collection development, it proposes encouraging librarian to be more informed about
the value of collection evaluations. Three examples of collection evaluation methods
(user centered evaluation, physical assessment and specific subject support) have been
explored. Many strategies are available for evaluating collections, regardless of the
kind of library or size of the collection. Evaluation allows librarians a more thorough
knowledge of what already exists, what may be needed and whether collection
development goals are being achieved. Methods of meaningful collection evaluation
are shared so that librarians may create an evaluation that will provide useful
information to them in their library setting. Implication for successful future
29
collection management, financial resource management and effective format selection

has been discussed.
Ahmad & Haridasan (2005) conducted a study on the topic “Study of
periodicals collection in National Library of Veterinary Sciences”. The objectives of
the study were: to find out whether the members of NLVS are satisfied with the
services or not; to reveal the years of publication during which periodicals were
consulted maximum by users; to identify the most useful periodicals used by the
researcher in his/her area of research; etc,
The authors have used the questionnaire method for data collection. The major
findings were: majority of users (90%) visit library to consult documents for their
research; from the study it was found that 89% users consult „Indian Science
Abstract‟ for references and abstract, followed by „Index Veterinaries‟ (35%),
„Immunological Abstract‟ (28%) and „Dairy Science Abstract‟ (28%);the study
identified that all users‟ used bibliographical services, 30% used full-text and only
12% used online services; the study identified that secondary periodicals were
averagely useful for scholars in information search; and it was also observed from the
collected data that most of the users were aware of the non-conventional form of
materials and used CD-ROMs for their literature requirement.
Witten (2005) described the restructuring of collection development at the
University of California Riverside University Libraries. This paper is based on
libraries‟ experience in changing to fund accounting. The author described the new
system that has created more accountability for the materials budget. As a result of the
new system, faculty members are more aware of the budgeted amount for
monographic purchases in their own area and whom they can contact with concerns or
purchasing request. This article has provided a model for restructuring collection
development that other libraries can adapt.
Williams & Phillips (2004) have analysed “Collection development embraces
the digital age: a review of the literature, 1997-2003.” The objectives of the study
were: to find out the growth of electronic resources; to find out the change in
scholarly communications; to know the extent of building digital collections; the
cooperative collection development has taken on new vitality in the digital age; to
know organization, training and professional development; and to know the collection
assessment and evaluation, weeding and storage, and subject specific collection
development.
30
A review literature method was used for data collection. The important
findings of the study were: collection development and management literature of the
past seven years revealed distinct trends among issues, philosophy, and practice.
Digital age themes reflected the increasingly networked nature of the profession, with
new attention focused on scholarly communications and publishing, digital collection
building, consortia collaboration, and quantitative assessment. The literature of
collection development and management was primarily applied, reflecting upon the
pragmatic nature of authors and readers. The authors who explored the implications of
collection building in the digital age challenged readers to imagine a vastly different
future for collection development practice.
White (2004) conducted a study on collaborative collection building of
electronic resources of business faculty librarians‟ partnership and described the
background and rationale for the formation of this partnership and also the issues and
procedures that are followed to collaboratively build e-electronic collections to
support business research. Benefits of this partnership included greater access to
electronic resources for faculty throughout the university, an improved understanding
of the breadth and needs of faculty research in business; and better knowledge of the
resources that were used by various faculty, academic departments, and locations
throughout the university. The partnership also provided a framework for
incorporating electronic resources into the strategic planning process.
Rajeev & Amritpal (2004) have described the “Use of Internet by Teachers
and Students in Shaheed Bhagat Singh College of Engineering & Technology: A case
Study.” The questionnaire method was used for data collection. The major findings
were: A majority of the respondents had more than 2 years experience in using the
Internet. A majority of the users of the college used the internet service daily. The
most frequently used places for accessing internet were the college (90.0%) and home
(63.3%). A majority of the respondents used the internet for educational purposes and
only a less number of respondents used the internet for entertainment purposes.
Peterson (2004) conducted a study on collection development in California
Indian tribal libraries and highlighted the tribal library, which is a community center
that serves the unique information needs of Native American community. A tribal
library can be a kind of public library for the community, an education and literacy
center, as well as an archive that records and preserves the heritage of a tribe.
However, tribal libraries typically struggle with inadequate and unstable funding, and
31
in California are often denied the benefits of resource sharing agreements within
library networks. Tribal library collection development also presents special
challenges in terms of identifying, locating and acquiring the materials most needed.
This paper provides guidelines for selection of materials, suggestions for sources of
Native American materials with an emphasis on California Indians, as well as selected
titles for California tribal libraries.
Maharana, Choudhury & Dutta (2004) conducted a study under the title
“Collection development of electronic information resources in R&D libraries of
Kolkata city: a survey”. To collect data the authors have used Questionnaire method.
The important findings were: Out of 10 libraries only 4 (40%) libraries provided
access to their OPACs, E-Journals, E-Databases, and such other resources via internet
on the Local Area Network (LAN) to the faculty, students, scientists, researchers, and
other users of the respective libraries; The libraries under the study had been
subscribing to a wide range of electronic databases, such as AGRIS, MEDLARS,
Sociological abstracts, INIS, etc. Specific to their area of research; Six (60%) of the
libraries had a policy statement for development and management of their e-
resources; One surprising aspect noted in this study was that only 3 (30%) out of 10
libraries subscribe to CALIBNET; All the libraries except NIRIAFT had their own
Website. They provide OPAC, Inter Library Loan, email descriptions to their e-
resources, staff directory, etc. through their Website to the off campus users‟
worldwide; Most of the libraries (80%) did not follow a standard practice to preserve
their digital resources. Most of the libraries, i.e. 9 (90%) preserved the electronic
documents in df format and equal number of them also preserved in HTML format;
and technical training was provided to the staff of 7 (70%) libraries on digital asset
management. In case of 7 (70%) libraries, the staffs who trained on digitization of
library resources‟ followed by 5 (50%) libraries on development library m-house
databases‟, digital presentation, and acquisition and access to consortia based
resources.
Lenz (2004) conducted a study on “Faculty Services in Academic Law
Libraries: Emerging Roles for the Collection Development Librarians” and argued
that the collection development librarians should assume an active role in library
faculty services programs. The collection development librarian must participate on
all three levels of a successful faculty services program, including information
gathering, reactive service and proactive service. She explores ways by which they
32
can make valuable contributions to such programs, and examines the importance of
interdepartmental collaboration to achieve faculty service goals. The collection
development librarian must participate in the library‟s faculty services program as an
integral part of the faculty services team. Coordinated by the faculty services
librarian, this collaborative effort requires the participation of all library staff of all
departments. The collection development librarian has a unique perspective to offer to
the program and also can serve as a bridge between public and technical services
while the library works towards its goal.
Edwards (2004) did his study on “Collection development and maintenance
across libraries, archives, and museums: a novel collaborative approach.” The main
objectives of the study were (i) to propose guidelines for collection across libraries,
archives, and museums that incorporate an understanding of how collections develop,
social systems that impart value to the collected items, and the needs of the research
population; (ii) to find out selection, movement, and social value of objects within
collections. (iii) to find out collaborative solutions for preservation of physical
objects, and (iv) to find out the demonstrating Pareto-Optimal outcomes. Observation
method was adapted for the study. The major findings were the use of the materials
across libraries, archives and museums.
Vohra (2003) highlighted new developments in information technology. She has
suggested that collection of books is meaningless, as this information can be accessed
through various networks. In the current electronic information environment emphasis is
towards excellent collection rather than larger ones and the development of effective means
of gaining access to remote databases. She has highlighted that higher priority is being
given to coordination and cooperation in university libraries due to change in curriculum,
research selectivity, expansion of knowledge and financial limitations. Electronic
Information Resources have brought in new systems of storage, retrieval, preservation,
conservation, and computerized information services. Policies and programs related to
collection development should be in the context of current information environment.
33
Thakur, D. S. (2003) conducted a study under the title “growth and development of
the National Institute of Financial Management: a case study.” The major objectives
of the study were: (a) to know the various kinds of resources available in the library;
(b) to determine the availability of financial resources and the expenditure on different
items; (c) to know the growth of library collection year-wise; (d) to ascertain the
computerized activities of the library and find out the different kinds of computerized
services provided in the library; and (e) to find out the reading facilities provided to
users in making effective use of the library and its resources. For data collection
regarding the financial resources, growth of the library collection, number of users,
application of automation and other information technologies used in the library, the
questionnaire method was used.
Swan (2002) conducted a study on academic departmental library collection as
curriculum trend indicators and the changes in the Hunter College School of Social
Work (HCSSW). The Library‟s holdings have matched the contemporaneous changes
in the field of social work for which it collects. While most schools of social work in
the USA, including the programme at Hunter, continued to emphasize agency based
social work practice, the HCSSW library‟s collection indicates that the current
curriculum is actually putting more importance on individual psychological problems
like depression and eating disorders. This trend towards more private practice,
psychotherapeutic work has been decided in the field, but the HCSSW library
collection seems to indicate that schools teaching future professionals are complicit in
this trend. This, in turn, suggests that an Academic Law Library collection can often
anticipate changes in a field of study before it is widely acknowledged among the
faculties who are experts in the field being collected.
Siddiqui (2002) conducted a study under the title “use of library collection in
the Jawaharlal Nehru University Library, New Delhi”. The important objectives of the
study were to acquaint the users‟ with the collection available in it: (i) to regulate the
use of library collection to the entire satisfaction of its users; (ii) to know the working
hours of a library in order to evaluate the use of its collection; (iii) to find out
adequate reading space as an important pre-requisite for effective functioning of a
library; (iv) to know the adequacy of library collection. (v) to know the library
services provided to the users‟.
Questionnaire method was used for data collection. 303 selected users were
picked up randomly and the questionnaire prepared for the purpose of study was sent
34
to them through e-mail. Out of 303 users, only 177 responses were received.
Singh (1999) provided background information about the origin of Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur. She mentioned the inception of its library,
and described the methodology used for data collection. She discussed the acquisition
and growth of periodical collection, examined user‟s awareness and usefulness of
various types of readers‟ services and provided users‟ opinion and suggestions about
the collection and services of the library. She has also given suggestions for
improvement.
Singh (1999) conducted a study on “An evaluation of collection development
and reader‟s services at IIT library, Bombay” and mentioned the history of its library.
She described the methodology used for gathering information, discussed the
acquisition, use and adequacy of library collection, examined user‟s awareness about
various library services and their usefulness, and provided the users and librarians
suggestions related to collection and services.
Chander (1998) described the existing important legal information systems
functioning in western countries and Australia. He has also enumerated the efforts
made by the Supreme Court of India to organize legal information pertaining to
decided cases. The paper also discussed COURTNIC, introduced by National
Informatics Centre (NIC) in collaboration with Supreme Court of India. He has also
provided information on the Apex Court to a wide range of users who are interested in
legal developments and judicial decisions of the Supreme Court.
Seth, Ramesh & Sahu (1997) studied “Utility of library collection in a special
library: a case study” where the authors have used the questionnaire method for data
collection. The important findings of the study were: the users gave maximum
importance to the relevancy of the needed document rather than any other aspect of
the library; greatest concern as well as dissatisfaction of users was linked to the
reading materials; majority of users expressed that they had current research
information in their own field of specialization; most of the users choose selected
items and its procurement from different periodicals; computerized literature search
was highly welcomed; most of the users were not aware of on-line, CD-ROM and E-
mail etc; everybody preferred to have library automation; Scientists were using more
current research reports, periodicals and non-collection materials and demands for
photocopy or translated reprint of the same for their research purpose; and the
increase in the library budget had been observed as per the increase in the expenditure
35
for procurement of library books, journals and other documents.

Seetharama (1997) conducted a study on “collection development /
management in information technology based environment: current initiative and
issues”. In this article he has discussed about the impact of information technology on
collection development and collection management. The collection development
policy & methods, resource sharing and networking, and collection evaluation in IT-
based environment have also been explained in detail.
Ravichandra (1997) conducted a study on “impact of recent advances in
information technology on collection development” and highlighted the impact of
CD-ROM databases, internet and digital libraries on collection development which is
quite significant. Challenges in this regard have been discussed in this paper and
argued that it is necessary to conduct a survey of available sources on various
networks. Effective techniques are required to search and store the downloaded data.
The policy for collection development should be devised to take care of recent
advances in information technology and its impact.
Parameswaran (1997) conducted a study on “collection development in
university libraries: policy and procedures”. He has highlighted collection
development in university libraries and discussed the centralized and decentralized
patterns. He has also suggested a policy for collection development and concluded
that involvement of all the staff members of the library is essential to develop a
balanced collection.
Maheswarappa & Tadasad (1997) examined the issues in development of
collection for libraries in the context of electronic publication and networking with
special reference to formulation of policies, users‟ formats, storage, and mode of
access, selection, acquisition, bibliographical control, finance, evaluation, and
manpower. He has concluded that developing a need-based, relevant and cost-
effective collection, consisting of electronic and other publications in document form,
requires systematic planning and effective implementation.
Bali (1997) examined the collection development program in National
Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (NISTADS) Library. She
has found that the library had good financial support but it could not meet all the
requirement of its user community due to the exponential growth of literature, rising
price of books and periodicals as well as shortage of space in the library. An
appropriate collection development plan was developed by resource sharing with
36
outside libraries, and making use of available information technology.

Aptagiri (1997) discussed the constraints and criteria for collection
development in libraries and information centers. She has also examined the internet
as a world-wide source of information, and as scope for electronic collection
development. The role of Internet as more than just a channel for communication has
also been discussed. The different roles of internet in the information scenario,
especially in connection with collection development, have been discussed.
Amudhavalli (1997) conducted a study on “impact of electronic publishing on
collection development”. This article has discussed the definition of collection
development in IT environment. Problems of collection development in traditional
libraries and how they can be tackled in IT environment have also been discussed.
The problems faced by the library and information centers in procuring electronic
publications have also been mentioned.
Alvi (1997) explained the changing phase of collection development while
discussing the information explosion in recent years along with using the example of
chemical abstracts for the same. He has emphasized on cooperative collection
development policies suited to the current philosophy of providing access to
information through a sharing mechanism, and stressed upon the need of improving
quality of library services through it. He has also discussed its advantages in his
article.
Odini (1994) had written about “collection development: the experience of
Kenya Polytechnic Library”. The objectives of the study were: to support teaching
and learning activities of the institution, the library stock books, periodicals, official
publications and students‟ project report. The library has a good collection of non-
print material such as microforms, slides and reader printers; to meet the needs of
part-time and industry-based students, mixed mode attendance was available in many
courses and a vital commitment to the sandwich course was a feature of the Kenya
Polytechnic life.
The major findings of the study were the problems of inadequate funding, lack
of collection development policy and those associated with foreign purchases. The
various factors which librarians at the polytechnic ought to consider in order to realize
brighter collection development prospects included the formulation of suitable
collection development policy, the organization of gifts and exchange practices and
37
participation in resource–sharing programmes with other national polytechnics and

universities.
Lancaster (1994) examined the changes that have occurred in libraries in last
few years and had tried to speculate on what “collection development” mean at some
future may date-perhaps the year 2025. The author has tried and examined the issues
in detail and has presented on exemplary analysis on “Collection Development”.
Sohn (1987) This article is the result of a survey of ninety-three academic
libraries in the United States that were members of the Association of Research
Libraries in 1983-84. The Purpose of the survey was to discover the specific
organizational patterns that currently exist for collection development. Findings reveal
that, although a variety of patterns exist, the one outstanding development has been
the upgrading of the unit responsible for collection development. Other characteristics
of collection development units and responsibilities of collection development staff
are discussed. The paper concludes that no specific organizational pattern in
predominant in ARL libraries.
38
References
Agee, F. (2005). Collection evaluation: A foundation for collection development.
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43
Chapter - 3 Profile of the Libraries under Study
CHAPTER-3
PROFILE OF THE LIBRARIES UNDER STUDY
As mentioned in the introductory chapter, the present research is based on the

study of six major law libraries in Delhi. The researcher personally visited the
following law libraries to study in detail their profiles and collected the required data:
 The Indian Law Institute

 Law Library, University of Delhi
 Law Library, Jamia Millia Islamia
 Supreme Court Judges Library
 High Court Judges Library
 Parliament Library
The researcher has tried to collect all the information about these libraries,
understood their functioning, got information about the kind and quantum of books
and services, etc. available in them and was almost satisfied with the kind and friendly
support which he got in the libraries of above stated institutes. Finally, based on the
information collected from the Librarians / Directors of the respective libraries, the
researcher‘s own observation and the secondary information taken from the websites
of these libraries and other relevant sources, brief comprehensive profiles of the above
libraries have been prepared and are presented henceforth.
3.1 THE INDIAN LAW INSTITUTE
The Indian Law Institute (ILI) was founded in 1956 as an autonomous body,
primarily with the objective of promoting and conducting legal research. It was
granted the status of Deemed University in 2004 vide a notification of the Ministry of
Human Resource Development, Government of India. It is an International Centre for
advanced socio-legal research which has done significant work in the field of legal
research, education and training. Besides performing important advisory role in
fostering empirical research and making law as an instrument of social engineering, it
undertakes research on current legal issues. Hon‘ble Chief Justice of India is the ex-
officio President of this Institute. The Law Minister of Government of India & the
Attorney-General of India are its ex-officio Vice Presidents. Third Vice-President is
elected by the members of the Governing Council, from only among themselves.
Judges of the Hon‘ble Supreme Court of India and the Delhi High Court, prominent
44
lawyers, Government officials and Professors of Law have a share of representation in

the Governing Council of the Institute (available at http://www.ili.ac.in/default.htm).
3.1.1 The Institute’s Library
The Library of the Institute was established in 1956 and is one of the leading
and rich law libraries in Asia and attracts scholars from all over the world for legal
research. The University Grants Commission has recognized the library as a place for
legal research leading to doctorate degree in law and political science. It has more
than 75,000 titles. It subscribes to 270 current legal periodicals. Journal of Indian Law
Institute (JILI) is one of the leading law journals. Another chief publication is the
Annual Survey of Indian Law (ASIL) that contains surveys contributed by
academicians and practitioners.
Library, Indian Law Institute
Every year thousands of law researchers from different parts of the world visit
the library for legal research. The Judiciary, Central and State Government officers,
various Embassies and High Commissions in Delhi have also been using the referral
services of the Library.
For policy formulation, the Library basically depends upon a Library
Committee that consists of 10 members, who includes Hon‘ble Judges, Attorney
General of India, Solicitor General of India, Senior Advocates, Professors, and
Director of ILI. Hon‘ble Mr. Justice R.V. Raveendran; Judge in the Supreme Court of
India is Chairman of Library Committee.
45
The Indian Law Institute‘s Library collection development policy emphasizes

the acquisition of the complete primary resources of India. The legal resources of the
United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are
also extensively acquired. Over the years, the library has developed collection on
Jurisprudence, Judicial Process, Constitutional Law, Intellectual Property law, Public
International Law, Environmental Law, Human Rights, Criminal Law, International
Business Transactions, Laws of the European Community, and Laws of the ASEAN
(Association of South East Asian Nations) Nations. The Library also has a good
collection of Parliamentary Debates (India and Great Britain), Commissions and
Committee Reports, Indian Central and State Legislation, and Gazette of India
notifications. The Library maintains a collection of rare documents which includes
Indian Law Reports, Indian Cases, Law Reports, Federal Court Reports, Moore‘s
Indian Appeals, Times Law Reports, and Indian High Courts Reports–Allahabad,
Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.
Apart from basic library services, the Library of Indian Law Institute offers:
 Indexing of Indian Legal Periodicals
 Indexing of Indian Legislation.
 Newspapers Clippings Service.
 Internet Service.
 Documentation and Bibliographical Services.
3.1.2.1 Legal Information Resource Centre (LIRC)
Hon'ble Mr. Justice Y.K. Sabharwal, former Chief Justice of India,
inaugurated the Legal Information Resource Centre on 4th January 2007. The LIRC
has 12 computers and 2 heavy duty printers with Wi-Fi technology. Computers are
equipped with important databases and websites. The centre is also retrieving legal
information available free of cost from Indian and foreign websites of the Apex
Courts, International Courts, Legal Information Institutions, Law Commissions,
Human Rights Commission. The Legal Information Resource Centre is equipped with
CD's and website which includes SCC On-line, AIR InfoTech, Law Premium, West
Law, Planning Commission Reports, Law Commission Reports, etc. Information from
Indian and foreign courts that are available free of cost such as websites of Supreme
Court of India, High Courts, U.S. Supreme Court, Australian High Court, Canadian
46
Supreme Court and other Apex Courts of various countries are retrieved. The
Resource Centre also retrieves legal information from websites of Legal Institutions
around the world. The retrieved information is made available to the readers through
printouts and e-mails. Information about case law or legislation which is available on
CD/Web is also made available to the readers.
3.1.3 Library Hours
The library offers its services practically throughout the year. It remains open
from 9.00 a.m. to 8.30 p.m. on week days and from 10.00 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on
Saturdays and from 10.00 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Sundays. It remains closed on National
and Gazetted holidays.
3.1.4 Library Rules
Members of the Institute are permitted to use the library for the purpose of
research only for a limited period. Only final year bona fide students of LL.B., LL.M.,
Ph.D. scholars from other universities are also allowed to use the library on producing
recommendation letter from the Head of the Department/Principal of the College, by
paying the library entry fee of Rs. 25/- per day.Researchers, who are not members of
the Institute, may use the Library for reference purposes only after obtaining
permission from the Librarian. Temporary permission is given upto one month at a
charge of Rs. 300/-per month. The researchers are also provided with photocopy
machine facility where they can take photocopies o f important documents by paying
the nominal charges.
47
3.2 UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

The Delhi University was established in 1922 and is the premier and largest
university of the country. It is known for its high standards in teaching and research
and attracts eminent scholars to its faculty. The President of India is the Visitor, the
Vice-President is the Chancellor and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India
is the Pro-Chancellor of the University. At present, there are 16 faculties, 86 academic
departments, 77 colleges and five other recognised institutes spread all over the Delhi
city, with 1,32,435 regular students (Under Graduates: 1,14,494, Post Graduates :
17,941) and 2,61,169 students (Under Graduates : 2,58,831, Post Graduates : 2,338)
in non-formal education programme (available at http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=10).
The university, as on 30.06.2011 headed of as many as 15 big libraries apart
from libraries in colleges (available at http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=10).
It consists of the Central Library, Central Science Library, Ratan Tata Library, Arts
Library, South Campus Library, Law Library and FMS (Faculty of Management
Studies) Library as its major libraries. These libraries are accessible to the library
users through a unique library system viz. Delhi University Library System (DULS)
having more than 34 libraries in its fold. The DULS is accomplishing its task of
reaching to wider academic community. The university has advanced its web activity
with the subscription of 63 high quality electronic databases made available through
campus network to teachers, students and research scholars. In addition to this 21
more databases are also accessible through UGC-INFONET Digital Library
Consortium (available at http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=10). DULS also promotes
Open Access e-resources. Its success lies on its use by the academic community of
Delhi University. DULS is regularly conducting innovative Information Literacy
Programmes (ILP) for the benefit of students, researchers and faculty members and
also making efforts in developing tutorials to make the community proficient in the
use of World Wide Web. The university‘s OPAC is also being strengthened with a
view to facilitate right information to the right user at the right time.
48
3.2.1 Law Library- University of Delhi (LL-UD)
Faculty of Law Library, University of Delhi
The Faculty of Law was established in 1924 and is located at the Chhatra
Marg, University of Delhi. The Faculty has now three Law Centres i.e. Campus Law
Centre, Law Centre-I at the Faculty of Law (North Campus), Chhatra Marg,
University of Delhi, and Law Centre-II at Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi. The major
courses offered under the Faculty are L.L.B., L.L.M. and Ph.D. The Faculty of Law
administers Master of Laws (LL.M.) (Two year full-time course meant for those who
are not employed or engaged in any trade, profession, business or occupation) and
Three- year part-time course (meant for all), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor
of Civil Laws (D.C.L.) programmes along with Master of Comparative Laws
(M.C.L.) for foreign nationals (available at www.du.ac.in- last accessed on).
The Faculty has a comprehensive research programme leading to the award of
Ph.D. degree. In all, more than 200 research scholars have been awarded Ph.D.
degree. One person has also been awarded D.C.L. degree.
The faculty has a Faculty Placement Council (FPC) which caters to
employment needs of its students. In addition, the faculty has also Faculty Legal
Services Programme which provides legal education services in its various
dimensions in Delhi and surrounding areas.
The Faculty has been publishing a journal titled Delhi Law Review since 1972.
The Journal contains articles from eminent academicians from India and abroad. The
49
Faculty also publishes a separate issue of Delhi Law Review containing contributions
from the students. Apart from this, the Law Centre-II is also publishing a journal titled
National Capital Law Journal.
The Faculty Library is one of the best and the biggest library in the country. It
was established in July 1924. It has over 1.25 lakh books / thesis and dissertations and
a large number of law reports and journals. It subscribes to nearly 160 national and
international journals. The Faculty Library caters to the needs of students and
researchers engaged in legal studies and intensive research, besides catering to the
needs of the Bench and the Bar. The library has its own website. The library uses
TROODON: 4, software, for the issue and return of books with the bar code method.
The Library has a dedicated E-Resource Centre for accessing a large number
of electronic databases of journals and reference sources subscribed by the University
through the Library's website. These databases consist of judgments, journals and
reference material in law areas of learning, teaching and research. Several important
reference and citation analysis sources are also being subscribed by the University.
The library regularly organizes orientation and literacy programmes for students for
promoting the usage of e-resource, users may contact the librarian for any additional
help required while accessing the databases.
The library subscribes to a large number of e-resources including
ABI/INFORM Complete.; Annual survey of Indian Law (Digital Version) from 1965;
British Parliamentary Papers; Cambridge University Press; Chicago Manual of Style;
CLA Plus Corporate and Business Law Encyclopedia; Credo Reference; Current
Abstracts; eJurix; Encyclopedia Britannica; Encyclopedia of Cybercrime;
Encyclopedia of Islam; Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement; GIST Find; H. W. Wilson
Omni File Full Text; Indlaw.com (Indian Law); JCCC; Keesing's World Archive;
Lawpack; Legal Pundits; Lexis Nexis; Making of Modern Law: Legal Treatises,
1800-1926; Making of Modern Law: Trials, 1600-1926; Manupatra; New York
Review of Books; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Oxford Journal of Social
Science Archives; Oxford University Press; Sage Journals Online; SCC Online;
SCOPUS; SocIndex; Springer Link; Springer Online Journal Archives; Statesman
Year Book; The Journal of the Indian Law Institute (Digital Version) from 1958; The
Patent and Trade Marks Cases from 1981; UGC Info Net; University Database;
Westlaw International Online Database; Women History; World Bank Online; World
Intellectual Property Search (Patent Database).Some Other Public Domain Resources
50
like Judgment Information System, Online Reference Sources, E- Journals, Electronic

Books useful links are available on library website.
3.2.2.1 Online Catalogue
The Library is providing OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) services for
its users.
3.2.2.2 Lending Services
Lending services are available to students as per their entitlement. Circulation
timings are from 9:00 a.m. to 7.45 p.m. on week days and 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on
Saturdays. Items like theses, dissertations, periodicals, magazines, newspapers and
bound volumes and CDs are not for issue purpose.
3.2.2.3 Reference Services
Library provides the reference services for the LL.B. /LL.M. / M.C.L. and
faculty members in the form of articles, cases, data and statistics.
3.2.2.4 Internet Services
The law faculty library provides facilities for accessing internet and Library‘s
E-resources from within the Library. Three computers are available for this purpose;
initially the service is available for LL.M. / Ph.D. and research scholars only.
3.2.2.5 Photocopy Services
The photocopy services for the LL.B. / LL.M. / M.C.L. and faculty member is
available in Library privately. Students can Xerox cases and other material in the
Library Premises.
3.2.2.6 Inter Library Loan Services
Law Faculty Library provides such material from other libraries on loan basis
which is not available in our own library for a limited period of time.
3.2.3 Library Hours
This library remains open from 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. on week days (five
days) and Saturday from 9:00 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. it also remains open on Sundays and
Holidays during examination period.
3.2.4 Library Rules
 Entry to library is permitted on production of valid identity card issued by the
librarian.
 Bags, mobile phones are not allowed inside library.
51
 Library identity cards are not transferable.

 Library is a no smoking area.
 Complete silence is to be observed.
3.2.5 Members Privileges
 LL.B.- 4 Books for 10 days
 LL.M./M.C.L.- 4 Books for 10 days
 Ph.D.- 6 Books for 30 days
 Teachers- 10 Books for 30 days
 A late fine of Rs.1 per day is charged for books returned after due date.
52
3.3 JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

Initially, Jamia Millia Islamia was established as an institution in 1920 at
Aligarh. Subsequently, it was shifted to Delhi in 1925. It became a Central University
by a Special Act of the Indian Parliament in 1988. The list of its Faculties includes
Education, Humanities & Languages, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Engineering
& Technology, Law, Architecture and Ekistics, Dentistry and Faculty of Fine Arts.
Besides its faculties, the Jamia has more than 25 Centers of learning and research, like
Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Academy of Third World Studies
(ATWS), Centre for Management Studies, Centre for the Study of Comparative
Religions and Civilizations, Centre for Jawaharlal Nehru Studies, Centre for Distance
and Open Learning, and Centre for Gandhian Studies, etc. The Jamia is also
promoting the field of Information Technology (IT). It offers various undergraduate
and postgraduate IT courses. Apart from this, the University has a campus wide
network which connects a large number of its departments and offices (available at
http://jmi.ac.in/).
Dr. Zakir Husain Library, named after the ex-President of India, (Late) Dr.
Zakir Husain which was established in 1973, is the Central Library of the Jamia
Millia Islamia University. It has a stocking of rich collection of over 3.28 Lacs
learning resources in all major disciplines taught in the University and spread over an
area of 23,038 sq. feet. This library caters to the academic needs of the university
students, staff & research scholars. It has two spacious reading rooms of 1800 sq. feet
each. The collection consists of books, periodicals, pamphlets, manuscripts,
photographs & electronic resources. The stack areas are spread over four floors and
the reference section has a separate hall of 9000 sq. ft. Besides, the Rare Book
Collection is also housed separately in a hall of about 10,000 sq. ft. area. The
Periodical Section is housed in a newly constructed separate wing, and has a two-
storied stack area and a Reading Area of about 11,000 sq. ft. The library provides
open access to users; except Rare Books Section; Manuscripts and Archival Material
where closed access is observed. The Text Books Section also observes closed access
system (available at http://jmi.ac.in/studyatjamia/library/zhl/introduction).
The library has fully computerized its most actively used collection, which is
now available to users through OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) with network
access across the campus-wide LAN. The Digital Library provides electronic access
53
to thousands of E-journals through 15 major databases in various areas of Sciences,

Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Engineering, Law, etc. The library has a
dedicated Internet Area where students are encouraged to make use of E-Journals,
with regular Orientation Programmes.
3.3.1 Law Library- Jamia Millia Islamia(LL-JMI)
The Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, was established in 1989. Being the
youngest of the Faculties of Jamia, over the last decade it has passed through various
stages of development while having made significant progress towards becoming a
notable centre for legal learning in the capital.
In addition to five year B.A. LL.B. course, the Faculty is also running an
LL.M. (Four Semester) course, presently in three streams, i.e., Personal Laws,
Corporate Laws and Criminal Laws and a Ph.D. programme.
Law Library, Jamia Milia Islamia
It is situated at Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Marg, Jamia Nagar and New
Delhi. The Faculty of Law Library supports the specific needs of nearly 500 law
students, research scholars and faculty members. It has a collection of over 15000
documents, including textbooks, reference materials, practitioner works, law reports,
etc. The library has an annual budget of Rs. 6.0 lakh that includes the
budget provision for books, printed periodicals and e-journals.
54

The services provided by the faculty library include Reprographic Services,
Information Services, Inter-Library Loan Services, Current Awareness Services,
On-line Services, Online Journals / Databases. The library uses LibSys software for
library purposes.
3.3.2.1 Legal Services Clinic
The Faculty has established a Legal Services Clinic that undertakes several
activities:
 Organizing Moot Courts and Mock Trials to sharpen the focus on building
skills in Advocacy and Court Procedures.
 Organising sessions, Lectures, workshops, etc. for the purpose of capacity
building in counseling, Negotiations, Mediation, Conciliations & Arbitration,
Client Interviewing and Office Management;
 Organising Legal Aid, Legal Literacy, Community Service Programmes and
engaging students in Lok Adalats;
 Engaging students in research on issues related to Legal Reforms and Public
Interest Litigation;
 Creating and developing a Documentation and Information Dissemination
Centre.
3.3.3 Library Hours
This library remains open from 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. on week days (five
days) and Saturday from 9:00 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. it also remains open on Sundays and
Holidays during examination period.
3.3.4 Library Rules
 Entry to library is permitted on production of valid identity card issued by the
library In charge.
 Bags, mobile phones are not allowed inside library.
 Library identity cards are not transferable.
 Library is a no smoking area.
 Complete silence is to be observed.
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3.4 SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India came up in 1958 and is located on Tilak Marg,
New Delhi. On 28 January 1950, two days after India became a sovereign democratic
republic, the Supreme Court came into being. The inauguration took place in the
Chamber of Princes in the Parliament Building. The Chamber of Princes had earlier
been the seat of the Federal Court of India for 12 years, between 1937 and 1950, and
was the seat of the Supreme Court until the Supreme Court acquired its present
premises in 1958 (available at http://www.supremecourtof india.nic.in).
The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice of India and not more
than 30 other Judges appointed by the President of India. However, the President must
appoint judges in consultation with the Supreme Court and appointments are
generally made on the basis of seniority and not political preferences. Supreme Court
Judges retire upon attaining the age of 65 years. The Supreme Court of India is the
highest judicial body of India. According to the Constitution of India, the role of the
Supreme Court is that of a federal court, guardian of the Constitution and the highest
court of appeal.
56
3.4.1 Supreme Court Judges Library
Supreme Court Judges Library
The Supreme Court Judges Library was established in 1937, and then known
as Federal Court Library. The Library contains significant legal literature to support
the need of Hon'ble Courts and judges. It has a collection of about 2,80,000 legal
documents, which includes books, monographs, commission reports, government
publications, centre and state legislations and other legislative materials. It subscribes
to about 220 Indian and foreign legal journals both academic and reporting
documents. The library presently subscribes 14 English and 8 Hindi News Papers it
also subscribe 11 magazine. (available at http://www.supremecourtof india.nic.in).
The Library has staff strength of 85 including 14 professional librarians. The users of
the library are Hon'ble Judges, Officers of the Registry and the Law Clerks attached to
the Hon'ble Judges.
Supreme Court Judges Library is a grid of libraries. In addition to Central
Library, it also maintains workable collection in 15 Bench libraries and 31 residential
libraries of Hon'ble Judges. There is also a separate Reference Library-cum-Reading
Room for the Hon‘ble Judges in Judges Gallery. Supreme Court Judges Library is
essentially a ―Reference and Research wing‖ of the Apex Court. It has to keep close
watch over the multifarious literature requirements of Hon'ble Judges and Court
functionaries. It functions as the throbbing heart of the Apex Court. To cater the needs
of its users, library provides quick reference service. In addition to cater to the
57
information requirements of Hon'ble Judges, the library also provides desired

information during court proceedings.
3.4.2.1 Legal Databases in Library:
3.4.2.1.1 Commercial databases:
Library is subscribing 8 commercial legal databases in main library and
residential libraries.
1. SSC online
2. Manupatra
3. West Law India (with International module)
4. AIR Infotech database
5. ITR Online
6. ExCus
7. Tax India On-line
8. Taxmann
a. Direct tax laws
b. Company law
c. Services Law
3.4.2.1.2 In-house databases
In addition to the commercial legal databases subscribed by the library, the
Supreme Court Judges Library has developed many useful in-house databases in the
library; most of them are available for full access on the home page of the library for
the legal fraternity.
1. SUPLIS
2. SUPLIB
3. Legistation
4. Database of reportable Judgements since 2011
5. Catalogue (OPAC)
6. Database of law commission reports
7. Database of committee/commission reports
8. Database of select/joint committee reports
9. Database of references published in supreme court report
10. Database of newspapers articles.
58
3.4.2.1.3 Publications
Library is regularly bringing out many publications for current awareness
purpose of Hon‘ble Judges.
1. Accession list (quarterly)
2. Recent Judgements
3. Current contents (monthly)
4. Library catalogue supplement
5. Reference of reportable cases
3.4.2.2 Library and information services-
Library is providing the following library information services to cater to
information requirements of Hon‘able judges.
1. Lending service
2. Legal research and literature search service
3. Inter library loan service
4. Current awareness service
5. Newspaper clippings services
6. Newspaper article indexing service
7. Information Retrieval through legal database
8. Information Retrieval through internet
9. Information consolidation service
10. SDI service
11. Reference service
3.4.2.3 Retrieval tools developed by the library-
Library has developed many useful tools to find expeditiously the information
frequently require by the Hon‘able Judges courts.
1. Equivalent citation table.
2. Union catalogue of current periodicals subscribed in Supreme Court and high
court libraries.
3. Index to central acts with amendments.
4. Index to state acts with amendments for each state.
5. Journal holdings.
6. Database of reportable judgements since 2011.
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3.4.3 Library Hours

The library opens for all the days in a year. (except 5 days, 3 National
Holidays and the day of Holi and Diwali). 10:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. (10:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m. on Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays).
60
3.5 THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI
High Court of Delhi
The High Court of Delhi was established on 31st October 1966. Initially, the
High Court of Delhi exercised jurisdiction not only over the Union Territory of Delhi,
but also Himachal Pradesh. It had a Himachal Pradesh Bench at Shimla in a building
called Ravenswood. The High Court of Delhi continued to exercise jurisdiction over
Himachal Pradesh until the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 was enforced on
25th January 1971. The High Court of Delhi was established with four Judges. They
were Chief Justice K. S. Hegde, Justice I. D. Dua, Justice H. R. Khanna and Justice S.
K. Kapur. The sanctioned strength of Judges of this High Court increased from time
to time. Presently, the sanctioned strength of Judges of the High Court of Delhi is 29
permanent judges and 19 additional judges (available at http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/history.asp).
61
3.5.1 High Court Judges Library
High Court Judges Library
3.5.1.1 Court Libraries

The main library is situated at on the 3rd floor of District Courts at Tis Hazari.
There are branches of library at other court complexes. The total number of titles
supplied to the judicial officers for the residential libraries is 97,020.
The bibliographic detail of all these documents has been digitalized.
In Reading & Research Room at Tis Hazari and Rohini courts Library books
of General subject are available on various interesting titles for catering the reading
interest of all judicial officers.
Karkardooma Courts and Patiala House Courts Library is proposed to be
reorganized with a separate reading and research room. The infrastructure facilities/
requirements for all the four libraries are to be strengthened in near future and as the
proposal of establishing Court building at Dwarka is in pipeline, the similar type of
infrastructures and faculties as available will also be proposed for library at Dwarka
Court premises.
In all there are 1,43,878 titles in documentary text form are available in the
District Court libraries and the bibliographic details of all have been digitalized. Out
of these there are individual court libraries.
The work of renovation and computerisation of libraries has been completed.
The reading room at Tis Hazari was renovated and is now very comfortable with air-
condition facility. Library cards have been issued to Judges and Officials to keep track
of the books, issued from Libraries.
The following journals, computer and general magazines, Newspapers etc. are
being subscribed for the district court libraries:
62
Apex Decisions Supreme Court, Apex Decisions High Court, All India
Reporter, Delhi Law Journal, Labour Law Journal, Criminal Law Journal, Divorce &
Matrimonial Cases, Prevention of Food Adulteration Cases, Drug Cases, Patent and
Trade Marks Cases, Rent Control Journal, Accident Claim Journal, Supreme Court
Cases, Chandigarh Criminal Cases, Swami‘s News, D.L.T (criminal), Journal of
Criminal Cases, P.C. Quest, Data Quest, Express Computer, India Today, News
Week, The Week, Outlook, Reader‘s Digest, Nav Bharat Times (Hindi) 03 Copies,
Rashtriya Sahara (Hindi) 01 Copy, Indian Express (English) 03 Copies, The Pioneer
(English) 02 Copies, The Times of India (English) 03 Copies, The Hindu (English) 02
Copies, Hindustan Times (English) 02 Copies
The following services are being provided to the members of the library:
All India Reporters and Delhi Law Times are being supplied to the judges for
residential libraries.
All the judicial officers have also been provided with the Law CDs of AIR
containing judgments of the Supreme Courts Cases (1950-2007) and the judgments of
AIR High Court and Criminal Law Journals (1985 to 2007).
]Law CDs: 10 sets of CD-ROM, SCC On-line, Supreme Court Cases (full
Text 1950 onwards) which were acquired in library have been updated. These are
provided to the judges on temporary basis and also available in all the libraries at Tis
Hazari, Karkardooma, Patiala House and Rohini court Library to cater the legal
referral quest /requirement of judicial officers.
New Arrivals: The latest editions of Law Books, Bare Acts of year 2007, have been
acquired and these books are issued to the judges on temporary and as well as
permanent basis.
Computers: All the libraries at Tis Hazari court, Karkardooma Courts, Patiala House
courts have been provided with Computer, Bar Code Scanners and Web Cameras. The
Library branch at New District Courts Rohini is also provided with the computers to
process the library activities. The provision for library at Dawrka Courts (proposed) is
also in pipeline and in future similar facilities will be provided.
Laser Printers: Laser printers are available in libraries at Tis Hazari, Karkardooma
complex, Patiala house and Rohini to produce the hard copy facilities to the users and
for library work.
63
Internet & CD ROM: Internet facilities for Judges are available in Reading &
Research Room at Tis Hazari Courts Library and Rohini Court Library. The Latest
Version of Law CDs of A.I.R. Supreme Court, Delhi High Court, Criminal Law
Journal and the computer for the use of lawyers and judges both at Tis Hazari Courts,
Patiala House, Karkardooma Court Library and Rohini Courts Library.
3.5.3 Library Hours
The working hours of the library are from 10 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. on week Days
and Sundays. Library opens on all holidays except National Holidays.
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3.6 INDIAN PARLIAMENT
Indian Parliament
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body in India. Founded in

1919, the Parliament alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate
power over all political bodies in India. The Parliament of India consists of the two
houses and the President of India. The president has the power to call, prorogue and
dissolve parliament. The parliament is bicameral, with an upper house called Council
of States or Rajya Sabha, and a lower house the House of People or Lok Sabha. The
two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Sansad Bhawan (commonly known as
the Sansad Marg), in New Delhi. The Members of either house are commonly
referred to as Member of Parliament or MP. The MPs of Lok Sabha are elected by
direct election and the MPs of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State
Legislative Assemblies and Union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry only in
accordance with proportional voting. The Parliament is composed of 802 MPs, who
serve the largest democratic electorate in the world and the largest trans-national
democratic electorate in the world (714 million eligible voters in 2009), of the 552
members of the House of People, 530 members represent the territorial Constituencies
in the States, 20 represent the Union territories. These members serve a 5 year term
until the next General Election is held. 2 members are chosen by the president. House
seats are apportioned among the states by population in such a manner that the ratio
65
between that number and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same
for all States (available at http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/).
The 250 Members of the Council of States serve a staggered six-year term. 12
of these members are nominated by the President and shall consist of persons having
special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as the following,
namely Literature, Science, Art and Social Service. The 238 members are
representatives of the States shall be elected by the elected members of the Legislative
Assembly of the State in accordance with the system of proportional representation by
means of the single transferable vote. Every two years, approximately one-third of the
Council is elected at a time (available at http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/).
3.6.1 Parliament Library and Reference, Research, Documentation and
Information Service (LARRDIS)
A panoramic view of Parliament Library Building
To keep members of Parliament well-informed of the day-to-day

developments in India and abroad, Parliament Library and Reference, Research,
Documentation and Information Service (LARRDIS), maintains an up-to-date and
well-equipped Library backed by prompt and efficient research and reference
services. The LARRDIS provides research and reference material on legislative
measures, as well as on a variety of other subjects coming up before the two Houses
i.e., Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, so as to enable members to participate effectively in
the debates of their respective Houses.
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3.6.1.1 Parliament Library Information System (PARLIS)

The Parliament Library made a modest beginning towards automation in
December 1985 when a Computer Centre for managing Parliament Library
Information System (PARLIS) was set up. Later, an Expert Committee was set up in
1991 under the Chairmanship of Secretary- General, Lok Sabha, to identify relevant
areas for introduction of IT and to suggest an integrated scheme for implementing the
same. After considering the report of the Expert Committee, the work of automation
was entrusted to the National Informatics Centre (NIC) and Computer Maintenance
Corporation Ltd. (CMC). NIC was made responsible for introduction of IT in
Questions, Legislative procedures, Administration, Office automation and LARRDIS.
CMC was assigned the job of automating the Reporters‘ and Committee Branches.
CMC was also assigned the work of maintenance of the hardware.
Over the years, the Computer Centre has played a key role in the
modernization and computerization, not only of the Parliament Library, but also of the
entire Lok Sabha Secretariat. It has also been providing necessary technological
support for managing different activities of the Secretariat and also to meet the
information requirements of the members of Parliament. Keeping pace with the
continuous growth in the requirements of members of Parliament and the rapid
development in the field of information technology, almost all the activities of Lok
Sabha Secretariat have since been computerized.
It has been the constant effort of the Lok Sabha Secretariat to procure the
latest hardware from time to time. A number of latest server machines and personal
computer system has been installed and necessary software programmes developed.
The Parliament Library is now housed in the new Parliament Library Building
— Sansadiya Gyanpeeth, which was inaugurated, on 7 May 2002, by the President of
India Shri K.R. Narayanan. The new Library building located in the Parliament House
Complex is a modular, ideal, intelligent, utilitarian and centrally air-conditioned
building. It is fully computerized and has optic fibre based Local Area
Network (LAN) with high speed Wide Area Network (WAN) connectivity to provide
linkage with other State Legislatures, Foreign Parliaments and other international
organisations. Apart from the Library, Reference, Research and Computer Divisions,
the Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training (BPST) and the Parliamentary
67
Museum and Archives (PMA) are also located in this building. The building has very
spacious Reading Room for members equipped with modern facilities and Lecture
Halls (available at http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/).
A full-fledged Conservation Laboratory/workshop for restoring old and rare
documents, a Bindery Unit, an Archival Room with temperature below freezing point
round the clock to preserve audio/video materials, computer tapes, microfilm rolls,
etc., a Media Centre equipped with the latest telecommunication facilities, an Audio-
Visual Unit, Microfilm Reader Room, an Auditorium with a sitting capacity of around
1,100 persons, a small auditorium with facilities for multi-media presentations, a
Library Committee Room and Conference Room are some of the facilities provided in
the new Parliament Library Building. The Members‘ Reference cum Circulation
Counter has been set up at the Ground Floor of the Building. Books, periodicals and
newspapers, reports of Central, State and Foreign Governments, Debates of Lok
Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Bills, Acts, Reports of Parliamentary Committees Statements
laid on the Tables of the two Houses, Law reports, publications of the United Nations
and its allied agencies, publications from foreign countries and various other
publications of reference value are available for reference and use of the members at
this counter. Reference books on a wide range of subjects, arranged according to the
Dewey Decimal System of classification are stacked in the first floor.A monthly
Parliament Library Bulletin is brought out to keep members informed of the latest
additions of books and reports in the Parliament Library. Issue of books and other
publications to members is regulated by the Library Rules which have been framed on
the recommendations of the Library Committee. The Library Committee is
constituted every year by the Speaker of Lok Sabha to advise him on matters
concerning the Library. The Committee consists of six members from Lok Sabha
including the Deputy Speaker and three members from Rajya Sabha, who are
nominated by the Presiding Officers of the respective Houses. The Deputy Speaker of
the Lok Sabha is the ex-officio Chairman of the Committee. A Sub-committee of the
Library Committee consisting of 3 members from Lok Sabha and 2 members from
Rajya Sabha who are members of the Library Committee is constituted by the
Chairman to select new books for addition in the Parliament Library.
The Library management functions like acquisition, processing and issue and
return of books have been computerised by using the software package LIBSYS.
Members can have access to the bibliographical details through the PCs at the
68
Members‘ Reference Counter/ Books Circulation Counter or in the Members‘

Reading Room.
3.6.2.1Members’ Reference Service
The Members‘ Reference Service organises the dissemination of factual,
objective and latest information to the members of Parliament within the time
stipulated by them. The facilities provided by the Members‘ Reference Service fall
broadly under the following categories:
 Supply of on-the-spot information to members from published documents;
 Collection and dissemination of latest information, factual data, statistics,
etc. in response to members‘ written reference requisitions;
 Preparation of reference notes on important topics;
 Preparation of bibliographies on important Bills;
 Preparation of Background Notes, Information Bulletins, Fact Sheets and
Information Folders on topical issues for use of the members;
 Maintenance of Study Boxes on topical issues in anticipation of the
information needs of the members; and
 Updating and printing of various regular publications from time to time.
The scope of material to be collected in response to members‘ reference
requisitions is normally limited to subjects connected with the immediate business
before the two Houses of Parliament. Members are required to hand over the written
requisitions at the Members‘ Assistance Desks located inside the Members‘ Reading
Room in Parliament Library Building, indicating clearly and precisely the specific
points on which information is desired by them. They also have the option to convey
their requirements over the telephone or direct to the officers in the Reference Wing.
The information required by members is culled out from authentic sources,
arranged and edited in the form of notes or tables, as the case may be, and passed on
to the members concerned.
The popularity and usefulness of Members‘ Reference Service can be gauged
from the marked increase in the number of reference requisitions received and
handled during the past few years. As against 150 references handled in 1950; 425
references in 1960, 700 in 1970, 3627 in 1980, 5167 in 1990, 6508 in 2000 and 5061
during 2003 were received and attended to both during session as well as inter-session
periods.
69
The Members‘ Reference Service caters to the information needs of members

both in English and Hindi as per their choice.
One officer is available at each of the Members‘ Information Desks, to attend
to the information requirements of member‘s on-the-spot and to assist them in filling
up the reference requisitions. In order to assist members in the study of literature
relevant to Bills or other topics of discussion before the House, Study Boxes are also
maintained in the Library during session period and members are apprised of the same
through Bulletins. All books, reports and other documents relevant to a Bill or any
other topic coming up before the Houses are collected and placed together in these
Study Boxes so as to make the same available to members at one place. The literature
placed in the Study Boxes is not issued out during the period of the discussion on the
relevant Bill or topic, but is made available for study and consultation in the Library
only.
The following publications of reference value are compiled, updated and
revised from time to time:
 President‘s Rule in the States and Union Territories;
 Council of Ministers since 1947;
 Parliament of India: A Souvenir (it is brought out at the end of the term of
each Lok Sabha);
 Presidential Ordinances since 1950;
 India: Some Facts.
3.6.2.2Computer Centre
A Computer-based information system named PARLIS (Parliament Library
Information System) was set up in December 1985 for the purpose of introducing
automation in the Parliament Library. In keeping with the need for further
computerization of various services of Lok Sabha Secretariat, action was initiated in
December 1991 to automate the various activities of the Secretariat, viz. Verbatim
Reporting of Parliamentary Debates, Questions, Committees, Members‘ Services, Pay
& Accounts, Administration, Recruitment, Reception Office, Security Services and
LARRDIS. Almost all the activities of the Secretariat have since been automated.
Three Computer Centres—one each in Parliament House, Parliament Library
Building (PLB) and Parliament House Annexe (PHA)—have been set up to provide
necessary hardware and software support to various Branches of the Secretariat. A
70
‗Committee of Officers of Lok Sabha Secretariat on Computerisation‘ reviews the

computer hardware requirements of various Branches/Offices of the Secretariat. A
large number of index-based databases of information generated within the Parliament
were initially developed by the PARLIS to make available non-partisan, objective and
reliable information and authoritative data on a continuous and regular basis to the
parliamentarians. However, full text of Answers to Parliamentary Questions received
from Govt. of India and verbatim Reporting of the proceedings of the House were
also placed on the Parliament of India homepage. The data currently available for on-
line retrieval relate to:—
 Parliamentary Questions (Full texts of Questions and Answers since February
2000; indexes from 1985 to 2000 are also available)
 Parliamentary Proceedings other than Questions (Full text of Floor Version
since the Winter Session of 1993; Indexes from 1985 to 1993 are also
available)
 Government and Private Members‘ Bills from 1985 onwards (only indexes);
 Directions, Decisions and Observations from the Chair, from 1952 onwards;
 President‘s Rule in the States and Union Territories, from 1951.
 Members of Council of Ministers from 1947 onwards;
 Obituary References made in the Houses since Provisional Parliament.
 Library Management Functions such as Acquisition, Processing and Issue and
Return of books have also been computerized using the software
package named "LIBSYS". A web-based Library catalogue can also be
accessed through Internet.
 Documentation Service (from 1989 onwards): (Important articles published in
books, reports, periodicals and newspapers are indexed and annotated and can
be accessed through Internet).
3.6.2.3 Information available on Internet/Parliament of India Homepage
The Indian Parliament Home Page was inaugurated by the President of India
on 15 March, 1996. The information available on the PARLIS database has been
converted into a Web enabled environment. The major components of the
parliamentary information, now available on the Internet are:—
I. Business of the House (Lok Sabha)* • List of Business, • Bulletin Part-I, •
Bulletin Part-II, • Synopsis of Debates, • Daily Debates, • Wit and Humour, poetry
71
and couplets, • Questions/Answers (February 2000 onwards), • Debates (Proceedings)

(July 1991 onwards) • Resume of Work, • Legislative Business.
II. Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha)* • Bio-data of members of the present
House, • Information about members of previous Lok Sabha, • Members‘ homepages
which contains information about Members‘ Biodata, with addresses and telephone
Nos., • Parliamentary Questions asked by him/her, • His/her participation in the
proceedings of the House, • Funds sanctioned for expenditure, • Incurred by him/her
under various schemes such as MPLADS, etc., • Statistical Information about
members, • E-Mail addresses of members of present Lok Sabha, • Addresses &
telephone Nos. and date of birth of members of present Lok Sabha, • Hand book for
Members, • Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS).
III. Information about Parliamentary Committees and their Reports*
IV. Parliament Library Catalogue.
V. General Information • Introduction to Parliament, • Rules of Procedure and
Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, • Directions by the Speaker, • Decisions from the
Chair, • Parliamentary Documentation, • Lok Sabha Secretariat Organization.
The floor version of the text of Debates in bilingual form is available through the
Parliament of India web-page. Members can retrieve the information regarding their
participation as well as discussions held in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on any subject
of their interest. Arrangements have also been made to web-cast; the live audio
proceedings of both the Houses of the Parliament, Constituent Assembly Debates, text
of the Constitution of India, Information about the functioning of the Parliament and
the Lok Sabha Secretariat, facilities provided to the members, important speeches of
President of India and texts of Union Budgets are also available on net. The
Homepage also contains the profile of the Speaker, Lok Sabha, his/her political and
personal achievements, important speeches and photogallery, etc. The links to the
websites of Government of India and to other Parliaments have also been provided at
the home page. http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/
3.6.2.4 Computer facilities for members of Parliament
Keeping in view the information requirements of the parliamentarians and to
automate their offices, a Laptop or a Desk top computer with a printer and a scanner
has been provided to them at their residences and work places. A hand held computer
or laptop has also been provided to them. Members of Parliament have also been
72
provided with Internet and E-mail connectivity through NICNET so as to provide

access to the Parliament database, other Government database, and database of
foreign Legislatures and the vast sources of other information available on the
Internet. Arrangements have also been made to provide Computer training to
Members of Parliament and their Personal Assistants.
3.6.2.5 Speaker’s Homepage
Speaker‘s Homepage, titled "The Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker" was
released by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 25 January 2002. The Homepage
contains the profile of the Speaker, Lok Sabha, his/her political and personal
achievements, important rulings/decisions, and important speeches, information
pertaining to the development of his/her constituency, tours undertaken as well as
proposed and photo galleries. Profiles of all the former Speakers are also available in
this section. A link to the Speaker‘s Homepage has also been provided in the
Parliament of India Homepage.
3.6.2.5.1 Video Conferencing: The Video Conferencing facility has been provided at
the offices and residences of Speaker, Deputy Speaker and Secretary-General, Lok
Sabha, and the Offices of Additional Secretaries and Joint Secretaries and also the
Computer Centre, Parliament Library Building.
3.6.2.5.2 Touch Screen Information Kiosks: Twelve Touch Screen Information
Kiosks have been installed at the various vantage points in PH and PHA.
3.6.2.5.3 Digital Library: A Digital Library has been set up in the Computer Centre
to cater to the needs of members of Parliament and Officers and Staff of Lok Sabha
Secretariat. A member is entitled to borrow two DVDs/CDs at a time for his own
reference and use.
3.6.2.6 Microfilming Service
A micrographic is an indispensable part of information technology for better
management of Library and Information Services. In order to ensure optimum
utilization of the space in the Parliament Library and for better preservation and future
use of valuable collections of the Library, a Microfilming Unit was set up in 1987 as
one of the important Branches of LARRDIS with the acquisition of latest available
models of microfilming equipments and ancillaries. The Unit is now fully functional
and provides facilities for Computer-Assisted Retrieval (CAR) of information from
the microfilmed documents. At present, microfilms are prepared with the help of three
73
RV3 and one MRD-2 Cameras having provision for 16 mm and 35 mm/16 mm width
of rolls, respectively. The RV3 Camera has the capacity to take nearly 2400
exposures from standard 16mm rolls. For operation of these Cameras, eight dark
cabins have specially been designed where processing of microfilming is undertaken.
All documents are microfilmed on 16 mm rolls, except those of abnormal size, like
Papers Laid on the Table of the House, which are being microfilmed on 35 mm film
rolls. The Unit also has one Processor and one Duplicator for making additional
copies of the microfilm rolls. The original microfilm rolls as well as duplicate rolls
which are used with the help of Microfilm Reader-cum-Printer are kept in the unit.
The microfilms of the documents are easily accessible to members of
Parliament and to all those interested therein. During the period from 1988 to January
2004, as many as 1,316 microfilm rolls have been prepared and 26, 33,131 exposures
of various documents taken by the Microfilming unit.
The following publications have been microfilmed by the Unit so far, for
reference by the members:
 Indian Legislative Council Debates: 1858 to 1920
 Central Legislative Assembly Debates: 3.2.1921 to 12.4.1947
 Constituent Assembly Debates (Legislative): 17.11.1947 to 24.12.1949
 Constituent Assembly Debates (Draft making): 9.12.1946 to 24.1.1950
 Constituent Assembly Debates [(Draft making) (Hindi)]: 9.12.1946
to 24.1.1950
 Parliamentary Debates (Provisional Parliament and House of the People):
28.1.1950 to 13.5.1954
 Lok Sabha Debates: 14.5.1954 to 20.12.2002
 Lok Sabha Debates (Hindi): 15.1.1985 to 26.8.1991
 Council of States Debates: 3.2.1921 to 19.5.1954
 Rajya Sabha Debates: 23.8.1954 to 18.3.2002
 Rajya Sabha Debates (Hindi): 15.2.1956 to 5.5.1993
 Indexes of above mentioned Debates
 Journal of Parliamentary Information: April 1955 to March 1999
 Reports of Indian Parliamentary Group: 1950 to 1998
 Reports of Parliamentary Committees:
 Public Accounts Committee: 1st Lok Sabha to 10th Lok Sabha
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 Estimates Committee: 1st Lok Sabha to 10th Lok Sabha

 Public Undertakings Committee: 3rd Lok Sabha to 10th Lok Sabha
 Committee on Welfare: 4th Lok Sabha to of SCs and STs 10th Lok Sabha
 Committee on Subordinate Legislation: 1st Lok Sabha to 10th Lok Sabha
 Committee on Government Assurances: 1st Lok Sabha to 10th Lok Sabha
 Committee on Petitions: 1st Lok Sabha to 10th Lok Sabha
 Railway Convention Committee: 1943 to 1985
 Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of MPs: 1954 to 1989
 Committee on Papers Laid on the Table: 5th Lok Sabha to 10th Lok
Sabha (started from 5th Lok Sabha)
 Presiding Officers Conference (Agenda, Proceedings, Resolutions, Minutes):
1921-1992
 Papers Laid on the Table of the House (Lok Sabha): LT No. 1/80 to 8640/84
 Reports of Departmentally Related Standing Committees
 Committee on Petroleum & Chemicals: 10th Lok Sabha to 12th Lok
Sabha (1st to 8th report).
 Constitution of India (calligraphed copy) (English and Hindi)
 O&M‘s Records:
o Instructional Orders: No. 1 to 1193
o Annual Administrative Reports: 1960 to 1998
 Library Records:
o Accession Register (purchase) of Acquisition Section, LARRDIS: upto
acc. no. 1, 36,410
o Accession Register (copyright) Upto Acc. of Acquisition Section,
LARRDIS: No. 52,080
o Bills:
 Official Bills introduced in Legislative Assembly: 1921 to 1949
 Government Bills introduced in House of People/Lok Sabha: 1953 to 1992
 Government Bills introduced in Council of States/Rajya Sabha: 1953 to 1993
 Rare Books: R1 to R1256
 Decisions from the Chair: 1921 to March 1996
 Observations from the Chair: 1949 to March 1996
75
 Directions by the Speaker: 1st to 4th Edition

 Parliament of India (Souvenir): 1st to 10th Lok Sabha
 Private Papers of G.V. Mavalankar:
 Private Papers of N.G. Ranga:
 Private Papers of Jwala Prasad Jyotishi:
 Who‘s Who Lok Sabha (English): 1950-1999
 Who‘s Who Lok Sabha (Hindi): 1967-1999
 Who‘s Who Rajya Sabha (English): 1952-2000
 Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches: 1952-2000
 Historical Documents
o Indian Round Table Conference Proceedings (1930-1932)
o Constituent Assembly of India Constitutional Precedents 1947
o Indian Statutory Commission Memoranda (1930)
o Sardar Patel‘s Correspondence
o Indian Historical Records Commission Proceedings
o Partition Proceedings—2 volumes
o Indian Record Series—Fort William—India House Correspondence
3.6.2.7 Reprographic Service
The Reprography Service set up in 1975 caters to the urgent official needs
of Members of Parliament, Officers and Branches of Lok Sabha Secretariat and media
persons accredited to Lok Sabha Press Gallery for photocopying important Press
Clippings, information contained in answers to Parliamentary questions and debates,
articles in periodicals, newspapers and extracts from books and other documents.
The Service also provides facilities for Xeroxing and typing of personal
correspondence/documents of members of Parliament against nominal payment. MPs
and former MPs can get their documents photocopied on payment of Re. 1.00 per
copy and English and Hindi typing work is done at the rate of Rs. 6 per page for
single space and Rs. 5 for double space. Additional copies of the typed documents are
charged @Rs. 1/- per page, from the service located in Room No. 45-A in Parliament
House. The Reprography service located in G-037, Parliament Library Building also
provides Xerox facilities on nominal payment basis.
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3.6.2.8 Documentation Service

Documentation Service, set up in 1975, is mainly responsible for locating,
collecting, classifying and indexing all the useful literature and articles in various
documents, including Newspapers, Books, Reports, Periodicals, Parliamentary
Debates etc. that may be of interest to the members of Parliament. All the titles are
suitably annotated and arranged under a specially devised subject-wise classification
scheme. This information is provided in a fortnightly publication called
PARLIAMENTARY DOCUMENTATION which is placed on Internet since June
1998 and can be retrieved under different parameters like year, subject and
country/state, author, document apart from specific issues/period. The whole process
of Parliamentary Documentation has been made online since June 2003, to facilitate
the instant availability of and up-to-date information to the members of Parliament,
officers and other users. The Printing of Parliamentary Documentation has been
ceased w.e.f. November 2003. Since then a few computer generated copies are placed
in the library for reference by Hon‘ble members and other users. For the years 1975-
1998, bound volumes of Parliamentary Documentation (earlier known as
Documentation Fortnightly) are available for consultation in Parliament Library.
3.6.2.9 Press Clipping Service
The Press Clipping Service set up in 1956 caters to the information
requirements of the members of Parliament on topical issues. It collects all important,
relevant and up-to-date news items, editorial comments and articles on developments
in the legislative, political, economic, socio-cultural, scientific and technological
fields. At present, the clippings are taken from 18 English and 9 Hindi newspapers
published in various parts of the country. (Besides, Press Clipping Services in various
regional languages are being planned in order to enrich the press clipping collection).
The Press clippings are maintained chronologically in subject folders and stacked in
proper sequence according to the Dewey decimal classification scheme. These folders
are not issued out and are consulted in the reading rooms of Parliament Library.
Ordinarily, Press clippings are retained for two years. However, important clippings
of lasting value and interest and those having a bearing on constitutional,
parliamentary and legal subjects are, retained permanently after scrutiny. In line with
the on-going process of computerisation of various activities of Parliament Library,
the Press Clipping Service has started feeding into the computer all important selected
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English Press Clippings by using the imaging technology system. The computerised
Press clippings can be retrieved through classification number and subject keywords
from the Computer terminals installed in the Press Clipping Section, Members‘
Reference Service, Library Counter of Parliament Library Building, concerned senior
officers of LARRDIS and Question Branch in Parliament House Annexe.
The scope of computerized Press Clipping Service is being widened for
prompt information dissemination.
3.6.2.10 Research and Information Service
The Service endeavours to keep members informed on a continuing basis
about the current national and international issues in various fields by regular
publication (in English and Hindi) of Books, Brochures, Background Notes,
Information Bulletins, Fact Sheets, Monographs, Current Information Digests, etc.
Two Monograph Series known as the Eminent Parliamentarians Monograph Series
and the Distinguished Parliamentarians Felicitation Monograph Series are also
brought out to commemorate the services rendered by the eminent parliamentarians of
the past and to felicitate the distinguished parliamentarians of today. Profiles of
leaders whose statues and portraits are unveiled in the Parliament Complex are also
prepared by the service.
The Service also brings out the following periodicals:
Periodicals in English
 The Journal of Parliamentary Information (Quarterly);
 Digest of Central Acts (Quarterly);
 Digest of Legislative and Constitutional Cases (Quarterly);
 IPG Newsletter (Quarterly).
 CPA Asia Region News Letter (Quarterly)
Periodicals in Hindi (brought out by the Raj Bhasha Prabhag)
 Sansadiya Patrika (Quarterly);
 Kendriya Adhiniyam SAR (Quarterly).
Copies of all these periodicals and other publications brought out from time to
time are supplied to members who specifically ask for them. Copies are also made
available in the Library for other interested members.
The Service also prepares draft speeches/points for Speeches, Briefs, Research
Notes, Resolutions, Explanatory Memoranda, etc. for Indian Parliamentary
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Delegations participating in various international Parliamentary Conferences held

under the auspices of the Inter- Parliamentary Union, the Commonwealth
Parliamentary Association, the Association of SAARC Speakers and
Parliamentarians, etc. from time to time. Country Notes are also prepared for the use
of members of Parliamentary Delegations going abroad on goodwill visits.
Background Papers on subjects of parliamentary interest are prepared for the use of
members participating in the Seminars and Symposia organised from time to time by
the Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG) and the Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and
Training (BPST). In short, the Research and Information Service provides the desired
information on the subjects/aspects which warrant intensive and extensive research.
3.6.3 Library Hours
The Library remains open from 1000 hours to 1800 hours on all working days.
During the Session periods, however, the Library functions from 0900 hours to 1900
hours or till the rising of the Houses, whichever is later. During session periods, the
Library also remains open from 1000 hours to 1400 hours on Saturdays/ Sundays/
Holidays (except National Holidays and on the day of Holi).
3.6.4 Library Rules
LIBRARY RULES —The following Library Rules are reproduced for the information
of members:—
1. Parliament Library is intended for the exclusive use of members and Officers of
Parliament.
2. The use of Parliament Library for the purpose of study by personal staff of
members of the Lok Sabha or bonafide research scholars requires special
permission in writing from the Secretary-General, Lok Sabha. In the case of
members of Rajya Sabha, the Secretary-General, Rajya Sabha may grant such
permission. The Secretary-General, Lok Sabha or the Secretary-General, Rajya
Sabha as the case may be, may grant permission if he is satisfied that a particular
person is actually required to assist a member in collecting information which may
help him in the efficient discharge of his duties as a member or that a bonafide
research scholar is required to consult documents or books that cannot be found
elsewhere. In the case of research scholars (both Indian & foreign), such
permission shall, save in exceptional cases, be accorded only during the inter-
Session periods. Research fellows who are granted fellowship by the Lok Sabha
79
Secretariat on subject of Parliamentary interest are given access to the Parliament

Library during Session and inter-Session periods on a specific request to have
access to the Parliament Library for consulting the parliamentary debates and
other relevant documents pertaining to their fellowship. Prescribed forms for grant
of Library facilities may be obtained from the Library Office. The application
form, duly filled in; accompanied by 2 passport size photographs, must be
submitted at least 15 days in advance so that adequate time is available to verify
the antecedents of the applicant. The person to whom the Library Pass is issued
shall be governed by the following instructions:—
i. The pass must be returned or presented for extension of time after the expiry
of the period for which it is issued.
ii. The loss of pass shall be notified immediately.
iii. The users shall not have access to the stacks. Books and other documents
required by the users will be supplied for study by the Library staff.
iv. Marking of any kind on the documents given to the users for study is not allowed.
v. The user shall bring his/her own stationery.
vi. Briefcases and bags are not allowed beyond the Library Counter.
vii. The users must sign the register kept in Library.
viii. Any infringement of these instructions will render the person concerned liable
to action taken against him.
Permission for the use of the Library in such cases shall be subject to the following conditions:-
i. No books, periodicals or other documents shall be taken out of the Library
and no person shall handle books, etc. in stack room, or in almirahs, racks
and book cases etc. The books required shall be supplied by the Library staff
and these shall be returned before leaving the Parliament Library.
ii. The issue or withholding of any book, report, record etc. of the Parliament
Library even for consultation shall be at the discretion of the Officer -in-
charge of the Library.
iii. No clerical or typing assistance shall be provided.
iv. Timings for study shall be decided by the Officer-incharge.
3. The Library facilities may also be provided to the accredited Press Correspondents
admitted to the Press Gallery of Parliament subject to similar conditions as are
applicable to the personal staff of members and research scholars under Rule 2
above.
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4. Former members of Parliament may borrow books from the Library on depositing
a security of Rs. 500/- with the Budget and Payment Branch of the Lok Sabha
Secretariat.
5. The special arrangements stipulated under Rules 2—4 above shall be subject to such
further instructions and administrative orders as may be issued from time-to-time.
6. All requisitions for the issue of books and other publications shall be made to the
Officer-in-charge of the Library in the prescribed form. Not more than one
book/publication shall be entered on each form.
7. Ordinarily, not more than two books and two other publications (including volumes
of a book or other publication) shall be issued on loan at a time to a member.
8. (a) On the termination of each Session, books and other publications borrowed by
a member shall be returned to the Parliament Library before he leaves the station.
Members staying in Delhi shall be able to make use of the Library as usual.
(b) No book or other publication loaned to a member shall be taken out of Delhi.
(c) During the Session of Parliament, books and other publications borrowed from
the Parliament Library shall be retained for not more than fifteen days, but this
period may be extended, by seven days if their renewal is applied for in advance
and provided these are not in demand. (d) During the inter-Session periods, the
books and other publications shall be retained for a period not exceeding 30 days.
9. In the event of a book/publication issued on loan being required for any important
or urgent purpose, the Officer-incharge of the Library may recall it any time and
such a book/publication shall be returned by the member within 24 hours.
10. Any member requiring a book or other publication which has been issued may get
it reserved for him at the Circulation Counter and such a book/publication shall be
issued to the members in the order of priority.
11. (a) In no case, a member shall keep any book or other publication longer than
fifteen days during Session time or thirty days during inter-Session period. No
additional book or other publication may be issued to a defaulting member till the
outstanding book/publication is returned. Books may be got re-issued, if there is
no demand for those books from other users of the Library. For this purpose, the
books shall be returned physically at the Counter and got re-issued.
(b) Books/repor ts/publications that are required by members and kept for them in
Member‘s Reading Room in the Library (First Floor) shall be reserved for a
81
period of two weeks only. At the expiry of the two-week period, these books/
reports/ publications shall be restored to the shelves, if no further extension is asked for.
12. If a book or other publication is not returned to the Library after the expiry of its
due date, it will be presumed lost and steps will be taken to recover the
replacement cost from the member concerned as indicated below :—
S.No. Publication Cost to be recovered
i. Indian books/publications printed 1.5 times the original during the last five years. price.
(ii) Indian books/publications printed Double the original more than five years
back. price.
(iii) Indian books/publications which are Five times the ‗Out of Print‘. original
price.
(iv) Foreign publications printed during Double the original the last five years.
price.
(v) Foreign publications printed more Three times the than five years back.
original price.
(vi) Foreign publications which are Five times the ‗Out of Print‘. original price.
(vii) Indian or foreign publications 50 paise per page. for which price is not
available. Provided that if the actual replacement cost of the book/ publication
exceeds the cost arrived at on the basis of the above formula, the actual
replacement cost will be recovered from the member.
13. Encyclopedias, dictionaries, directories, Yearbooks, atlases, periodicals (current as
well as old issues), books on art, painting and other illustrated books, rare books,
books which are out of print, reference books, newspapers (current and back
numbers), press clipping folders (current and old ones), serials, and books in
damaged and brittle condition shall not be issued out. Such
books/publications/folders shall be made available for consultation in the
Parliament Library premises only.
14. No new book or other publication shall be issued to members till after a week of
their having been displayed in a separate shelf marked Latest Arrivals. Each new
addition shall bear the date up to which it would remain on display.
15. Marking of any kind, underlining and writing on book or other publications is
strictly forbidden.
82
16. Books and reports pertaining to a Bill or Resolution or other matter which is either
under discussion or is to come up before either House immediately shall not be
issued so long as the matter is pending consideration before Parliament.
17. From the time books or other publications are issued and until they are returned to
the Parliament Library, the borrower shall be responsible for their proper
maintenance and in the event of any damage or loss; the borrower shall be
required either to replace the book/publication or to pay their replacement cost at
the rates prescribed in these Rules.
18. Pass Books shall be maintained at the Circulation Counter of Parliament Library
in respect of members of Parliament for the issue and receipt of
books/publications. When a book/publication is issued, the member shall sign in
the relevant column of the Pass Book in token of having received the
book/publication. While returning the books/publications, the Library staff on
duty at the Circulation Counters shall sign the Pass Book in token of having
received the book/publication.
19. In case a member is unable to come to the Parliament Library himself, he may
obtain books, reports etc. on loan through his Private Secretary/Personal Assistant
subject to his furnishing a letter of authority, in the prescribed form. The members
shall, however, be personally responsible for the safe custody of the books and
their return.
20. Users of the Parliament Library shall observe strict silence, while in the Library
premises.
21. Smoking in any part of the Parliament Library and taking of meals and
refreshments in the Reading Rooms are strictly prohibited.
22. No stranger shall be admitted into any sector of the Parliament Library unless
accompanied by a member or an Officer of Parliament.
23.Suggestions for the purchase of new books, periodicals and newspapers shall be
made in writing in separate registers maintained for the purpose on the Library
Counter.
24.Regulation of entry to the Parliament Library premises shall be subject to such
orders and instructions as may be laid down from time to time.
83
References
Indian Law Institute. (2009-10). [Prospectus]. New Delhi: Indian Law Institute.
Jamia Millia Islamia (2008). Faculty of Law [Brochure]. New Delhi: Jamia Millia
Islamia.
Lok Sabha Secretariat. (2009). Periodicals and news papers in parliament library.
New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat.
Lok Sabha Secretariat. (2010). Library services in the parliament of India. New
Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat.
Pillai, C. & Sekharan, K.N. (2005). Directory of Law colleges in India. New Delhi:
Indian Law Institute.
University of Delhi. (2012). Faculty of law. (Bulletin). New Delhi: University of
Delhi.
Websites
http://www.ili.ac.in/default.htm
http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=10
http://jmi.ac.in/
http://jmi.ac.in/law
http://jmi.ac.in/studyatjamia/library/zhl/introduction
http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/
http://www.supremecourtof india.nic.in
http://indiancourts.nic.in
http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/history.asp
84
Chapter - 4 Collection Development and Services of Libraries
CHAPTER - 4
COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICES OF LIBRARIES
4.1 Introduction
The term “Collection Development” has been evolved to emphasize personalised
services to satisfy users‟ demand (Laxman and Ratna, 1993). Collection Development
encompasses plans formulated for the systematic and rational building of a collection. The
term includes a group of activities i.e. assessing the user needs, evaluating the present
collection, determining selection policy, coordinating selection of items, re-evaluating and
storing parts of the collection, and planning for resources sharing (Parmeswaran, 1997). The
topic collection development is a planning and decision making procedure that covers
broad range of activities related to the policies and procedures of selection, assessment of
users‟ needs, evaluating present collection, weeding out and storing parts of the collection
and planning for resource sharing (Ravichandra, 1997).
4.2 Process of Collection Development
Collection development is a universal process in the library world whereby the library
staff brings together a variety of materials to meet patron demands. This dynamic, self-
perpetuating cycle consists of six definable elements: community analysis, selections policies,
selection, acquisition, weeding, and evaluation, (Faruqi., 1997).
Collection Development Process
PATRON
COMMUNITY
Community
Analysis
Evaluation Selection
Policies
LIBRARY
STAFF
Weeding Selection
Acquisition
Figure-4.1
85
A collection development process is that which permits the library to develop

a collection of materials responding to the information needs and service requirements
of the users. It has also been defined as “a process that allows for the identification of
the strengths and weaknesses of the materials collection of a library in terms of the
needs of the users and the resources of the community. It is a universal process in the
library world in which the library professional assembles a variety of materials in
order to satisfy the demands of the users. This dynamic and constant cycle brings
together six elements: users‟ study, policies, selection, acquisition, weeding and
evaluation” as has been described before. (Evans, 2004).
Similarly, Sanchez (2005) defines collection development as a process which
assumes that the information needs of the users that are satisfied in an economic
fashion and inside a reasonable period of time using resources as much internal as
well as external to the organization.
4.3 Functions of Collection Development
Collection Development can be divided into two parts:
 Basic functions; and
 Umbrella functions.
Basic functions are performed by all academic libraries‟ development process,
i.e. selection of library materials, acquisitions, donations, weeding, preservation and
intellectual freedom.
Umbrella functions are performed to inform library staff of the constituents of
collection development process itself, i.e., collection development policies, user‟s
needs assessment, and collection assessment. Though these are not necessarily
performed by all academic libraries, however these are vital tools of collection
development (Available at http://www.libazus/cdf/colldev.htm - Accessed on 20th
December, 2010).
4.4 Factors Affecting Collection Development
While formulating collection development policy the following important
factors should be kept in mind:
 Philosophy of the organization / institution/library;

 Nature of the community;
 High standard of intellectual contents;
 Relevance of contents;
86
 Cooperation and networking;

 Access v/s ownership;
 Relationship with other information service units;
 Availability of budget and existing resources; and
 Revision of policy (Singh, 2005).
4.5 Pre-requisites of Collection Development:
Collection Development is an inter play of the libraries‟ aims and strategies
adopted by the librarian and his staff in order to meet the users‟ requirement and for
its implementation, a clear policy of acquisition, periodic evaluation of the collection
and the systematic weeding out of documents whenever is needed.
Bloomfield, (1987) observed that collection development involves
identification of some of the key issues such as:
 Identification of the purpose and mission of the library /parent
organization.
 The library staff or a committee formulates the library‟s collection
development policy;
 Matching between users‟ requirements and institutions aim and objectives;
 Budgetary provisions and the contingent problems.
 Working out of strategies for implementing the policies and programmes;
and
 Policy statements have to be maintained, revised and updated.
Collection Development is thus, a dynamic and continuous activity, which
involves the users, the library staff; and the subject experts on selection team. It is a
process to develop a need based on up-to-date and balanced collection which is
sufficient to meet the document and information needs of the users (Prasher, 1993).
4.6 Users of Libraries:
The collection building activities are designed in respect of the users to be
catered. Since an academic library is to support the teaching, research and extension
programmes of its organization, its collection and services are to cater to the
curricular, co-curricular needs of the students, faculty and research scholars and
background material by the under graduate, postgraduate students and research
scholars.
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4.7 Information needs

Information needs of a user depend on different factors, discipline and
activities.
It has been recognized by the scholars as there are three types of users‟ information
needs or approaches (Voigt, 1961):
 Current approach;
 Every day approach; and
 Exhaustive approach
4.8 Collection Development Policy
A collection development policy statement is a document that represents a
plan of action and information which is used to guide the staffs thinking and decision
making. Specially, the staff consults the collection development policy when
considering which subject areas to augment and determine how much emphasis is to
be given to each area. The policy should be such that it seems as a means of
communication with library‟s service population and the people who provide it‟s
funding (Evans, 2004).
4.8.1 Elements of Collection Development Policy
As Collection Development is a continuous and never ending activity, a well
thought out long term policy is needed, which should provide to answers the
following. (Wilson & Tauber, 1956):
 Who has the responsibility for seeing that a policy is setup and regularly
implemented?
 Who should have final authority for directing and controlling the distribution
of book funds?
 What material should be acquired?
 Who should participate in the selection?
According to Evans. (1987) a policy document should have:
 A brief general description of the community to be served;
 Identification of specific clientele to be served;
 A general statement regarding the parameters of collection such as specific
subject field and type of formats that the library will acquire;
 The statement on general limitations and priorities that will determine how the
collection will be developed; and
88
 Keeping in mind the library‟s role in cooperative collection development and

networking, the policy should make it clear as to whether the basic philosophy
is self sufficient or cooperative.
Perkins (1979), “Made certain recommendations of clients and knowledge of
their information needs which are the key elements in deciding what to buy”.
4.8.2 Details of Subject Areas and Formats Collected
In these sections of the policy, the policy writers classify the collections into
constituent subject areas, identify types of material collected, and specify the primary
user group with each subject which is quite tedious. Collection Development officers
have to collect, analyze and evaluate data relating to consumers‟ needs. Collection of
data is followed by assigning priorities to each area, perhaps by format within each
area. All of this work is done with the goal of achieving a proper balance of subjects
and supplying the information needs of the service community. (Evans, 2004).
The next part of the policy is a very vital one and it involves fixing
responsibility for collection development. In a small library, the task is done by the
librarian himself, while in case of a large scale library; the task is delegated to the
other staff. However, the ultimate responsibility would lie with the head librarian. The
policy should also be clear as to on what basis the selectors should take decision. A
review policy for evaluating the performance of selections should also be formulated.
(Evans, 2004)
4.8.3 Elements of Miscellaneous Issues
This section of the collection development policy statement deals with gifts,
de-selection, discards, evaluation, complains and censorship. Though each topic is
individually significant and important and separate policy statement can be prepared
for each. This is usually not in practice. A gist of or summary of these topics is
prepared by the collection policy writers instead.
4.8.4 Electronic Resources
A need for an overview section is felt that defines terms and outlines the
context of the policy. What does the policy cover? Does it include the one time
purchases of CD-ROM products, only ongoing subscription services, or both? Does it
cover the library‟s linking to various websites?
89
4.8.5 Getting the Policy Approved

Having the policy prepared with considerable efforts of the staff, the next step
involves getting it approved by the governing board, so that everyone agrees in
principle to serve the users community.
4.8.6 Policy Review and Revision
There should be periodic renewal and revision of policy to keep up with
changes in users‟ need and to make sure that it reflects current practices and
procedures in the libraries.
4.9 Selection of Resources
As selection is the heart of the collection development process and it aims to
build the library‟s collection for a particular user community, skill, knowledge and the
right tools are required to select appropriate library materials that meet the needs of
the community. It is a challenge to build resources and formats for a balanced
collection that meets the needs of user community. (Evans, 2004)
4.9.1 Book Selection
The books selection, complies with certain principles. Some of these
principles are Macolvin‟s Demand Theory, Dewey‟s best book for the largest number
at the least cost‟ and Drury‟s „Right book to the Right reader at the Right time. (Katz,
William A, 1980) For book selection knowledge of the subject is one requirement
(Magril & Hickery, 1984) feel that book selection has to be done by bibliographers,
reference librarians, departmental librarians, faculty and combination of various
groups. No single librarian or faculty should be made responsible for the selection.
Interaction with readers handling the information requirements and subject
background provides an opportunity to library staff in proper selection. Documentary
needs of students and researchers should be known to the faculty.
Ahmad (1984) has stated that materials are selected by the library with aid and
advice of academic staff. In practice, the staff takes little interest in advancing their
suggestions for addition to the stack.
4.9.2 Drury’s Principles
Drury, (1930) clearly stated the basic principles that govern the selection of
reusing material for a library. It states: “To provide the right book to the right
user/reader at the right time”. The reader is the central theme and the veracity of a
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document is in relation to the reader and the material/document should be available to

the reader.
4.9.3 Mc Colvin’s Demand Theory
Mc Colvin, (1925) advanced his demand and supply theory of books selection.
He states, “Books in themselves are nothing. They have no more meaning than the
white paper upon which they are printed, until they are made serviceable by demand.”
The more closely book selection is related to demand the greater is the resultant and
possible services.
4.9.4 Melvil Dewey’s Principle
Melvil Dewey Quoted by Prasher (1993), principle states, “The best reading
for the largest number at the least cost.” According to this principle a library should
select the best available documents that satisfy the users within the limited financial
resources.
4.9.5 Ranganathan’s Laws and Document Selection
Ranganathan‟s first three laws of Library Science are helpful in formulating
the principles of document selection.
The first law – only those documents should be selected that satisfy the
clients. While selecting the documents, the present and potential requirements of the
users must be kept in view.
The second law of library science- Every reader his/her documents directs the
selector to cater for the informational needs of all the users of the library.
The third law of library science- Every book its reader suggests that all efforts
should be made to put to use those documents of value which have been selected in
anticipation of the needs of the user.
4.10 Importance of Selection Policy
Selection policy enables a library to achieve quality, objectivity and
consistency in the process of selection and ensures that resources satisfy the
information needs of the users. Some libraries have separate selection and acquisition
policies while others put selection policy as a part of acquisition policy. Selection
policy may include the following: (Schammel, 2001).
 Core collection: it includes resources that are critical for fulfilling the
objectives of the parent body and thus receive the highest priority.
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 Supporting collection: includes items that supplement the core collection,

providing additional information and adding value to the functioning of the
organization.
 Peripheral collection: selection of core and supporting collections receive first
and second priority respectively and peripheral collection is selected on the
basis of the budget availability. They consist of costly online services that are
rarely used, fringe publications that do not form part of basic needs of the users,
and the items that can be obtained from other libraries on Inter Library Loan.
 Kinds of resources: Library‟s policy must include specific guidelines for
selecting different kinds of resources, such as general books, reference sources
(such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories), serials, reports (both internal
and external), online services, electronic resources, grey literature.
 Formats: All formats should be considered.
 Online sources : Access to online databases should be provided
 Inter Library Loan and document delivery.
 Project based products and services : there may be a need for the purchase of
information resources beyond the scope of resources covered under the laid
down selection policy to support the ongoing projects within the parent
organization.
According to Drury (1930). “A necessary part of selecting process is the
choosing titles from many valuable aids”. Selection of books is done through various
tools like catalogues, leaflets (both print and electronic formats), journals, magazines,
websites, online services, CD-ROMs many publishers bring out catalogues, covering
resources prior to their publication, current reviews, national bibliographies, trade
bibliographies, subject bibliographies best book recommended list and core
collection. Selection policies have been replaced by material selection policies due to
the increasing production of non print materials (which cannot be ignored). With the
new emphasis on non traditional sources of information, librarian must contend
themselves with formats other than books. These ranges from other print media such
as news papers, periodicals and pamphlets to non print formats like tapes, motion
pictures and the like. The librarian needs to be aware of the multitude of
communication forms available and also to be more knowledgeable and skilled to be
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able to make intelligent decisions regarding their unique contribution to the library
goal of providing appropriate information forms to its patrons. (Hicks & Alma 1970).
4.11 Collaborative Selection:
The rising cost and decline in purchasing power of individual libraries made it
difficult to acquire the electronic resources and tries it has led to the collaborative
selection of these resources to came into operation. For this purpose, they form
unofficial consortium whereas one library in a group purchases a particular item and
the cost is spread across the group. On the payment of subscription and additional
charges, a user license is obtained from the vendor, allowing users of each library
belonging to the consortium to have access or user rights. Each library selects a
different resource, paying subscription plus additional charges, and offering other
libraries in the consortium with the reciprocal access. (Scammel, (ed). 2001).
4.12 Acquisition of Resources
Gelfand (1974) observes acquisition programme “is a plan for carrying out the
objectives of the library with respect to the development of collection. It should be a
long range plan, flexible in nature and subject to periodic review and revision” . It
should be started for a period of five years or more with the approval and support of
the authority within the budget. For obtaining support and cooperation of the faculties
and libraries staff, wide publicity should be given to the programme.
Gelfand quotes Wilson and Swonk who describe the acquisition as “the
continuous systematic analysis of weak spots in the book collection through the
checking of bibliographies against the library‟s holdings, the submission to the faculty
lists of materials not owned, the rating by the faculty and library staff of these titles,
and finally the preparation of want or decider at a lists”. The lists then goes to the
other department where the process of procurement begins. Acquisition departments
also have internal goals. (Evans, 2004), such as; quick procurement of order;
ensuring lowest possible unit cost by keeping work processes simple, to keep work
processes simple, to achieve the lowest possible unit cost, and to develop close,
friendly working relationships with other library units and with vendors.
4.13 Evaluation of Collection:
Collection analysis is the basis for evaluation. According to Katz, the purpose
of analysis and evaluation of the collection is to determine the quality of the
collection. Evaluating such large collections is a difficult task. Evaluation can be done
93
either by analyzing how well each individual item is or how good the item suits the
particular needs of the users. To evaluate in these two terms utilization of the user‟s
knowledge is essential. (Katz, 1980) gave the possible ways of evaluation. They are:
 Statistics on holdings use and expenditures;
 Checking lists, catalogues, bibliographies, etc;
 Obtaining opinions from regular users;
 Examining the collection directly and applying standards; and
 Testing document delivery capability.
Katz (1980), states that the library can cut 80% of book collection and 40% to
60% of periodicals, but still can serve 99% of the users. Good collection may not
necessarily guarantee utilization of documents. Modification of the existing
acquisition policy through evaluation would improve the quality of the collection.
4.14 Library Services:
A library is a service provider institution and the university library is no
exception to it. University library is spring of knowledge and information provided
will always be valued at premium. In the modern significantly and socially vigilant
society, especially when the grains of right to information are gaining much currency,
the university libraries are sanguinely expected to be more responsive and interactive
with their users.
The library service which brings the staff in contact with users to provide right
information to the right user at the right time and to help in finding out resources and
providing required information should be emphasized. Some important kinds of
services offered by libraries are:
4.14.1 Circulation Service:
One of the prime functions of a university library is the circulation of
documents or lending of library materials. Every library executes it and intends to
satisfy its users. Geer, (1955), has advocated that while embarking on a circulation
system for a library, it should be evaluated on the parameter of cost involved in its
organization and administration‟s improvement in readers‟ service and reduction in
costly records.
From the beginning onwards the world of librarianship has brought out the
following systems:
 Ledger system
94
 Permanent slip or card system

 Browne charging system
 Newark charging system
 Detroit charging system
 Token charging system
 Photographic charging system
 Audio- charging system
 Visual record charging system
 Tape charging system
 Double call slip charging system and
 Computer based charging system
 Bar code based system
4.14.2 Reference Service
According to Ranganathan, (1961), right contact means contact between the
right reader and right books at the right time and in the right personal way. He is of
the view that the establishment of such a contact is “the only available and effective
method” of discharging the function of converting the users into a habitual users. He
has named that method as reference service. Thus, he adds that “Reference service is
the establishing of contact between reader and book by personal service”. Here,
emphasis is laid on personal service to each user to help him to find documents.
Rothstein S, (1961), similarly defines it as “personal assistance given by the librarian
to the individual reader in pursuit of information”. According to Hutchins, “Reference
work includes the direct personal aid within a library to persons in search of
information for whatever purpose and also various library activities especially aimed
at making information as easily available as possible. (Hutchins 1944).
A university Library is supposed to perform the following functions:
Teaching, research, publication, conservation of knowledge and ideas, extension and
service and interpretation, (Ranganathan, 1961), a university library is a sub set of a
university establishment. Thus it exists to provide the objectives of its parent
organization. In other words, a university library should intend to spur up the
function. The clientele mainly consists of students, teachers and research scholars.
The requirement of the users is diverse oriented. The services to be provided are listed
below (Kumar 1996).
95
 Instruction in the use of library,

 providing of general and specific information,
 Assistance in the location (or searching) of documents or use of library
catalogue understanding of reference books,
 Literature search,
 Readers advisory service,
 Compilation of bibliographies, preparation of indexing and abstracting
services,
 Reservation of documents- In case a document has not been loaned, then a
user who needs it can be get it reserved, so that when the document is returned
then the user can be informed and he can get it issued,
 Interlibrary loan – ILL refers to request for a document not available in the
library. Whatever might be the nature of library, but it should take advantage
of borrowing books from other libraries,
 Holding of library exhibitions including display of new additions to the
library,
 Maintenance of clippings; and
 Maintenance of vertical files containing pamphlets like prospectuses, report, etc.
The kinds and nature of reference services to be facilitated would hinge upon
curriculum research programmes, methodology of teaching and objective of
university education.
4.14.3 Information Service:
The term information service has a wide ambit and is not restricted to specific
items of information provided on demand but also the provision of information in
advance. There are number of modes to forecast and predict the actual demand. Users
approach seeking information may cover bulletins, bibliographies, documentation
lists, document delivery, annual reports, literature survey, CAS, SDI, Online
searching, reports, etc. (Pal, 2004), Information service is prime activity in any kind
of library. In University library, it is indispensible for the use of researcher as well as
faculty members, staff and students.
96
4.14.4 Bibliographic Service:

Bibliography today indicates a gamut of documents but mainly material
arranged in a logical way to fulfill the needs or the demand of users. The Oxford
English Dictionary defines Bibliography as the systematic description and history of
books, their authorship, printing, publishing, editions etc.
Bibliography was the art of recording books and the science of making of
books and their extent record. (Esdaile 1969). The usual attribute of these descriptions
is that bibliographies list books in a systematic way to reveal the source of
knowledge. The scope of marshalling of bibliographic records has been widened with
the application of information technology.
A bibliography is reduced by numerous limitations, so as to restrict its size to
a handy book form. There are no such constraints for electronic storage of
bibliographic records.
A bibliography may cover only a few thousand citations of books but a
database provides for unlimited scope. These are known to cover millions of such
records and are updated at regular intervals; computers have assisted in compilation of
bibliographic data through its transfer to electronic storage. (Pal, 2004),
The bibliographies are distinguished in the character and are in function. There
are various types of bibliographies available to fulfill the needs of their users.
 Subject Bibliography
 Historical Bibliography
 Descriptive Bibliography
 Comprehensive Bibliography
 Universal Bibliography, etc.
4.14.5 Abstracting Service
The modern era is christened as an era of information age. There is no branch
of knowledge where a large quantum of information has not been generated.
Therefore, huge sources are documented but it creates problem of not only organizing
knowledge but also in selection of quality and important information products. An
abstracting service intends to facilitate the summarization of new documents and
inform the users about the topical areas of interest to them, (Ashworth 1979), the
various kinds of abstract are reorganized by their scope on coverage. The commonly
97
known abstract are indicative and informative. Other kind of abstracts are author
abstract, locative abstract, telegraphic abstract, auto abstract, etc.
4.14.6 Indexing Services
With the escalation in quantity and complexity of published literature, and
with the awakening that information is of paramount significance for research, socio
economic development and decision making, the utility of an index has garnered wide
acceptance and sizeable improvement in quality and design of an index have been
made to match the varied requirements of the users and in tandem act as a forceful
communication link between the source (Prasher 2003) of information and the user of
information.
An index is an organized tool to the text of any reading matter or to the
contents of other collected document materials, covering a series of entries, with
headings shaped in alphabetical or other chosen order, and with references to reveal
where each item indexed are located. Thus, it is cogently perceived that an index is a
list systematically arranged providing enough details about each item, so that it can be
figured and brought out (British Standards Institutes, 1964).
There are various types of indexes.
 Book indexes
 Indexes of collections
 Periodical indexes
 News papers indexes
 Citation indexes
4.14.7 Current Awareness Services (CAS)
The researchers, students and faculty members are required to be abreast of
the latest development in their respective areas to remain updated and to sustain the
challenges of fast growing competitive environment. Pertinent current information is
available in newsletters, newspapers, journals and other micro documents (Pal, 2004).
Vickery defines CAS as “more frequently and more adequately met by
circulation than by retrieving current journals, newly received book and reports,
abstract bulletin and the like being fed and scanned by users. (Vickery, 1965), The
librarians glossary defines CAS as “a system and often a publication for notifying
current documents to users of libraries and information services, e.g. selective
98
dissemination services, bulletin, indexing services, current literature. (Harrod‟s

Librarians Glossary, 1984).
4.14.8 Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI)
The term SDI was coined by Hans Peter Luhn for the first time in 1959. A
service which is personal rather than common; it has evolved out of the development
of key term indexes, viewed as a „Personalized CAS/SDI services high interest areas.
Luhn defines SDI as the service concerned with the “channeling of new ideas of
information for whatever source to those points within the organization where the
probability of usefulness, in connection with current work of interest, is high.
(Luhn, 1961),
The SDI encapsulate a strategy to prepare users services manual and
computerized methods are in operation mainly depending upon the level of
automation of library services.
4.14.9 Reprographic Services
The term reprography was used for the first time in 1954 as a generic term for
all kinds of facsimile reproduction of documents, covering in its scope, processes and
techniques related to photo copying, micro copying, blue printing, electronic copying,
thermo copying, dyeline reproduction, etc.
In earlier times all these processes and technique were called copying which
without doubt was wider in its ambit and did encompass copy typing and duplicating
in the offices, photo copying in the libraries and blue printing in drawing office.
(Prashar, 2003).
According to Bose, (1972), reprographic service is a group of mechanical
devices whereby one or multiple copies of a document can be made through copying
and duplicating process. In fact reprography covers not only devices but processes
and techniques and also includes mechanical along with photographic, thermal and
electronic processes too.
According to Hawken, (1966), reprography is a term applied to draw attention
to the copying processes and methods applied for both copying and duplicating
documents. The role of reprography is instrumental in communication. In the modern
era, there is aggrandizement of information, reprography facilities and information
scientists who brings home a researcher, right at his desk, the literature pertinent to his
area of subject for numerous sources.
99
4.14.10 Translation Service

The development of a nation in the modern times hinges on the maximum
usage of information within the length and breadth of the country and outside. There
are numerous languages which have documented the pace of progress and
achievement in various areas of knowledge where then western countries have made
significant and scientific advances in the 20th century mainly in languages like
English, German and French.
In recent years, Japan has been acknowledged as the big player in the areas of
economics and information. It is calculated that more than half of the global scientific
and technical literature consist of 1.5 million items in languages other than English. A
scientist prefers to use a document in his own language which assists in applying it
conveniently. The way out of the problem is to develop adequate infrastructure for
getting the intended document changed into a language familiar to the user. In
university library milieu, this service is pertinent for researchers mainly for scientific
research. (Pal, 2004).
4.14.11 CD-ROM (Compact-Disc Read Only Memory) Services
CD-ROM is one of the storage media developed due to information explosion
as well as the urgency for quicker processing and accessing of information. CD-ROM
is known for revolution in information media. CD-ROM technology has proven itself
as blessing for libraries in facilitating library service to the users. CD-ROM is more
accessible for searching the information and as it occupies less space and has large
storing capacity, it is more suited for the university libraries. (Khan, 1997).
4.14.12 Online Services
Online system is also a revolution, in which the user is provided a seat at a
terminal connected to a database and has the capacity of interaction with computer.
Shaping search strategies on the basis of response, the searcher has quick access to the
database. The user can interrogate the computer directly. The output can be printed
out or displayed on the screen. The computer acts as storage place for accumulation of
information. Online services indicate that users have access to information through
the usage of video displayed keyboard. The user can operate the key board, give the
command and the outcome can be revealed on video display or cathode ray tube. If
the users want a printed record then he has to push a button and record will be printed
out. If the user has numerous indexes and abstracts available to search at a computer
100
terminal, (the contents of all those indexes and abstract that is known as online
database is available on the single click) (Sharma, & Grover, 2004).
4.15 Conclusion
The collection development policy ensures active participation of the
authorities, the users and the library staff in the process of building a collection. It
lays down collection goals of the library and determines who has selection
responsibility, and also the selection criteria, acquisition procedures including the
process to handle the electronic resources. Thus collection development policy should
be based on the aims and objectives of the library.
Selection policy should be sound and comprehensive to build up an adequate
collection of resources and it also ensures judicious spending of money for building
resources to meet the information needs of the users and bring consistency to the
process of selection of resources. The role of a selection librarian is becoming
increasingly complex due to exponential growth of resources, the number of formats,
delivery options and charges. The decrease in purchasing power further aggravates the
problem.
The success of the process of the acquisition of documents requires knowledge
of publishers and book trade and envisages understanding of the ordering procedures,
practices and policies and also the policies regarding gifts and exchanges. The
acquisition librarian should have a bibliographical flair to be able to detect cases of
duplication either at the indent stage or at the stage of placing orders. Sending order is
a work of great responsibility and the librarian should scrutinize the orders carefully
to detect errors, if any. In the present day environment, the librarian has to be dynamic
in discharging his responsibilities. Besides, the traditional role of buying the books,
periodicals publications and other materials, he has also to carry out the task of shelf
preparation, distribution of e-books and e-journals, document delivery, etc. With the
introduction of internet, it has become possible to provide electronic resources to
users directly at their desktop. The communication between librarian and vendors, and
the process of seeking answers to queries, or sending orders has become faster. It has
accelerated the process of acquisition. Services to the users of the library have
significantly improved due to these developments.
The discipline of collection development is instrumental in the advancement
of the organization of information. The quality of the collection in tandem with
101
service offered in any information institute or university depends on the proper

selection and acquiring of the information sources. The pursuit of collection
development entails development of policies that guide its cardinal moments and
garner procedures and necessary processing that assist the task of professional
incharge of the collection development and assist in the decision making process. The
information policies have to be refashioned to be in sync with the requirements of
organization and facilitate information to all its members. In case of local area if has
to be physically attached with computer by cable. In case of remote place, the
terminals will connect via telephone line or via communication satellite.
102
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Chapter - 5 Data Analysis and Interpretation
CHAPTER-5
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The title of this study is “Collection Development and Services in Law

Libraries in Delhi: A Comparative Study”. This chapter deals with analysis and
interpretation of data collected through questionnaire method distributed in different
Law Libraries in Delhi. Before analyzing the data, it is essential to define data
analysis and its interpretation, and how it is being done. Data analysis means
categorizing, ordering, manipulating and summarizing data to obtain answers to
research problems. Data interpretation means the way in which data is understood or
examined. The purpose of analysis is to shape data to intelligible and interpretable
form, so that the relation of research problem can be studied and tested. The collected
data has been organized and tabulated by using statistical method, percentage, rank,
tables and graphic representation.
In this study, two sets of questionnaires were designed to collect the necessary
data. One set was designed for Librarians / Directors/Head of the Libraries and the
second set to study the users‟ perception. A comparison of six major law libraries i.e.
three Academic Law Libraries and three Special Law Libraries is as follows:
Academic Law Libraries:
Indian Law Institute (ILI)
Law Library-University of Delhi (LL-UD); and
Law Library-Jamia Millia Islamia (LL-JMI)
Special Law Libraries:
Supreme Court Judges Library (SCJL);
High Court Judges Library (HCJL); and
Parliament Library (PL)
5.1 PART-1: Analysis of the responses received from the Librarian/
Head of the Libraries
5.2 PART-2: Analysis of the Responses Received from the Users
106
5.1 PART-1: ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSES RECEIVED FROM THE

LIBRARIAN/HEAD OF THE LIBRARIES
5.1.1.1 Year of Establishment of Libraries

Figure-5.1.1.1 shows that among the law libraries of Delhi under study i.e. three
Academic Law Libraries and three Special Law Libraries. The Law Library of
Jamia Millia Islamia (LLJMI) is the latest and the Parliament Library (PL) is the oldest
one, as it is shown below.
Fig - 5.1.1.1 Year of Establishment of Libraries
5.1.1.2. Qualification, Designation and Pay Scale of Librarian/Head of the Libraries

Table 5.1.1.2 as given below, displays the qualifications, designation and pay
scale of the Librarians/Head of the Libraries, which clearly shows that for Academic
Law Libraries, it is not essential for librarians/head of the libraries to have law
background along with professional library science degree but for the Special Law
Libraries law background along with professional library science degree is essential
due to special group of users as well as materials used in the library. The table also
shows that in Academic Law Libraries the designation/post and pay scale for the
highest rank is different. In Academic Law Libraries, i.e. in ILI it is Librarian, in
LLUD it is Assistant Librarian and in LLJMI it is Semi-Professional Assistant. In
Special Law Libraries the designation/post and pay scale is of highest rank i.e. in
Supreme Court Judges Library and Parliament Library, Director is the head of the
library and in High Court Judges Library, Librarian is the head of the library. The
reason behind this is that Academic Law Libraries are the part of larger system as
107
Law Library University of Delhi (LLUD) is a branch/part of Delhi University Library

System, Law library Jamia Millia Islamia (LLJMI) is a branch/part of Dr. Zakir
Husain Central Library System, Jamia Millia Islamia. Special Law Libraries as it is
specified on the basis of its clientele and materials used/required, it may be called
full-blown law library. In short Academic Law Libraries are dependent libraries and
Special Law Libraries are independent libraries but the ILI is Academic as well as
Special Law Library for that it requires special designation, post and pay scale. In all
the four libraries the highest rank is either Librarian or Director, as shown in the table.
Table-5.1.1.2- Qualification, Designation and Pay Scale of Librarian/ Head of the

Libraries
(Qualification)
Degree in P.G. in Law Designation Pay Scale
S. No. Libraries Library Library Degree
Science Science
Librarian 37400-67000
1. ILI √ √ ×
Assistant 15,600-39,100
2. LLUD √ √ × Librarian
Semi- 5,200-20,200
3. LLJMI √ √ × Professional
Assistant
75,000
4. SCJL √ √ √ Director fixed+special
allowance and
Rs. 5000/= p.m,
5. HCJL √ √ √ Librarian 37400-67000
75,000
6. PL √ √ √ Director fixed+special
allowance and
Rs. 5000/= p.m,
108
5.1.2.1 Strength of Library Staff

Table-5.1.2.1 shows that in Special Law Libraries i.e. Supreme Court Judges
Library (86), High Court Judges Library (11) and Parliament Library (128) the
strength of staff is highest while in Academic Law Libraries i.e. Indian Law Institute
(8), Law Library University of Delhi (9) and Law Library Jamia Millia Islamia (2),
the strength of staff is lowest. This shows that Special Law Libraries have more staff
than Academic Law Libraries.
Table-5.1.2.1: Strength of Library Staff

S. No. Designations ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
a. Director 0 0 0 01 0 07
b. Additional Director 0 0 0 0 0 16
c. Joint Director 0 0 0 0 0 23
d. Deputy Director 0 0 0 0 0 19
e. Librarian 1 0 0 02 1 0
f. Deputy Registrar 0 0 0 0 1 0
(Library)
g. Dy. Librarian/Sr. 0 0 0 04 2 0
Assistant Librarian
h. Assistant Librarian 0 1 0 11 5 0
i. Research/Reference 0 0 0 0 0 30
Officers
j. Professional Assistant 0 0 0 0 0 0
k. Semi Professional 2 4 1 0 0 0
Assistant
l. Sr. Library Assistant 0 0 0 0 0 20
m. Sr. Library Attendant 0 0 0 0 0 12
n. Jr. Library Attendant 0 0 0 0 0 01
o. Non professionals 2 4 1 68 2 0
(i.e. clerical, menial,
etc)
p. Others 3 0 0 0 0 0
q. Total 8 9 2 86 11 128
109
5.1.2.2 Library Membership

Table- 5.1.2.2 shows that the total membership in` ILI is 579, in LLUD 265, in
LLJMI 66, in SCJL 32, in HCJL 398, and in PL 3703 and the membership in
Parliament Library varies from time to time for three months. In the entire three
Academic Law Libraries the total membership is 910 while in all the three Special
Law Libraries two Court Libraries and Parliament Library the total membership is
4133. In SCJL there are only 32 members. The reason behind this is that in SCJL only
SC Judges are the members of this library.
Table-5.1.2.2: Library Membership
S.No. Membership ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
a Faculty Members 15 110 11 0 0 0
b Research Scholars 04 65 15 0 0 0
c PG Students 60 90 40 0 0 0
d Others/Members of 0 0
Parliament/Honorable 500 32 398 3703
Judges/Lawyers
e Total 579 265 66 32 398 3703
5.1.3.1 Total Budget of various Law Libraries during the session 2010-11
Table-5.1.3.1 and fig. 5.1.3.1 reveals that Special Law Libraries have the
highest budget in comparison to Academic Law Libraries, i.e., the budget of the
Parliament Library is 73 lakhs, followed by HCJL 67.5 lakhs, in SCJL 50 lakhs, while
in Academic Law Libraries i.e. the highest budget 37 lakhs, in ILI, followed by 21.2
lakhs in LLUD and 6 lakhs in LLJMI.
Table-5.1.3.1: Total Budget of various Law Libraries during the session 2010-11
S. Name of ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
No. Libraries
1. Total Budget 3700000 2120000 600000 5000000 6750000 7300000
110
Fig. 5.1.3.1Figure
Total –Budget of various
5.2: Total Budget Law Libraries
of various during
Libraries the session
during 2010-112010-11
5.1.3.2. Increase of Annual Budget of libraries for the last five years (in lakhs)
Table-5.1.3.2 and fig. 5.1.3.2 reveal that growth of annual budget for the last
five years in Special Law Libraries it is highest in PL while in Academic Law
Libraries it is highest in ILI. In Special Law Libraries it increased at an average of
70% growth in five years while in Academic Law Libraries it increased only 30% on
an average in five years, which automatically causes problem for its users, so that the
budget for Academic Law Libraries should be increased as early as possible as the
education is the asset for national development.
Table-5.1.3.2: Increase of Annual Budget for the last five years (in lakhs)
S. No. Sessions ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
1. 2006-07 25 18.5 4.50 28 38.45 50
2. 2007-08 25 19 4.50 30 40.6 60
3. 2008-09 25 20 5.20 30 41 70
4. 2009-10 30 21.2 6.00 40 50 70
5. 2010-11 37 21.2 6.00 50 67.50 73
Total & Difference 142 99.9 26.2 178 237.55 323
in %age 48% 14.60% 33.33% 78.57% 75.55% 46%
111
Fig: 5.1.3.2: Increase of Annual Budget for last five years (in lakhs)
5.1.3.3 Opinion Regarding Adequacy of Library Budget

Table-5.1.3.3 reveals that library budget for print and online documents are
adequate in all Special Law Libraries while in Academic Law Libraries the opinion of
librarians regarding adequacy of library budget is not positive only the ILI librarian
told that their budget is adequate.
Table-5.1.3.3: Opinion Regarding Adequacy of Library Budget

Adequate Inadequate
Libraries ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
Print √ × × √ √ √ × √ √ × × ×
Documents
Online √ × × √ √ √ × √ √ × × ×
E-
Documents
5.1.4 Library Collection

Library collection is the systematic evaluation of the quality of a library
collection to determine the extent to which it meets the library‟s service goals and
objectives and the information needs of its clientele. There are generally five steps
taken in order to acquire material for a library collection whether physical or digital:
112
i) Request processing
ii) Verification
iii) Ordering
iv) Reporting (physical management)
v) Receiving orders
5.1.4.1 Total Document Collection in Libraries during the session 2010-2011
Figure-5.1.4.1 reveals the total collection for session 2010-11, which clearly
shows that in Special Law Libraries, the collection is higher as compared to Academic
Law Libraries. The collection in Parliament Library is 2,70,818 volumes followed by
2,24,615 in SCJL, 1,43,878 in HCJL, 1,42,639 in LLUD, 75,000 in ILI and 15,000 in
LLJMI, all these data is collected from the Accession Register of respective libraries
which includes all the printed and non-printed documents. The table also analyses that
in all Academic Law Libraries total documents are 2, 32,639 and in all the three
Special Law Libraries total collection of document are 6, 39,311. In Parliament
Library it is highest and in LLJMI it is lowest. The reason behind this is that PL is
purely Special Law Library and the LLJMI is a branch library of JMI or it is
Academic Law Library, as shown below in figure-5.1.4.1
Fig: 5.1.4.1 Total Documents Collection in Libraries during

session 2010-11

Table-5.1.4.2 and Fig.5.1.4.2 shows the yearly addition of print documents
that include Books, Reference Books, Bound Journals, Bare Acts, Law Commission
Reports, etc. from 2007 - 2011 (5 years). It also shows that among the Special Law
113
Libraries the highest increment in print documents is in Parliament Library followed

by HCJL and SCJL. And among Academic Law Libraries the highest increment in the
print documents is in ILI followed by LLUD and LLJMI over the five year period.
Table-5.1.4.2: Yearly Addition of Print Documents during last five years

Year wise ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
2006-2007 1000 1,304 250 731 3300 4,977
2007-2008 2,200 1,015 280 812 5200 5,761
2008-2009 3,080 1238 322 1,021 6100 7,155
2009-2010 1,070 1244 340 6,044 6800 6,721
2010-2011 2,800 1297 350 2,083 9600 5,965
Total 10 150 6088 1552 9991 31000 32279
Fig: 5.1.4.2 Yearly Addition of Print Documents during

last five years

Table-5.1.4.3 and fig. 5.1.4.3 clearly reveal that in Special Law Libraries
especially in Parliament Library the yearly addition of the total e-documents is 145
followed by 23 in HCJL and 8 in SCJL while in Academic Law Library the highest
addition of e-document is 60 in ILI followed by 42 in LLUD and 03 in LLJMI.
114
Table-5.1.4.3: Yearly Addition of E-Documents during last five years

Year wise ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
2006-2007 08 38 02 2 15 105
2007-2008 15 38 02 5 17 115
2008-2009 21 40 02 6 18 130
2009-2010 27 40 02 8 19 140
2010-2011 60 42 03 8 23 145
Fig: 5.1.4.3Yearly Addition of E-Documents during last five years
5.1.4.4 Collection Development Policy

Table-5.1.4.4 shows that there is no Collection Development Policy in any of
the Libraries but they adopt their internal policy in all the libraries under study.
Table-5.1.4.4: Collection Development Policy

Policy ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
Yes × × × × × × 00
No √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
115
5.1.5 Acquisition of Library Materials

The process of selecting, ordering and receiving materials for library or
Archival collections by purchase, exchange or gift which may include budgeting and
negotiating with outside agencies, such as publisher, dealers and vendors, to obtain
resources to meet the needs of the institution‟s clientele in the most economical and
expeditious manner.
Library acquisition is the department of a library which is responsible for the
selection and purchase of materials or resources. The department may select venders,
negotiate consortium pricing, arrange for standing orders, and select individual titles
or resources. Libraries both physical and digital, usually have four common broad
goals that help dictate these responsibilities. These goals are significant to libraries in
order to maintain the basic principle of access.
1) To acquire material as quickly as possible
2) To maintain a high level of accuracy in all works procedures
3) To keep work processes simple, in order to achieve the lowest possible unit
cost.
4) To develop close, friendly working relationship with other library units and
venders.
There are eight different types of acquisition methods that are followed by
libraries:
i) Firm orders
ii) Standing orders
iii) Approval plans
iv) Blanket orders
v) Subscriptions
vi) Leases
vii) Gifts
viii) exchanges
116
5.1.5.1 Selection of Study Materials

It is observed from the table 5.1.5.1 that in most of the libraries i.e. 100% the
selection of study materials is being done through the Library Committee, 66.67%
through the Lawyers and research scholars, 50% through the Honorable Judges,
librarians and teachers, etc.
Table-5.1.5.1: Selection of Study Materials
S. Authority ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age

No.
a) Director/Librarian/Head √ √ √ × × × 50
of the Library
b) Honorable Judges √ × × √ √ × 50
c) Lawyers √ × × √ √ √ 66.67
d) Member of Parliament × × × × × √ 16.67
e) Faculty members × × × × × × 00
f) Librarian and teachers √ √ √ × × × 50
g) Library committee √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
h) Students /research √ √ √ × × √ 66.67

scholars
recommendations
i) Others (if any please

specify
5.1.5.2 Tools used for Selection of material

As per table 5.1.5.2 which clearly shows that the Special Law Libraries are
using various methods and tools for selection of materials such as Reviews in
journals, Reviews in books and news papers, Publishers‟ catalogue, Subject
bibliography, Online reviews, Social Media, etc. while in Academic Law Libraries
only the Publishers‟ catalogue is being used as tools for materials selection. The result
shows that all the libraries under study (100%) use publishers‟ catalogue. Four
institutes (66.67%), ILI, SCJL, HCJL and PL use online reviews and social media for
117
material selection. There are three libraries (50%) namely SCJL, HCJL and PL use
reviews published in journals and books. One interesting finding is that only one
library i.e. ILI (16.67%) library i.e. (N=1) uses the traditional tools like national
bibliography, trade bibliography and subject bibliography.
Table-5.1.5.2: Tools used for Selection of Material

S. No. Tools ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a) National √ × × × × × 16.67
Bibliography
b) Reviews in × × × √ √ √ 50
journals
c) Reviews in books × × × √ √ √ 50
and news papers
d) Publishers √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
catalogue
e) Subject × × × × √ × 16.67
bibliography
f) Trade × × × √ × × 16.67
Bibliography
g) Online reviews √ × × √ √ √ 66.67
h) Social media √ × × √ √ √ 66.67
5.1.5.3 Modes of Acquisition

Table-5.1.5.3 shows that libraries like ILI, LLJMI and SCJL use all modes of
acquisition, like purchase, gift and exchange while other libraries i.e., LLUD, HCJL
and PL use only two types of acquisition like purchase and gift.
Table-5.1.5.3: Modes of Acquisition

S. No. Modes of Libraries Under Study
Acquisition
ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a) Purchase √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
b) Gift √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
c) Exchange √ × √ √ × × 50
d) Others × × × × × × 00
118
5.1.5.4 Criteria Followed to Evaluate the Documents

Table-5.1.5.4 shows that in Special Law Libraries different criteria are
followed for evaluation of the documents while in Academic Law Libraries it is not
correct except in ILI library. The result shows that „quality‟ and „relevance‟ are the
two criteria followed by all the libraries. 83.33% libraries follow currency, authority,
completeness and research relevance for material selection criteria. Other major
criteria are language, uniqueness of contents and cost effectiveness (66.67%). In case
of digital materials hardware/software compatibility (66.67%) and network
compatibility (50%) are also used as criteria for material selection.
Table-5.1.5.4: Criteria Followed to Evaluate the Documents

S. No. Criteria ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a) Quality (Based on √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
Review, Users
Needs, etc.)
b) Subject Relevance √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
c) Currency, √ × √ √ √ √ 83.33
Authority,
Completeness
d) Language √ × × √ √ √ 66.67
e) Uniqueness of √ × × √ √ √ 66.67
Contents
f) Relevance of √ √ × × × √ 50
Materials for
Curriculum
g) Relevance of √ √ × √ √ √ 83.33
Materials for
Faculty/Research
h) Cost Effectiveness × √ × √ √ √ 66.67
i) Network √ × × √ × √ 50
Compatibility
j) Hardware / √ × × √ √ √ 66.67
Software
Compatibility
k) Strength of Search √ × × √ √ √ 66.67
Engine/Access
Points
l) Remote √ × × √ × √ 50
Accessibility
m) Others × × × × × × 00
119
5.1.5.5 Problems while Acquiring Documents

Table-5.1.5.5 shows that only Academic Law Libraries especially LLUD and
LLJMI face the problem of lack of funds (33.33%), and SCJL faces the problem of
Lack of autonomy (16.67%).
Table-5.1.5.5: Problems while Acquiring Documents
S. No. Problems ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a) Lack of Funds × √ √ × × × 33.33
b) Lack of × × × × × × ×
Infrastructure to
support storage and
access
c) Lack of Expertise × × × × × × ×
for Management
d) Lack of Autonomy × × × √ × × 16.67
e) Others × × × × × × ×
5.1.5.6 Provision of Library Committee

Table -5.1.5.6 shows that in all the six libraries i.e. in all the three Special Law
Libraries and three Academic Law Libraries there is provision for Library Committee.
Table-5.1.5.6: Provision of Library Committee

S. No. Provision ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a. Yes √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
b. No × × × × × × 00
120
5.1.5.6.1 Types of Library Committee

Table-5.1.5.6.1 shows that there are two types of library committee in the
libraries under study i.e., Advisory Committee and Executive Committee. (66.67%)
institutes (N=4) i.e., ILI, LL-JMI, SCJL and PL have advisory committee. Two
libraries i.e., LLUD and HCJL have executive committee.
Table-5.1.5.6.1: Types of Library Committee
S. No. Types ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a. Advisory √ × √ √ × √ 66.67
b. Executive × √ × × √ × 33.33
5.1.5.7 Criteria for Weeding out the Reading Materials

Table-5.1.5.7 shows that both categories of libraries follow the same criteria
for weeding out the reading materials i.e., Obsolete Materials (83.33%), Damaged
Books, Brittle Books and Surplus copies etc. while in only HCJL which is (16.67%)
the criteria for weeding out of reading materials is done as per local rules.
Table-5.1.5.7 Criteria for Weeding out the Reading Material

S. No. Criteria ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a. Obsolete √ √ √ √ × √ 83.33
Materials
b. As per local × × × × √ × 16.67
rules
c. Any other rules × × × × × × 00
5.1.6 Technical Services Provided by the Libraries

The departments which handle acquisition, cataloguing, processing and
maintenance of the materials in the library, is called the technical department of the
libraryl
5.1.6.1 Classification Scheme used
Table-5.1.6.1 reveals that all the libraries under study use classification
schemes for organizing their materials. LLUD (16.67%) use colon classification
121
scheme of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan. ILI, SCJL and HCJL (50%) use UDC and LLJMI
and PL (33.67%) use DDC.
Table-5.1.6.1: Classification Scheme used

S.No. Classification ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
scheme
a Colon Classification × √ × × × × 16.67
b Universal Decimal √ × × √ √ × 50
Classification
c Dewey Decimal × × √ × × √ 33.67
Classification
d Other (if any please × × × × × × 00
specify)
5.1.6.2 Cataloguing Code used

Table-5.1.6.2 shows that the majority of the libraries (83.33%) use Anglo-
American Cataloguing Code while one library i.e., LLUD uses classified catalogue
code. The reason for the same is that the classification scheme and cataloguing code
were propounded by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, who was the guide in the Department of
Library and Information Science, University of Delhi. Since 1958 and even today the
Library follows the same standard.
Table-5.1.6.2: Cataloguing Code used

S. No. Software ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a. Classified × √ × × × × 16.67
Catalogue Code
(CCC)
b. Anglo-American √ × √ √ √ √ 83.33
Catalogue Rules
(AACR-II)
122
5.1.6.3 Use of Online Public Access Catalogue

Table-5.1.6.3 highlights that the use of OPAC in both the categories of
libraries are the same. Online Public Access Catalogue is being used in all the
libraries for the searching of Library materials.
Table-5.1.6.3: Use of Online Public Access Catalogue

S. No. Provision ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a. Yes √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
b. No × × × × × × 00
5.1.6.4 Software used in Libraries

Table-5.1.6.4 highlights that among Academic Law Libraries two libraries i.e.
ILI and LLJMI use LIBSYS software while one library i.e., LLUD uses TROODEN -
4.0. in Special Law Libraries all libraries use different software i.e. SCJL uses
KOHA, HCJL uses TROODEN4.0 and in PL LIBSYS has been used. It also
highlights that the LIBSYS is being used in 50% libraries, KOHA is being used in
16.67% and TROODEN-4.0 is being used in 33.33% Libraries.
Table-5.1.6.4: Software used in Libraries

S.No. Software ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a Allice for × × × × × × ×
Window
b KOHA × × × √ × × 16.67
c LIBSYS √ × √ × × √ 50
d TROODEN- × √ × × √ × 33.34
4.0
e Any Other × × × × × × ×
5.1.7. Library Services

A general term for resources made available by a server to other nodes on the
network. In Microsoft LAN manager terminology, this concept is broadened to
include all main components of the LAN manager software.
123
In both categories of libraries, services provided by the libraries as mentioned

below in table no. 5.1.7 which describes about the, circulation service, reference
service, CAS Service, SDI Service, Inter-Library Loan Service, Translation Service,
Reprographic Service, Press Clipping Service etc. Most of the services are being
provided by most of the libraries i.e., Circulation service (100%), Reference Service
(100%), CAS Service (100%), SDI (83.33%), Inter-Library Loan Service (100%),
Translation Service (16.67%), Reprographic Service (100%), Online Service (100%),
Press Clipping Service (66.67%) etc. are being provided by the libraries.
Table-5.1.7.: Library Services
S. No. Services ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age

a. Circulation √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
Service
b. Reference √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
Service
c. CAS Service √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
d. SDI Service √ √ × √ √ √ 83.33
e. Inter-library √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
Loan Service
f. Translation × × × × × √ 16.67
Service
g. Reprographic √ √ √ √ √ √ 100
service
h. Microfilm × × × × × √ 16.67
Service
i. Press Clipping √ × × √ √ √ 66.67

Service
j. On line Service √ √ √ √ √ √ 100

/internet Service
124
5.1.7.1 Legal Databases used in Libraries

Table -5.1.7.1 shows the legal databases available in the libraries under study.
Most of the databases are being provided by all the libraries except LLJMI. In LLJMI
only SSC online and AIR online database is available, while in Parliament Library all
the three most important databases are available along with Indlaw databases. In
Parliament Library databases are purchased on request by the Members of
Parliament/Branches/Officers. Request is put up for approval by the library
committee.
Table-5.1.7.1: Legal Databases used in Libraries
S. No. Name of SSC AIR Manupatra Other databases used

Libraries Online
Online
1. ILI √ √ √ West Law, All E.R.,

Lexis-Nexis, etc.
2. LLUD √ √ √ West Law, All E.R.,

Lexis-Nexis, ITR, STC,
Law Pack etc.
3. LLJMI √ √
4. SCJL √ √ √ DLT, West Law, All E.R.,

Law Pack etc.
5. HCJL √ √ √ DLT, West Law, All E.R.,

Law Pack etc.
6. PL √ √ √ Indlaw.
125
5.1.7.2 Provision of Resource Sharing

Table-5.1.7.2 shows that there is a provision for Resource Sharing in ILI,
LLUD, SCJL and HCJL, whereas, there is no provision of resource sharing in law
library jamia millia islamia and in Parliament Library. In Supreme Court Judges
Library there is resource sharing arrangement with other libraries through Inter
Library Loan. Inter Library Loan service is being provided the materials through the
DELNET to the users. The DELNET is being used by ILI, LLUD, SCJL and HCJL
for resource sharing purpose.
Table-5.1.7.2: Provision of Resource Sharing
S. No. Provision ILI LLDU LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL %age
a. Yes √ √ × √ √ × 83.33
b. No × × √ × × √ 16.67
126
5.2 - PART-2: ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSES RECEIVED

FROM THE USERS
In this part an evaluative study of Services of Law Libraries in Delhi, has
been under taken. The study has been conducted by using standard parameters like
users‟ perceptions to determine the library‟s effectiveness. The data collected through
the questionnaires has been combined in the tables and analyzed using statistical
tools. The tables have accordingly been divided into varied particulars such as
Purpose of Visit to the Library, Frequency of Visit to the Library, Use of Library
Resources, Use of Electronic Information Sources, Frequency of E-Resource Usage,
Use of OPAC, Awareness about Library Services, Adequacy of Reading Facility,
Satisfaction with the Library Services Provided, Behavior of Library Staff, etc.
Comparisons of six major Law Libraries (three Academic Law Libraries and three
Special Law Libraries) have been described in detail.
Table-5.2.1 and fig. 5.2.1 shows that the total population of users in six
libraries under study is 5043. The investigator administered 866 questionnaires among
the users and 574 questionnaires were returned back. Out of these only 564
questionnaires (98.25%) were considered for analysis because rest of the
questionnaires were incomplete. The library wise accepted questionnaires are: 152 in
ILI, 70 in LLUD, 30 in LLJMI, 11 in SCJL (as only judges‟ visit the library), 103 in
HCJL and 198 in PL.
Table-5.2.1: Response Rate of Users

S. Name ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL TOTAL
No.
1. Total 579 265 66 32 398 3703 5043
Population
2. Questionnaire 174 80 33 16 119 444 866
Distributed 30% 30% 50% 50% 30% 12% 17.17%
3. No. of 160 70 30 11 103 200 574
Questionnaire 91.95% 87.50% 90.90% 68.75% 86.55% 45.05% 66.28%
Returned
4. Questionnaire 152 70 30 11 103 198 564
Accepted for 95% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 98.25%
Data Analysis
127
Fig-5.2.1: Response Rate of Users

Table-5.2.2.1 and fig. 5.2.2.1 highlight the purpose of visit to the library which
shows that in Academic Law Libraries majority of respondents use the library for the
purpose of research work. The library wise analysis denotes that 44.74% users in ILI
use library for research work, which is the highest followed by 42.86% in LLUD and
30% in LLJMI and the second reported purpose for visiting the library is for study
purpose.
In Special Law Libraries users prefer to visit libraries for updating knowledge.
Among the libraries SCJL 72.72%, in PL 70.71% and in HCJL 67.96% users visit the
library for updating their knowledge. The second reported purpose is for research
work and no one use these libraries for teaching purpose.
Table-5.2.2.1: Purpose of Visit to the Library

S. No. Purpose ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. For Study 28 15 12 01 10 28
Purpose (18.42%) (21.43%) (40%) (9.09%) (9.71%) (14.14%)
2. Updating 46 15 05 08 70 140
Knowledge (30.26%) (21.43%) (16.67%) (72.72%) (67.96%) (70.71%)
3. For Research 68 30 09 02 23 30
Work (44.74%) (42.86%) (30%) (18.18%) (22.33%) (15.15%)
4. Teaching 10 10 04 00 00 00
purpose (6.58%) (14.28%) (13.33%) (nil) (nil) (nil)
128
Fig-5.2.2.1: Purpose of Visit to the Library

Table 5.2.2.2 and fig. 5.2.2.2 shows that in both the categories of libraries
majority of the respondents are visiting the library „‟daily‟‟ and 2 to 3 times in a
week‟‟ i.e., frequency of visit to the library daily in ILI is (52.63%), LLUD (51.43%),
LLJMI (43.33%), SCJL (45.46%), HCJL (38.83%) and parliament library (38.38%).
In the same way the frequency of visit to the library (2 to 3 times in a week) in ILI is
(29.61%), HCJL (23.30%) and Parliament Library (36.36%).
Table-5.2.2.2: Frequency of Visit to the Library
S. No. Frequency ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. Daily 80 36 13 05 40 76
(52.63%) (51.43%) (43.33%) (45.46%) (38.83%) (38.38%)
2. Two to three 45 16 05 04 24 72
times in a
(29.61%) (22.86%) (16.67%) (36.36%) (23.30%) (36.36%)
week
3. Once in a 15 09 06 03 01 18 32
days
(5.92%) (8.57%) (10%) (9.09%) (17.48%) (16.16%)
4. Once in a 09 06 04 01 12 14
month
(5.92%) (8.57%) (13.33%) (9.09%) (11.65%) (7.07%)
5. Occasionally 09 06 05 00 09 04
(5.92%) (8.57%) (16.67%) (nil) (8.74%) (2.02%)
129
Fig -5.2.2.2: Frequency of Visit to the Library
5.2.3 Use of Library Resources

Table-5.2.3 and fig.: 5.2.3 clearly shows that in Academic Law Libraries the
use of library resources is in the following manner; majority of the users prefer books,
cases, journals, thesis and dissertations, and so on. While in special law libraries
majority of the users prefer the resources in the following manner i.e., cases, books,
journals, reference books and so on. In academic law libraries i.e., ILI, LLUD and
LLJMI books are mostly used in LLUD (80%) and LLJMI (73.33%) while cases are
mostly used in ILI library (57.24%). On the other hand, in special law libraries cases
are the mostly used resources i.e., SCJL (100%), HCJL (92.23%) and books &
journals are mostly used resources in Parliament Library (44.44%).
Table-5.2.3: Use of library resources

S. Items ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. Books 105 56 22 4 30 88
(69.07%) (80%) (73.33%) (36.36%) (29.12%) (44.44%)
2. Journals 70 28 10 4 30 88
(46.05%) (40%) (33.33%) (36.36%) (29.12%) (44.44%)
3. Cases 87 28 10 11 96 108
(57.24%) (40%) (33.33%) (100%) (92.23%) (54.54%)
4. Reference 55 28 10 02 06 16
Books, (36.18%) (40%) (33.33%) (18.18%) (5.83%) (8.08%)
Reports
5. Theses/ 62 28 12 09 05 36
Dissertations (40.79%) (40%) (40%) (9.09%) (4.85%) (18.18%)
6. Indexing & 20 14 05 03 23 48
Abstracting (13.16%) (20%) (16.67%) (27.20%) (22.33%) (24.24%)
Journals
7. Monographs/ 10 12 02 02 23 48
Patents (6.58%) (17.14%) (6.67%) (18.18%) (22.33%) (24.24%)
130
Fig -5.2.3: Use of library resources
5.2.4 Use of Electronic Information Sources

Table- 5.2.4 clearly elaborates that the majority of respondents use Electronic
Information Sources in various libraries as given in table in the following ways: In ILI
69.07% respondents use Online Database followed by E-Books by 59.21%, E-
Journals by 61.84%, E-Cases by 50%, E-Reports by 36.18%, CD-ROM Database by
42.76% respectively. In LLUD 48.57% respondents use Online Database followed by
E-Books by 55.71%, E-Journals by 40%, E-Cases by 35.71%, E-Reports by 34.29%,
CD-ROM Database by 60% respectively. In LLJMI 26.67% respondents use Online
Database followed by E-Books by 20%, E-Journals by 26.67%, E-Cases by 40%, E-
Reports by 23.33%, CD-ROM Database by 50% respectively. In SCJL 81.82%
respondents use Online Database followed by E-Books by 54.54%, E-Journals by
45.45%, E-Cases by 81.81%, E-Reports by 72.73%, CD-ROM Database by 90.90%
respectively. In HCJL 77.67% respondents use Online Database followed by E-Books
by 67.96%, E-Journals by 66.01%, E-Cases by 92.23%, E-Reports by 77.67%, CD-
ROM Database by 67.96% respectively. In PL 75.75% respondents use Online
Database followed by E-Books by 60.60%, E-Journals by 58.58%, E-Cases by
54.54%, E-Reports by 59.59%, and CD-ROM Database by 69.69% respectively.
131
Table-5.2.4: Use of Electronic Information Sources
Chapter – 5
ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
E-
`S.
Information n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
No.
sources
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1. Online 105 47 34 36 08 22 09 02 80 23 150 48

Database
(69.07%) (29.93%) (48.57%) (51.43%) (26.67%) (73.33%) (81.82%) (19.18%) (77.67%) (22.33%) (75.75%) (24.25%)
2. 90 62 39 31 06 24 06 05 70 33 120 78
E-books (59.21%) (40.79%) (55.71%) (44.29%) (20%) (80%) (54.54%) (45.46%) (67.96%) (32.04) (60.60) (39.40%)
3. E-Journals 94 58 28 42 08 22 05 06 68 35 116 82
132

(61.84%) (38.16%) (40%) (60%) (26.67%) (73.33%) (45.45%) (54.55%) (66.01%) (33.99%) (58.58%) (41.42%)
4. E-cases 76 76 35 35 12 18 09 02 95 08 108 90
(50%) (50%) (50%) (50%) (40%) (60%) (81.81%) (18.11%) (92.23%) (7.77%) (54.54%) (45.46%)
5. E-Reports 55 97 24 46 07 23 08 03 80 23 118 80
(36.18%) (63.82%) (34.29%) (65.71%) (23.33%) (76.67%) (72.73%) (26.27%) (77.67%) (22.33%) (59.59%) (40.41%)
6. CD-Rom 65 87 42 28 15 15 10 01 70 33 138 60
Database
(42.76%) (57.24%) (60%) (40%) (50%) (50%) (90.90%) (9.10%) (67.96%) (32.04%) (69.69%) (30.31%)
132

Table-5.2.4.1 and fig. 5.2.4.1 reveal the use of online database services. In
Special Law Libraries SCJL uses 81.82% followed by HCJL 77.67%, PL 75.76% in
the same way in Academic Law Library use of online database service in ILI is
69.07%, LLUD 48.57% and LLJMI 26.67% respectively. The reason for the same is
that special law libraries are used by special group of persons i.e. judges, lawyers,
members of Parliament, etc. and as far as ILI library is concerned that is also used by
lawyers and judges, as well as students, research scholars, etc. In Special Law Library
the use of online database service is maximum, in comparison to Academic Law
Library.
Table-5.2.4.1: Use of Online Database Service

S. No. Response ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL Total
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
105 34 08 09 80 150 386
1. Yes
(69.07%) (48.57%) (26.67%) (81.82%) (77.67%) (75.76%)
2. No 47 36 22 02 23 48 178
(29.93%) (51.43%) (73.33%) (18.18%) (22.33%) (24.24%)
Chi-square test Chi-square= 46.9, df = 5, Grand
Chi-Square tabulated value=11.07 Total 564
df= degree of freedom, df= (row-1) x (column-1)

= (2-1) x (6-1), = 1x5= 5
After calculating the chi-square statistic the calculated value is 46.9 and the
tabulated value for 5 df at 5% level of significance is 11.07. Since the calculated value
is greater than the tabulated value, this shows a significant difference. It shows that
there is difference in all the libraries to collect the source of information using online
database service.
Fig -5.2.4.1: Use of Online Database Service
133

Table- and fig. 5.2.4.2 reveal that in academic law libraries use of e-books is
differing in comparison to special law libraries, and in academic law libraries the use
of e-books is highest in ILI, i.e. 59.21%, LLUD, 55.71, LLJMI 20% and in special
law libraries in HCJL it is highest i.e. 67.96% followed by PL library 60.61%, SCJL
54.54%.
Table-5.2.4.2: Use of E-Books

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
90 39 06 06 70 120 331
1. Yes (59.21%) (55.71%) (20%) (54.54%) (67.96%) (60.61%)
2. No 62 31 24 05 33 78 233
(40.79%) (44.29%) (80%) (45.46%) (32.04%) (39.39%)
Chi-square test Chi-square= 22.85

df = 5, Grand total 564
Chi-Square tabulated value=11.07
tabulated value for 5 df at 5% level of significance is 11.07, it is obvious from the
both values, we reached the decision that all the libraries are differing in use of E-
books. There is no significant difference.
Fig -5.2.4.2: Use of E-Books
134

Table-5.2.4.3 and fig. 5.2.4.3 reveals that HCJL uses E-Journals 66.01%
followed by ILI 61.84%, PL 58.59%, SCJL 45.45%, LLUD 40%, LLJMI 26.67%,
which clearly shows that in Special Law Libraries use of e-journal is more in
comparison to academic law libraries, which also shows that among all the libraries it
is also differing.
Table-5.2.4.3: Use of E-Journals

S. Response ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL Total
No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
94 28 08 05 68 116 319
1. Yes
(61.84%) (40%) (26.67%) (45.45%) (66.01%) (58.59%)
2. No 58 42 22 06 35 82 245
(38.16%) (60%) (73.33%) (54.55%) (33.99%) (41.41%)
df = 5, 564
tabulated value for 5 df at 5% level of significance is 11.07.Since the calculated value
is greater than the tabulated value, this shows a significant difference. There exists a
difference among the libraries related to the use of E-journals.
Fig -5.2.4.3: Use of E-Journals
135

Table-5.2.4.4 and fig. 5.2.4.4 reveal that majority of the users in Academic
Law Libraries are not using e-cases i.e., 50% of the total population in ILI and LLUD
use e-cases. While in LLJMI only 40% users responded that they use e-cases which
means majority of users are not using e-cases in their libraries. On the other hand, in
Special Law Libraries majority of the users are using e-cases i.e., HCJL 92.23%,
followed by SCJL 81.81%, PL 54.54%.the reason for the same is that in Special Law
Libraries majority of the users are the lawyers and judges so that e-cases are mostly
used in these libraries. .
Table-5.2.4.4: Use of E-Cases

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
76 35 12 09 95 108
1. Yes
(50%) (50%) (40%) (81.81%) (92.23%) (54.54%) 335
2. No 76 35 18 02 08 90
(50%) (50%) (60%) (18.19%) (7.77%) (45.46%) 229
Chi-square= 63.02, df = 5,
Chi-square test Chi-Square tabulated value=11.07 564
is greater than the tabulated value, thus which shows that there is significant
difference among all the libraries related to the use of E-cases.
Fig -5.2.4.4: Use of E-Cases
136

Table-5.2.4.5 and fig. 5.2.4.5 reveal that majority of the respondents use e-
reports in HCJL i.e. 77.67% followed by SCJL 72.73%, PL 59.60%, ILI 36.18%,
LLUD 34.29%, LLJMI 23.33%, respectively. The reason for the same is that in
Special Law Libraries e-reports are mostly used by the users.
Table-5.2.4.5 Use of E-Reports

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
55 24 07 08 80 118
1. Yes
(36.18%) (34.29%) (23.33%) (72.73%) (77.67%) (59.60%) 292
2. No 97 46 23 03 23 80
(63.82%) (65.71%) (76.67%) (26.27%) (22.33%) (40.40%) 272

df = 5, 564
is greater than the tabulated value, which shows that there, is a significant difference
among all the libraries related to the use of E-reports. It also reveals that all the
libraries have not the same method in using the E-reports.
Fig -5.2.4.5 Use of E-Reports
137

Table-5.2.4.6 and fig.: 5.2.4.6 reveal that the use of CD-ROM database in
libraries under study is differing i.e. in Academic Law Libraries majority of the users
are not using CD ROM database, LLUD 60%, LLJMI 50% and ILI 42.76%
respectively, whereas, in special law libraries majority of the users are using CD
ROM database i.e., SCJL 90.90%, PL 69.70% and HCJL 67.96% respectively.
Table-5.2.4.6: Use of CD-ROM Database

S. Response ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198 Total
65 42 15 10 70 138
1. Yes (42.76%) (60%) (50%) (90.90%) (67.96%) (69.70%) 340
2. No 87 28 15 01 33 60
(57.24%) (40%) (50%) (9.10%) (32.04%) (30.30%) 224
Chi-square= 30.94
Chi-square test df = 5, 564
The chi-square calculated value is 30.94 and the chi-square tabulated value is
11.07 for 5 df at 5% level of significance. Hence, we may conclude that all the
institutions\libraries have the different approaches for using CD-ROM database for
collecting the electronic information.
Fig -5.2.4.6: Use of CD-ROM Database
138

Table-5.2.5 and fig.: 5.2.5 shows that the frequency of using the e-resources.
In this table users responded that they use the e-resources daily i.e., 55.34% in HCJL,
51.43% in LLUD, 44.74% in ILI, 43.33% in LLJMI, 38.38% in PL and 36.36% in
SCJL respectively. The analysis shows that the users are using it “daily” followed by
“twice in a week” “monthly” and “occasionally”.
Table-5.2.5: Frequency of use of E-Resources

S. No. Frequency ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. Daily 68 36 13 04 57 76
(44.74%) (51.43%) (43.33%) (36.36%) (55.34%) (38.38%)
2. Twice in a 38 26 09 02 27 54
week (25%) (37.14%) (30%) (18.18%) (26.21%) (27.27%)
3. Weekly 23 04 03 03 12 28
(15.13%) (5.71%) (10%) (27.27%) (11.65%) (14.14%)
4. Monthly 13 02 03 02 05 22
(8.55%) (2.86%) (10%) (18.18%) (4.85%) (11.11%)
5. Occasionally 10 02 02 00 02 18
(6.58%) (2.86%) (6.67%) (nil) (1.94%) (9.09%)
Fig -5.2.5: Frequency of use of E-Resources
139
5.2.6 Favourite Activities While Using Internet

The table 5.2.6 analyses that e-mail is the most favourite activity of the users
in all libraries except LLJMI. The users of LLJMI responded that they use internet to
prepare presentation which is 56.67%. The second favourite activity of Academic
Law Libraries is preparing presentation that is 30.26% in ILI and 28.57% in LLUD. It
can be concluded that users are using internet for e-mail and preparing presentation
for class room purposes.
Table-5.2.6: Favourite Activities While Using Internet

S. No. Activities while ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
using internet n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. E-mail 78 30 08 04 60 88
(51.32%) (42.86%) (26.67%) (36.36%) (58.25%) (44.44%)
2. Discussion 08 07 01 01 18 32
Forums (5.26%) (10%) (3.33%) (9.09%) (17.48%) (16.16%)
3. Blogging 02 04 01 01 08 12
(1.32%) (5.71%) (3.33%) (9.09%) (7.77%) (6.06%)
4. Online Learning 18 09 03 03 14 36
(11.84%) (12.86%) (10%) (27.27%) (13.59%) (18.18%)
5. Preparing 46 20 17 02 03 30
Presentations (30.26%) (28.57%) (56.67%) (18.18%) (2.91%) (15.15%)
Fig -5.2.6: Favourite Activities While Using Internet
140
5.2.7 Use of Online Public Access Catalogue and Traditional Catalogue

Table-5.2.7 and fig.: 5.2.7 highlight that the use of OPAC in both the
categories of libraries are the same. It also shows that majority of the respondents are
satisfied with the use of OPAC in all the libraries i.e. HCJL 97.09%, ILI 92.11%,
HCJL 90.91%, PL 90.90%, LLUD 88.57%, and LLJMI 83.33%.
Table-5.2.7: Use of OPAC and Traditional Catalogue

Libraries Under Study
Libraries ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL Total
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
Use of 140 62 25 10 100 180

OPAC (92.11%) (88.57%) (83.33%) (90.91%) (97.09%) (90.90%) 517
Use of 12 08 05 01 03 18 47
catalogue (7.89%) (11.43%) (16.77%) (9.09) (2.91%) (9.10%)
Chi-square= 7.71
is less than the tabulated value. There is significant difference. This means that all the
libraries\institutions have the same method of using OPACs in their respective library.
Fig -5.2.7: Use of OPAC and Traditional Catalogue
141

Table-5.2.8 and fig.: 5.2.8 Show that the majority of the respondents who have
responded about the Adequate Reading Facilities are i.e. 100% in PL, and in SCJL,
95.15% in HCJL, 78.95% in ILI, 78.57% in LLUD and 60% in LLJMI respectively,
whereas those respondents who have responded that their libraries do not have
Adequate Reading Facilities are 40% in LLJMI, 21.43% in LLUD, 21.05% in SCJL
and 4.85% in HCJL.
Table-5.2.8: Adequacy of Reading Facilities

Libraries ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL Total
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
Yes 120 55 18 11 98 198
(78.95%) (78.57%) (60%) (100%) (95.15%) (100%) 500
No 32 15 12 00 05 00
(21.05%) (21.43%) (40%) – (4.85%) – 64
Chi-square= 77.25,
Since the calculated value of chi-square statistics is 77.25 and tabulated value
of chi-square statistics 11.07 for 5df at the 5% level of significance. Hence it is
cleared that this shows a significant difference and consequently we accept the
alternative hypothesis. This shows that facilities provided by different libraries are
differing by their efforts.
Fig -5.2.8: Adequacy of Reading Facilities
142
5.2.9 Satisfaction with the Use of Library Resources

Table-5.2.9 and fig.:5.2.9 reveals that in Academic Law Library majority of
respondents are satisfied with the use of library resources (Books) which is 35.33% in
an average of 3 Academic Law Libraries, while in Court library the satisfaction level
of use of books is only 16.37%, and in Parliament Library the satisfaction level of use
of books is 44.44%. On the other hand in case of court libraries the use of Cases
(Library resource) the satisfaction level is 54.28%. In academic library the satisfaction
level of use of cases is 19.60% while in PL satisfaction level of use of cases is 5.05%.
Similarly, in court library the satisfaction level of use of reference book is more than
academic library and parliament library. The satisfaction levels of use of technical
reports/standards/monographs etc. are greater in academic libraries in comparison to
Parliament library.
Table-5.2.9: Satisfaction with the Use of Library Resources
S. Libraries ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL

No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. Books 50 28 10 02 15 88
(32.90%) (40%) (33.33%) (18.18%) (14.56%) (44.44%)
2. Journals 18 12 04 01 08 24
(11.84%) (17.14%) (13.33%) (9.09%) (7.77%) (12.12%)
3. Cases 38 12 05 05 65 10
(25%) (17.14%) (16.67%) (45.45%) (63.11%) (5.05%)
4. Reference Books 11 08 03 02 06 16
(7.23%) (11.43%) (10%) (18.18%) (5.83%) (8.08%)
5. Theses/Dissertations 20 04 05 00 05 36
(13.16%) (5.71%) (16.67%) (nil) (4.85%) (18.18%)
6. Indexing/Abstracting 10 04 02 01 02 06
Journals (6.58%) (5.71%) (6.67%) (9.09%) (1.94%) (3.03%)
7. TechnicalReports/Standards/ 05 02 01 00 02 18
Monographs/Patents (3.29%) (2.86%) (3.33%) (nil) (1.94%) (9.09%)
143
Fig -5.2.9: Satisfaction with the Use of Library Resources
5.2.10 Awareness about the Services Provided by the Libraries.

Table-5.2.10 highlights that majority of the users are aware about the services
provided by both the categories of the libraries. In Academic Law Libraries majority
of the users are aware about the services in seriatim as reprographic service,
circulation service, CAS service, reference service, and so on. It is also observed that
in Academic Law Libraries majority of the users are not aware about SDI and ILI
services. On the hand in Special Law Libraries majority of the users are aware about
the services provided by the libraries in seriatim as reprographic service, circulation
service, CAS service, ILL service, reference service, and so on. It is also observed
that majority of the users are not aware about SDI. A description about the awareness
of services is being presented by table and figure as:
144
Table-5.2.10: Awareness about the services provided by the libraries
Chapter – 5
Name of n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
S.No.
Services
1. Circulation 123 29 58 12 24 06 10 01 91 12 162 36
Services (80.92%) (19.08%) (82.86%) (17.14%) (80%) (20%) (90.90%) (9.10%) (88.35%) (11.65%) (81.81%) (18.19%)
2. Reference 86 66 42 28 11 19 08 03 71 32 130 68
Services (56.58%) (43.42%) (60%) (40%) (36.67%) (63.33%) (72.73%) (27.27%) (68.93%) (31.07%) (65.66%) (34.44%)
3. CAS Service 89 63 52 18 22 08 10 01 81 22 178 20
145
(58.55%) (41.45%) (74.29%) (25.71%) (73.33%) (26.67%) (90.90%) (9.10%) (78.64%) (21.36%) (89.89%) (10.11%)

4. SDI Service 66 86 28 57 00 00 05 06 49 54 94 104
(43.42%) (56.58%) (40%) (60%) ( nil) ( nil) (45.45%) (54.55%) (47.57%) (52.43%) (47.47%) (52.53%)
5. ILL Service 32 120 34 36 11 19 09 02 82 21 190 08
(21.05%) (78.95%) (48.57%) (51.43%) (36.67%) (63.33%) (81.81%) (18.19%) (79.61%) (20.39%) (95.96%) (4.04%)
6. Translation 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 99 99
Service (50%) (50%)
7. Reprographi 132 20 61 09 17 13 11 00 100 03 196 02
c Services (86.84%) (13.16%) (87.14%) (12.86%) (56.67%) (43.33%) (100%) ( nil) (97.09%) (2.91%) (98.99%) (1.01%)
145

Table-5.2.10.1 and fig.- 5.2.10.1 reveals that mostly respondents are aware in
both of the categories of the libraries about the awareness of circulation service i.e., in
SCJL 90.90%, HCJL 88.35%, LLUD 82.86%, PL 81.82%, ILI 80.92% and LLJMI it
is 80% respectively.
Table-5.2.10.1 Awareness of Circulation Service
No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
123 58 24 10 91 162
1. Yes
(80.92%) (82.86%) (80%) (90.90%) (88.35%) (81.82%) 468
2. No 29 12 06 01 12 36
(19.08%) (17.14%) (20%) (9.10%) (11.65%) (18.18%) 96
df = 5,
Chi-Square tabulated value=11.07 564
Since the calculated value of chi-square is 3.37 and tabulated value of chi-
square is 11.07 for 5df at the 5% level of significance. It is clear from both the values
that there is no significant difference. This indicates that awareness about circulation
service provided by institutions/ libraries are on the same pattern.
Fig -5.2.10.1 Awareness of Circulation Service
146

Table 5.2.10.2 and fig.: 5.2.10.2 reveals that mostly respondents are aware
about the awareness of reference service i.e., in SCJL 72.73%, HCJL 68.93%, PL
65.66%, LLUD 60%, ILI 56.58% and LLJMI it is 36.67%, respectively. It shows that
in special library highest no. of users are aware about the reference service.
Table-5.2.10.2: Awareness of Reference Service

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
86 42 11 08 71 130
1. Yes
(56.58%) (60%) (36.67%) (72.73%) (68.93%) (65.66%) 348
2. No 66 28 19 03 32 68
(43.42%) (40%) (63.33%) (27.27%) (31.07%) (34.34%) 219
df = 5, 564
Since the calculated value of chi-square is 13.09 and tabulated value of chi-
square is 11.07 for 5df at the 5% level of significance. It is clear from both the values
that there is no significant difference. This indicates that awareness about reference
service provided by institutions/ libraries are on the same.
Fig -5.2.10.2: Awareness of Reference Service
147

Table-5.2.10.3 and fig.: 5.2.10.3 show that the highest no. of users are aware
about the CAS service, i.e., in SCJL 90.90%, in PL 89.90% in HCJL 78.64%, in
LLUD 74.29%, in ILI 58.55%, and in LLJMI 26.66%, respectively.
Table-5.2.10.3 Awareness of CAS Service

No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
89 52 08 10 81 178
1. Yes
(58.55%) (74.29%) (26.67%) (90.90%) (78.64%) (89.90%) 418
2. No 63 18 22 01 22 20
(41.45%) (25.71%) (73.33%) (9.10%) (21.36%) (10.10%) 146
df = 5, 564
As the calculated value of the chi-square statistic is 82.8 and tabulated value of
chi-square is 11.07 for 5 df at 5% level of significance. It is clear from the both values
that calculated value is much greater than the tabulated value, so, this shows a
significant difference. And we reached the decision that there is highly significance
difference related to the awareness about CAS service.
Fig -5.2.10.3 Awareness of CAS Service
148

Table-5.2.10.4 and fig.: 5.2.10.4 reveal about the awareness of SDI service
where in Academic Law Libraries i.e., in ILI 43.42%, in LLUD 40% and in special
law libraries i.e., HCL 47.57%, PL 47.47%, and SCJL 45.45%, respondents are aware
of SDI service whereas in LLJMI, SDI service is not being provided so no
respondents are aware about this service.
Table-5.2.10.4: Awareness of SDI Service

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
66 28 00 05 49 94
1. Yes 43.42% 40% – (45.45%) (47.57%) (47.47%) 242
2. No 86 42 30 06 54 104
56.58% 60% 100% (54.55%) (52.43%) (52.53%) 322
Chi-square test Chi-square=25.82
Df=5 564
Chi-square tabulated value=11.07
difference among the libraries related to the awareness of SDI service.
Fig -5.2.10.4: Awareness of SDI Service
149

Table-5.2.10.5 and fig. 5.2.10.5 reveal that the awareness of Interlibrary Loan
Service i.e., in PL 95.96% followed by SCJL 81.82%, in HCJL 79.61%, in LLUD
48.57%, respectively. Respondents are aware about the Inter-Library Loan Service.
Table-5.2.10.5: Awareness of Inter-Library Loan Service

No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
32 34 11 09 82 190
1. Yes (21.05 (48.57 (36.67 (81.82 (79.61% (95.96 358
%) %) %) %) ) %)
2. No 120 36 19 02 21 08
(78.95 (51.43 (63.33 (18.18 (20.39% (4.04%) 206
%) %) %) %) )
Chi-square= 237, 564
Chi-square test df = 5,
After calculating the chi-square statistic the calculated value is 237 and the
difference among the libraries related to the awareness of inter library loan service.
Fig-5.2.10.5: Awareness of Inter-Library Loan Service
150

Table-5.2.10.6 and fig.: 5.2.10.6 shows that only 50% of respondents are
aware of the Translation Service in Parliament Library, whereas there is no awareness
among respondents in any of the libraries.
Table-5.2.10.6: Awareness of Translation Service

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
00 00 00 00 00 99
1. Yes
– – – – – (50%) 99
2. No 152 70 30 11 103 99
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% (50%) 465
df = 5, 564
The chi-square calculated value is 48.5 and chi-square tabulated value is11.07
for 5df at 5% level of significance. Here, calculated value is much greater than the
tabulated value. It is most highly significant difference among the institutions library.
They are not inter related to each other.
Fig -5.2.10.6: Awareness of Translation Service
151

Table-5.2.10.7 and fig. 5.2.10.7 reveals about the awareness of Reprographic
Service, which reveals that in both the category of libraries majority of the
respondents are aware about the reprographic services, i.e., in HCJL 88.35%, in
LLUD 87.14% in ILI 86.84%, PL 81.82%, in SCJL 72.73%, and in LLJMI 56.67%
respectively.
Table-5.2.10.7: Awareness of Reprographic Service

S.No. Response ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL Total
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
132 61 17 08 91 162
1. Yes
(86.84%) (87.14%) (56.67%) (72.73%) (88.35%) (81.81%) 471
2. No 20 09 13 03 12 36
(13.16%) (12.86%) (42.33%) (27.27%) (11.65%) (18.19%) 93
Chi-square= 20.68
of chi-square statistics is 11.07 for 5df at 5% level of significance. It is clear from the
both values that this shows a significant difference. Hence, it is to be said, that there is
a significant difference among all the institutions libraries which is related to
reprographic service
Fig -5.2.10.7: Awareness of Reprographic Service
152
5.2.11 Satisfaction with various services provided by the Libraries

Satisfaction plays a very important role in all walks of life and libraries are not
exception to it. Libraries provide a number of services such as Circulation Service,
Reference Service, CAS Service, SDI Service, Indexing & Abstracting Service,
Reprographic Service, Inter-Library Loan service, Translation service, etc. The
satisfaction level of some important services provided by the libraries is described
below:
The Table-5.2.11.1 and fig.:5.2.11.1 talk about the satisfaction with
Circulation Service i.e., in ILI 78.95% respondents are satisfied with Circulation
Service followed by HCJL 78.64%, LLUD 74.29%, LLJMI 73.33%, SCJL 23.73%%
and PL 67.68% respectively, respondents who are not satisfied with the circulation
services are i.e., LLJMI 20% followed by ILI 19.08%, PL 18.18%, LLUD 17.14%,
HCJL 11.65%, SCJL 9.09%, are not satisfied respectively and the respondent who
have not given any response about the satisfaction with Circulation Service SCJL
18.18%, PL 14.14%, HCJL 9.71%, LLUD 8.57% respectively. The table concludes
that the circulation service is the most important service where the highest no. of
respondents are satisfied with this service.
Table-5.2.11.1: Satisfaction with Circulation Service

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
120 52 22 08 81 134
1. Satisfied
(78.95%) (74.29%) (73.33%) (72.73%) (78.64%) (67.68%) 417
2. Not 29 12 06 01 12 36
satisfied (19.08%) (17.14%) (20%) (9.09%) (11.65%) (18.18%) 96
3. No 03 06 02 02 10 28
response (1.97%) (8.57%) (6.67%) (18.18%) (9.71%) (14.14%) 51
Chi-square= 23.73
of chi-square statistics is 18.30 for 10df at 10% level of significance. It is clear from
the both values that this shows a significant difference. Hence, it is to be said, that
153
there is a significant difference among all the libraries which is related to circulation
service.
Fig -5.2.11.1: Satisfaction with Circulation Service

The Table-5.2.11.2 and fig.-5.2.11.2 highlight that the respondents who are
mostly satisfied with Reference Service, i.e., HCJL 58.25%, SCJL 54.55%, in PL, ILI
and LLUD 50%, respondents are satisfied with the reference service which clearly
shows that in special law libraries respondents are mostly satisfied with reference
service while in academic mostly respondents are not satisfied.
Table-5.2.11.2: Satisfaction with Reference Service

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
76 35 10 06 60 99
1. Satisfied
(50%) (50%) (33.33%) (54.55%) (58.25%) (50%) 286
2. Not 66 28 18 03 32 68
Satisfied (43.42%) (40%) (60%) (27.27%) (31.07%) (34.34%) 215
3. No 10 07 02 02 11 31
Response (6.58%) (10%) (6.67%) (18.18%) (10.68%) (15.66%) 63
Chi-square=20.1,
154
there is a significant difference among all the libraries which is related to reference
service.
Fig -5.2.11.2: Satisfaction with Reference Service

Table-5.2.11.3 and fig.: 5.2.11.3 indicate that in Special Law Libraries the
highest no. of users are satisfied with current awareness service i.e., PL 81.82%,
HCJL 77.67%, SCJL 72.73%, while in Academic Law Library in LLUD 60%, ILI
50%, and LLJMI 26.67%, users are satisfied which clearly indicates that in Special
Law Libraries current awareness services are considered to be the most important
Service.
Table-5.2.11.3: Satisfaction with CAS

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
76 42 08 08 80 162
1. Satisfied (50%) (60%) (26.67%) (72.73%) (77.67%) (81.82%) 376
2. Not 63 18 19 01 22 20
Satisfied (41.45%) (25.71%) (63.33%) (9.09%) (21.36%) (10.10%) 143
3. No 13 10 03 02 01 16
Response (8.55%) (14.29%) (10%) (18.18%) (.97%) (8.08%) 45
Chi-square= 86.8
155
there is a significant difference among all the libraries which is related to CAS
service.
Fig -5.2.11.3: Satisfaction with CAS

Table 5.2.11.4 and fig.: 5.2.11.4 indicate that in SCJL 36.36% in PL 34.34%
and in HCJL 46.60% are users satisfied whereas the users who are not satisfied are
SCJL 54.55%, PL 52.53% and HCJL 52.43% respectively. As far as academic law
libraries are concerned the users who are responded in the category satisfied are
43.42% in ILI and 50% in LLUD and in LLJMI no user responded in these categories
means all the users have responded in the category „no response‟ which means they
do not have any idea regarding this service.
Table-5.2.11.4: Satisfaction with SDI Service

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
66 28 00 04 48 68 214
1. Satisfied
43.42% 40% Nil (36.36%) (46.60%) (34.34%)
2. Not Satisfied 76 35 00 06 54 104 275
50% 50% Nil (54.55%) (52.43%) (52.53%)
3. No Response 10 7 30 01 01 26 75
6.58% 10% 100% (9.09%) (.97%) (13.13%)
Chi-square test Chi-square=218.69, 564
df=10
Chi-square tabulated value=18.5
156
there is a significant difference among all the libraries which is related to SDI service.
Fig -5.2.11.4: Satisfaction with SDI Service

Table-5.2.11.5 and fig.: 5.2.11.5 highlight that in Academic Law Libraries
majority of the users are not satisfied with inter library loan service while in Special
Law Libraries majority of the users are satisfied with inter library loan service. And
few users have not responded.
Table-5.2.11.5: Satisfaction with Inter-Library Loan Service

No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
29 28 09 07 78 162
1. Satisfied
(19.08%) (40%) (30%) (63.63%) (75.73%) (81.82%) 313
2. Not 120 36 19 02 21 08
Satisfied (78.95%) (51.43%) (63.33%) (18.18%) (20.39%) (4.04%) 206
3. No 03 06 02 02 04 28
Response (1.97%) (8.57%) (6.67%) (18.18%) (3.88%) (14.14%) 56
Chi-square= 245.67,
Chi-square test df =10 , 564
157
there is a significant difference among all the libraries which is related to inter library
loan service
Fig -5.2.11.5: Satisfaction with Inter-Library Loan

Service

Table-5.2.11.6 and fig.: 5.2.11.6 reveal that translation service is provided
only in Parliament Library and here only 38.38% users are satisfied, 50% are not
satisfied and 11.62% have not given any response.
Table-5.2.11.6: Satisfaction with Translation Service

S. No. Response ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
0 0 0 0 0 76
1. Satisfied
(38.38%)
2. Not 0 0 0 0 0 99
Satisfied (50%)
3. No 152 70 30 11 103 23
Response 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% (11.62%)
Chi-square= 45.8,
Chi-square test df = 10,
158
there is a significant difference among all the libraries.
Fig -5.2.11.6: Satisfaction with Translation Service
5.2.11.7 Satisfaction with the Reprographic Service

Table-5.2.11.7 and fig.: 5.2.11.7 shows that out of the total respondents
68.23%, are satisfied with Reprographic Service, 20.91% are not satisfied and 10.86%
respondents have not given any response. It also indicates that Academic Law
Libraries i.e. in LLUD 82.86%, in ILI 78.95% and in LLJMI only 36.67%
respondents are satisfied. In Court Libraries i.e., in HCJL 79.61% and in SCJL
63.63% are satisfied & in PL 67.68% respondents are satisfied with the reprographic
service whereas 42.43% users are not satisfied in LLJMI and 20% in LLJMI have not
given any response.

S. Response ILI LLUD LLJMI SCJL HCJL PL Tota
No. n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198 l
120 58 11 07 82 134
1. Satisfied
(78.95%) (82.86%) (36.67%) (63.63%) (79.61%) (67.68%) 412
2. Not 20 09 13 03 12 36
Satisfied (13.16%) (12.86%) (42.33%) (27.27%) (11.65%) (18.18%) 93
3. No 12 03 06 01 09 28
Response (7.89%) (4.29%) (20%) (9.09%) (8.74%) (14.14%) 59
Chi-square= 34.83, df = 10,
Chi-square test Chi-Square tabulated value=18.3 564
159
there is a significant difference among all the libraries.
5.2.12 Satisfaction with General Facilities Available in the Libraries
This table No. 5.2.12 clearly shows that the majority of respondents are
satisfied with facilities of various libraries. In ILI 92.11% are satisfied with Peaceful
Library Environment, 88.82% with Space for Reading, 85.53% with Cleanliness,
84.21% with Lighting, 92.11% with Ventilation, 88.82% with Equipment, 98.68%
with Drinking Water respectively.
In LLUD 84.29% are satisfied with Peaceful Library Environment, 87.14%
with Space for Reading, 92.86% with Cleanliness, 97.14% with Lighting, 94.29%
with Ventilation, 87.14% with Equipment, 97.14% with Drinking Water respectively.
In LLJMI 83.33% are satisfied with Peaceful Library Environment, 73.33%
with Space for Reading, 60% with Cleanliness, 93.33% with Lighting, 63.33% with
Ventilation, 60% with Equipment, 63.33% with Drinking Water respectively.
160
In SCJL 100% are satisfied with Peaceful Library Environment, 100% with
Space for Reading, 100% with Cleanliness, 100% with Lighting, 100% with
Ventilation, 90.90% with Equipment, 100% with Drinking Water respectively.
In HCJL 92.23% are satisfied with Peaceful Library Environment, 97.09%
with Space for Reading, 100% with Cleanliness, 99.03% with Lighting, 100% with
Ventilation, 87.38% with Equipment, 99.03% with Drinking Water respectively.
In PL 95.95% are satisfied with Peaceful Library Environment, 100% with
Space for Reading, 100% with Cleanliness, 100% with Lighting, 98.98% with
Ventilation, 95.95% with Equipment, 100% with Drinking Water respectively.
This means that majority of the users are satisfied with the facilities provided
by the libraries under study.
161
Table-5.2.12: Satisfaction with General Facilities Available in the Libraries
Chapter – 5
S. No. Libraries Under Study

n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. Library 140 12 59 11 25 05 11 00 95 08 190 08

Environment
(92.11%) (7.89%) (84.29%) (15.71%) (83.33%) (16.67%) (100%) (nil) (92.23%) (7.77%) (95.95%) (4.05%)
2. Reading 135 17 61 09 22 08 11 00 100 03 198 00

Space (88.82%) (11.18%) (87.14%) (12.16%) (73.33%) (26.67%) (100%) (nil) (97.09%) (2.91%) (100%) (nil)
3. Cleanliness 130 22 65 05 18 12 11 00 103 00 198 00

(85.53%) (14.47%) (92.86%) (7.14%) (60%) (40%) (100%) (nil) (100%) (nil) (100%) (nil)

162
4. Lighting 128 24 68 02 28 02 11 00 102 01 198 00

(84.21%) (15.79%) (97.14%) (2.86%) (93.33%) (6.67%) (100%) (nil) (99.03%) (0.97%) (100%) (nil)
5. Ventilation 140 12 66 04 19 11 11 00 103 00 196 02

(92.11%) (7.89%) (94.29%) (5.71%) (63.33%) (36.67%) (1s00%) (nil) (100%) (nil) (98.98%) (1.02%)
6. Equipment 135 17 61 09 18 12 10 01 90 13 190 08

(88.82%) (11.18%) (87.14%) (12.86%) (60%) (40%) (90.90%) (9.10%) (87.38%) (12.62.%) (95.95%) (4.05%)
7. Drinking 150 02 68 02 19 11 11 00 102 01 198 00

Water
(98.68%) (1.32%) (97.14%) (2.86%) (63.33%) (36.67%) (100%) (nil) (99.03%) (0.97%) (100%) (nil)
162

Table-5.2.13 and fig.: 5.2.13 highlight majority of the users in all the libraries
have responded that the behavior of the library staff is “excellent” but if we compare
Academic Law Libraries and Special Law Libraries, than we will reach the fact that in
Special Law Libraries the behavior is more excellent.
Table-5.2.13: Behaviour of Library Staff

S. No. Libraries
n=152 n=70 n=30 n=11 n=103 n=198
1. Excellent 80 35 16 07 75 132
(52.63%) (50%) (53.33%) (63.64%) (72.82%) (66.67%)
2. Good 40 13 06 03 20 34
(26.32%) (18.57%) (20%) (27.27%) (19.42%) (17.17%)
3. Fair 20 12 08 01 06 18
(13.16%) (17.14%) (26.67%) (9.09%) (5.82%) (9.09%)
4. Average 12 07 - - - 14
(7.89%) (10%) (7.07%)
5. Poor - 03(4.29%) - - 02(1.94%) -
Fig-5.2.13: Behaviour of Library Staff
The reason for the same may be that the behaviour of the persons varies from person
to person and also depends upon the working conditions of the library. But the overall
view of the users‟ is that the behavior of the library staff of all the libraries is
excellent.
163
Chapter - 6 Conclusion, Findings, Hypotheses and Recommendations
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION, FINDINGS, HYPOTHESES AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study sought to examine collection development and

services in law libraries in Delhi. This chapter contains the findings,
hypotheses, conclusion, suggestions and recommendations for further study,
based on survey as well as literature review and also on the basis of data
collected through the questionnaire method, its analyses and interpretation in
tabular form. On the basis of this data and responses received from the
Director, Librarians as well as from the users of various libraries, the analysis
of the data has been done to get the following findings:
6.1 Major Findings Part-1

This part is based on the responses received from the Directors\
Librarians\Head of the libraries.
1. The study shows that among both the categories of libraries (Academic
Law Libraries and Special Law Libraries) the oldest library is
Parliament Library which was established in 1921 and the latest one is
LLJMI which was established in 1989.
2. The analysis of the study shows that in both the categories of libraries
designation and pay scale in highest rank differs, so no similarity is
found in designation and pay scales of these libraries. Further, Academic
Law Libraries are categorised as departmental libraries attached to the
Central Library System and are headed by either Assistant Librarian or
Semi-Professional Assistants while Special Law Libraries are fully
independent and headed by Director or Librarian.
3. The study depicts that the total membership of Academic Law Libraries
is 910 while in Special Law Libraries the total membership is 4133. The
study also highlights the highest no. of membership in Parliament
Library which is 3,703, followed by ILI-579, HCJL-398, LLUD-265,
164
LLJMI-66 and in SCJL only 32 members are there, as SCJL library is

used by only Supreme Court Judges/PA to Supreme Court Judges.
4. The study reveals that the total collection of documents among three
Academic Law Libraries is much lower than Special Law Libraries.
Further, it is found that among Academic Law Libraries total acquisition
of printed documents is highest in Indian Law Institute library and
among the Special Law Libraries; the Parliament Library has highest
acquisition of printed documents during the last five years.
5. The study shows that the total acquisition of e-documents during the last
five years in all the three Academic Law Libraries under study is half
than the total addition in Special Law Libraries.
6. It is also clear from the study that the annual budget for session 2010-11
in all the Academic Law Libraries is much lower than the Special Law
Libraries under study, while among the Special Law Libraries the
Parliament Library has maximum budget for session 2010-11.
7. The study also highlights that in Academic Law Libraries the increase of
annual budget is not sufficient on the other hand, the increase of annual
budget in Special Law Libraries is satisfactory during the last five years.
8. The study depicts that the budgeting provisions for print and electronic
documents are adequate in all Special Law Libraries as compared to
Academic Law Libraries under study, whereas in the Academic Law
Libraries the budget is inadequate except in ILI library.
9. It is found that there is no collection development policy in any of the
libraries under study but separate internal policy is being followed by all
the libraries under study.
10. The study shows that in all the Academic Law Libraries, the selection of
study materials is being done through the librarians and teachers only
while in Special Law Libraries the selection of study materials is done
by the members of Parliament/Honorable judges and library committee.
11. The study shows that in all the three Academic Law Libraries only the
publishers’ catalogue is being used as tool for material selection whereas
165
in Special Law Libraries various methods such as reviews in journals,

reviews in books and newspapers, online reviews and social media are
being used for material selection.
12. The study finds that Academic Law Libraries use all types of modes of
acquisition i.e. purchase, gift & exchange while Special Law Libraries
use only two modes of acquisition i.e., purchase and gift.
13. The study concludes that in Special Law Libraries, all type of criteria
such as quality, subject relevance, currency, language, uniqueness of
content, cost effectiveness, hardware/software compatibility, strength of
search engine/access point etc. are being followed to evaluate the
documents for selection while Academic Law Libraries do not follow all
types of criteria to evaluate the documents as mentioned above. They
evaluate as per the requirements of the users.
14. The study identifies that only Academic Law Libraries specially LLUD
& LLJMI face the problem of inadequate funds and ILI have sufficient
funds whereas among Special Law Libraries SCJL faces the lack of
autonomy because the acquisition is being done by the requisition given
by the senior judges of Supreme Court.
15. It is found that in ILI, LLUD, LLJMI, PL and SCJL the criteria for
weeding out of reading materials of the libraries are through obsolete
materials, damaged books and surplus copies etc. In HCJL weeding out
of reading material is done as per their own criteria.
16. It is observed that most of services such as circulation service,
reprographic service, reference service, CAS service, etc are being
provided by the libraries under study but only PL provides translation
and microfilm services.
17. It is observed that Classification scheme i.e. Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC) is being used by PL & LLJMI, Colon
Classification (CC) is used by LLUD and Universal Decimal
Classification (UDC) is used by ILI, SCJL, & HCJL.
166
18. It is found from the analysis that Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules

(AACR-2) is being used by all libraries except LLUD, whereas
Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) is being used for the cataloguing of
library materials.
19. The study shows that there is a provision of resource sharing in ILI,
LLUD, LLJMI, SCJL, & HCJL respectively while in PL there is no
provision of resource sharing.
Major Findings-Part-2
This part of research findings is based on users’ responses received
through the questionnaire, interview and observation method.
1. It is found from the analysis that the majority of the users in Academic
Law Libraries use the library for the purpose of study and research
work, while in Court Libraries and Parliament Library majority of the
respondents said that they use the library for the purpose of updating
their knowledge.
2. The study reveals that in all the Academic and Special Law Libraries
majority of the respondents visit the library daily and the frequency of
respondents visiting once in a month is highest in LLJMI and lowest in
ILI.
3. It is observed that in all the Academic Law Libraries majority of
respondents are using books, theses/dissertations and journals while in
Special Law Libraries majority of respondents are using cases for
references.
4. It is found from the analysis that in all the Special Law Libraries
majority of respondents are using e-cases and e-reports whereas in
Academic Law Libraries most of the respondents are using e-books, e-
journals and online database. It is also found that in all the Academic
Law Libraries the online users are lower than in Special Law Libraries.
5. It is observed that the collection of legal database i.e. SCC, AIR and
Manupatra are used in all Academic Law Libraries and Special Law
167
Libraries under study, except LLJMI where only SCC and AIR
databases are used by users.
6. The majority of the respondents are using e-books, e-journals,
e-cases and e-reports whereas in HCJL which is the highest and in
LLJMI it is lowest among all the libraries under study. The CD-ROM
databases are used maximum in SCJL and minimum in ILI, as per
responses by users. Moreover, frequencies of use of e-resources are
highest in HCJL and lowest in SCJL. On the other hand, in Academic
Law Libraries the use of e-resources is maximum in LLUD and
minimum in LLJMI.
7. It reveals that e-mail service is a favorite activity by users of Special
Law Libraries and Academic Law Libraries except LLJMI where the
users use the library for preparing presentation and other academic
activities.
8. It is observed that Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is mostly
used in HCJL and least used in LLJMI.
9. It is observed that majority of the respondents do not face any difficulty
in using OPAC, if they come across with any difficulty they take the
help of the library staff.
10. In all the Academic and Special Law Libraries under study majority of
the respondents are aware about the circulation, reprographic, reference,
and CAS services. While only 50% users are aware about the translation
services in all the Special Law Libraries.
11. It is observed that majority of respondents are satisfied with books in
Academic Law Libraries and Parliament Library, while majority of the
respondents are satisfied with cases in the Court library.
12. The study reveals that the behavior of library staff in Special Law
Libraries is more satisfactory in comparison to Academic Law Libraries.
The reason for the same is that in Special Law Libraries the users are
more qualified and having some responsible position while in Academic
Law Libraries they deal with the students mostly.
168
6.2 Tenability of Hypotheses/ Testing of Hypotheses Analysis and

Interpretation
For any type of analysis, some statistical tools have to be used to ensure
that the survey that was carried out is statistically significant or not. The entire
test is based on a statistical method which is based on some rules. First of all in
null hypothesis about the topic of the survey is made as well as the alternative
hypothesis too is constructed. The result of the survey is then analyzed to help
the rejection or acceptance of the null hypothesis.
Singh, S.P (2002) Defines Null hypothesis “as a statement about a status
quo that asserts that any change from what has been thought to be true will be
due entirely to sampling error”.
For doing any analysis of the data, the following process or procedures are put
to note:
1) Null hypothesis
2) Alternative hypothesis
3) Test statistic (Chi-square test)
4) Level of significance (5%)
5) Conclusion
Null Hypothesis (H0) – Any positive statement about the related topic of study
is known as null hypothesis. This means or assumes that there is no significant
difference/change about the said topic.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1) – in case of alternate hypothesis there is a
significant difference/change about the said topic.
The tenability of hypothesis can be checked in the light of the above.
The hypotheses for the present study are as follows:
169
Hypothesis-1
Null hypothesis (H0)
In both the categories of Law Libraries in Delhi i.e., Academic Law
Libraries and Special Law Libraries are not adopting a uniform collection
development policy.
Alternative hypothesis (H1)
The alternative hypothesis assumes that both the categories of libraries
i.e., Academic Law Libraries and Special Law Libraries in Delhi are adopting a
uniform collection development policy.
According to the result as shown in Table-5.1.4.4 that in both the
categories of libraries do not have collection development policy in a uniform
way but they follow their own collection development policy as per their
requirements. It shows that both categories of law libraries in Delhi are not
adopting the collection development policy in the uniform manner.
Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternate hypothesis is
rejected.
Hypothesis-2
Tools used for the Selection of Materials are not the same in all the
libraries of both the categories.
Tools used for the Selection of Materials are same in all the libraries of
both the categories.
It is observed from Table-5.1.5.2 which clearly highlights that Special
Law Libraries are using various methods and tools for material selection such
as reviews in journals, reviews in books and news papers, publishers’
catalogues, subject bibliography, online reviews, social media, etc. while in
Academic Law Libraries only the publishers’ catalogue is being used as tools
for material selection. The result shows that all the libraries under study-100%
users are using publishers’ catalogue, four libraries i.e., 66.67% users are using
170
online reviews and social media and 50% are using reviews published in
journals and books.
Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is
rejected.
Hypothesis-3
Null hypothesis (Ho)
There is no significant difference in yearly addition of print as well as
electronic documents of libraries under study during the last five years.
There is significant difference in yearly addition of print as well as
It is observed from Table 5.1.4.2 that in both the categories of libraries the
yearly additions of print documents are constantly increasing.
It is also observed from Table 5.1.4.3 that in both the categories of
libraries the yearly addition of e-documents is constantly increasing. In
Academic Law Libraries it was 48 in 2006-07; it increased 57 up to 2010-11. It
means total e-documents it becomes 48+57=105, while in Special Law
Libraries it was 122 in 2006-07, it increased 54 up to 2010-11. Now the total e-
documents are 122+54=176.
It means that in both the categories of libraries the collections (print as
well as electronic) are constantly increasing.
So, the alternate hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis-4
In both the categories of libraries Academic Law Libraries and Special
Law Libraries of Delhi are not having the use of online legal databases.
Alternate hypothesis (H1)
Law Libraries the online legal databases are being used.
It is observed from Table-5.1.7.1 that all the libraries have the good
collection and use of legal databases required for law libraries under study,
171
except LLJMI, which is using only Supreme Court Cases (SCC online) and All
India Reporter (AIR online) databases. It means that 83.33% libraries are
having good collection and having their use of online legal databases to fulfill
the requirement of the users.
Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is
accepted.
Hypothesis-5
In both the categories of libraries i.e., Academic Law Libraries and
Special Law Libraries the budget is not increasing constantly during the last
five years.
In both the categories of libraries i.e., in Academic Law Libraries and
Special Law Libraries the budget is increasing constantly during the last five
years.
It is observed from Table 5.1.3.2 that the additions of annual budget of
both the categories of libraries are constantly increasing. In Academic Law
Libraries the speed is slow but in Special Law Libraries the proportion of
addition is high, i.e. in ILI it increased 48% during 2006-2011, in LLUD it
increased 14.60%, in LLJMI 33.33%, in SCJL 78.57%, HCJL 75.55% and in
PL it increased 46%.
It means that in both the categories of libraries the budget is increasing
constantly during the last five years.
Thus alternate hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis-6
There is no significant difference among the users of law libraries with
regard to use of OPAC and traditional catalogue.
There is a significant difference among the users of law libraries with
172
It is observed from Table 5.2.7 that the use of OPAC is much high in
comparison to traditional catalogue.
Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is
accepted.
Hypothesis-7
All the users in both the categories of libraries i.e., Academic Law
Libraries and Special Law Libraries are neither aware nor satisfied with the
services provided by the libraries and also with the behavior of library staff.
Libraries and Special Law Libraries are aware and satisfied about the services
provided by the libraries and also with the behavior of library staff.
It is observed from the Table-5.2.10 awareness with circulation service
provided by various libraries, there is a significant difference where calculated
value is less than the tabulated value, thus in this case null hypothesis is
accepted, while in case of reference service (Table 5.2.10.2), in case of current
awareness service (Table-5.2.10.3), reprographic service (Table-5.2.10.7), etc
as there is significant difference in both the values, we reject the null
hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis.
6.3 Conclusion and Suggestions

On the basis of the survey of libraries under study the following
conclusions can be drawn:
Special Law Libraries, i.e. The Supreme Court Judges Library, The
High Court Judges Library and The Parliament Library have good collections,
adequate budget as well as qualified library staff to serve its users, but the
situation in Academic Law Libraries under study i.e. Indian Law Institute
Library, Law Library University of Delhi and Law Library Jamia Millia
Islamia with regard to collections, budget, qualification of staff and services
provided/level of satisfaction with library staff is not very satisfactory. As the
academicians are the pillars of the nation, therefore, the government should
173
improve the standard of Academic Law Libraries. In this regard the increment
of budget and the qualification of staff as per requirements during recruitment
should be taken care of.
The reason for the slow pace of development of Law Library Collection
Development and Services in Delhi may be:
Absence of National Law Library and National Legal Information
System on the lines of National Medical Library(NML), National Agriculture
Library(NAL) and there is no documentation center in the field of law as are in
other fields such as the Defense Sciences (DESIDOC), Agriculture Sciences
(AGRIS), Natural Sciences (INSDOC now NISCAIR) and Small Scale
Industries (SENDOC). Though there is a Social Science Documentation Center
in the country (NASSDOC), it does not cover legal literature.
The major factors responsible for the state of under-development of Law
Libraries and Law Librarianship in India are:
 lack of any professional forum for law librarians,
 no provision for in-service training programs for Law Librarians,
 lack of any specialized academic course in Law Librarianship, as J.D.
programme is started in Hong Kong University launched in September
2009, is a full time 2 years law degree that provides comprehensive and in
depth legal education to students without prior background in law.
 the absence of a National Legal Information System supported by a network
of Law Libraries in India.
Some suggestions for strengthening Law Librarianship in India:
On the basis of the survey from the Directors/Librarians of libraries
under study some comments and suggestions is received.
 A National Law Library and a National Legal Information System
consisting of a network of the National Law Schools, Supreme Court
Library, all High Courts’ Libraries, libraries of the National and State
judicial academies and libraries of the research institutions should be
created by the Government of India to serve the information requirements
of the legal fraternity in India.
174
 Recently, the Registrar Generals’ Conference adopted the acquisition policy

of the Supreme Court of India. It is to be followed in the coming years in all
the High Courts. This forum should also address the issue of formulating
standards for court libraries in India for consistency and uniformity.
 The Indian Ministry of Law should take initiative to establish a consortium
of law libraries for optimum utilization of funds in acquisition of library
materials and e-resources and should also prescribe qualifications and pay
scales for different levels of Court Libraries to ensure consistency and
uniformity.
 Librarians working in Law Libraries should come together and form an
Association of Law Libraries in India so as to establish an effective forum
for sharing and exchanging their experiences for their mutual benefit. This
association should publish a law library journal and a newsletter and
organize conferences and seminars regularly, and it should also organize
refresher courses and training programs for Law Librarians in India on the
pattern of AALL (American Association of Law Libraries).
 Efforts should be made to start a specialized course in Law Librarianship by
any of the Indian Law schools, or by any of the other universities.
6.4 Recommendations for Further Research

On the basis of the findings of the present study the following
suggestions/may be withdrawn/ have been made for further research.
1. A study can be conducted on collection development and services of ent of
Law Libraries in India: a comparative study.
2. A study can be conducted on Collection Development of National Law
University Libraries in India.
3. A comparative study can be conducted to find on collection development
and services of Academic Law Libraries in India.
4. A comparative study can also be conducted on Collection development and
services of Academic Law Libraries and court libraries in India.
175
5. A comparative study can be conducted to find out the collection

development and services of Academic Law Libraries at national and
international level.
6. Impact of Academic Law Libraries roles in national development.
7. Impact of services of Academic Law Libraries in the development of the
nation.
8. Use of Electronic Information Resources in Law Libraries in India.
176
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Appendix - 1 Questionnaire for Librarian
Department of Library and Information Science

Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202002
Questionnaire for Librarian

To,
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
Respected Sir / Madam,
I am pursuing Ph.D. on the topic “Collection Development and Services in Law

Libraries in Delhi: A Comparative Study” under the supervision of Dr. Nishat Fatima,
Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, AMU, Aligarh. In
this regard, I request you to kindly fill-up this questionnaire in order to enable me to complete
my thesis. The information provided by you shall be used for research purposes only and will
be kept strictly confidential and there will be no anonymity on my part.
I shall be highly obliged to you for your kind cooperation.
Thanking you in anticipation.

Your’s sincerely,
(Roshan Khayal)
1. General Information
1.1. Name of the library ………………………………………………………….
Year of establishment ………………………………………………………….
Address ………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
1.2. Name of the librarian ………………………………………………………….
Qualification ………………………………………………………….
Designation ………………………………………………………….
Pay scale ………………………………………………………….
E-mail ID ………………………………………………………….
Contact No. ………………………………………………………….
186
2. Information regarding employees and users
2.1 How many employees are there in your library/Strength of Library Staff
(Please indicate number (s) in brackets. If the designation differs, please mention the
designation against substitute provision and give further details.)
(a) Director ( )
(b) Additional Director ( )
(c) Joint Director ( )
(d) Deputy Director ( )
(e) Librarian ( )
(f) Deputy Librarian ( )
(g) Deputy Registrar (library) ( )
(h) Senior Assistant Librarian ( )
(i) Assistant Librarian ( )
(j) Research/Reference officer ( )
(k) Professional Assistant ( )
(l) Semi-professional Assistant ( )
(m) Senior Library Assistant ( )
(n) Senior Library Attendant ( )
(o) Library Attendant/Junior Library Attendant ( )
(p) Non-professionals, Clerical, Menial, etc. ( )
(q) Other, if any (Please mention)…………………………………..
2.2 Total membership/users of the library
(a) Faculty members ( )
(b) Research Scholars ( )
(c) P.G. Students ( )
(d) Members of Parliament ( )
(e) Honorable Judges/Lawyers ( )
(f) Others (if any please specify)……………………………………………
3. Library Budget
3.1 Please give the total annual budget for the session 2010-11………….
3.2 Please give the total annual budget for the last five years.
Session Amount
2006-07 …………………..
2007-08 …………………..
2008-09 …………………..
2009-10 …………………..
2010-11 …………………..
187
3.3 Do you think your library budget is adequate for

(a) Print Documents Yes ( ) No ( )
(b) Online E-Documents Yes ( ) No ( )
4. Library Collection
4.1 Please mention the Total Document Collection of your library during the
session 2010-2011………………………………….
4.2 Please mention the yearly addition of print documents for the last five years.
Session Total addition of print documents
2006-07 …………………..
2007-08 …………………..
2008-09 …………………..
2009-10 …………………..
2010-11 …………………..
4.3 Please mention the yearly addition of e-documents for the last five years.
Session Total addition of e-documents
2006-07 …………………..
2007-08 …………………..
2008-09 …………………..
2009-10 …………………..
2010-11 …………………..
4.4 Does your library have collection development policy?
Yes ( ) No ( )
5. Acquisition of library materials
5.1 Selection of study material in the library is by
(a) Director ( )
(b) Librarian ( )
(c) Honorable judges ( )
(d) Lawyers ( )
(e) Members of parliament ( )
(f) Faculty members ( )
(g) Librarian and teachers ( )
(h) Library committee ( )
(i) Students’ recommendation ( )
(j) Other, if any (Please specify)……………………………………..
188
5.2 Please Indicate the tools used for selection of material by the library
(a) National Bibliography ( )
(b) Reviews in journals ( )
(c) Reviews in books and news papers ( )
(d) Publishers catalogue ( )
(e) Subject bibliography ( )
(f) Trade Bibliography ( )
(g) Online Reviews ( )
(h) Social Media ( )
(i) Others if any (Please specify) …………………………………………….
5.3 What are the Modes of Acquisition (Please give broad percentage of
acquisition)
(a) Purchase ( )
(b) Gift ( )
(c) Exchange ( )
(d) Others if any (Please specify)……………….
5.4 Please indicate the criteria which you follow to evaluate the documents
(check all that apply)
(a) Quality (based on review, users needs, etc.) ( )
(b) Subject relevance ( )
(c) Currency, Authority, Completeness ( )
(d) Language ( )
(e) Uniqueness of Contents ( )
(f) Relevance of Materials for curriculum ( )
(g) Relevance of Materials for faculty/research ( )
(h) Cost effectiveness ( )
(i) Network compatibility ( )
(j) Hardware / Software compatibility ( )
(k) Strength of search engine/Access points ( )
(l) Remote accessibility ( )
(m) Others if any (please specify) …………………………..
5.5 Do you face any problem while acquiring documents in your library?
Yes ( ) No ( )
If yes, please indicate
(a) Lack of funds ( )
(b) Lack of infrastructure to support storage and access ( )
(c) Lack of expertise for management ( )
(d) Lack of autonomy ( )
(e) Others if any (please specify) …………………….
189
5.6 Does the library have a ‘Library Committee?

Yes ( ) No ( )
If yes, please give details:
Advisory Yes ( ) No ( )
Executive Yes ( ) No ( )
5.7 Are there any laid down criteria for weeding out the reading-materials of the
library?
Yes ( ) No ( )
If yes, please give details
(a) Obsolete Material ………………………………………
(b) As per Local Rules ………………………………………
(c) Any other Rules ………………………………………
6. Technical Services provided by the library
6.1 Please tick mark the classification scheme used in the library
(a) Colon Classification ( )
(b) Universal Decimal Classification ( )
(c) Dewey Decimal Classification ( )
(d) Any other (Please specify) …………………
6.2 Please indicate the cataloguing code used in your library
(a) Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) ( )
(b) Anglo-American Catalogue Rules (AACR) ( )
(c) Any other (Please specify)…………………………….
6.3. Do you use OPAC for searching of library materials?
Yes ( ) No ( )
6.4 Please mention the software used in your library
(a) Alice for Windows Yes ( ) No ( )
(b) KOHA Yes ( ) No ( )
(c) LIBSYS Yes ( ) No ( )
(d) TROODEN-4.0 Yes ( ) No ( )
(e) Any other (Please specify) ……………………………..
7. Library Services
Do you offer following services?
(a) Circulation service Yes ( ) No ( )
(b) Reference service Yes ( ) No ( )
(c) CAS service Yes ( ) No ( )
(d) SDI service Yes ( ) No ( )
(e) Inter Library Loan service Yes ( ) No ( )
(f) Translation service Yes ( ) No ( )
(g) Reprographic service Yes ( ) No ( )
(h) Micro film service Yes ( ) No ( )
(i) Press clipping service Yes ( ) No ( )
(j) Online service/Internet service Yes ( ) No ( )
190
7.1 The legal databases used in your library

(a) SSC Online Yes ( ) No ( )
(b) AIR online Yes ( ) No ( )
(c) Manupatra Yes ( ) No ( )
(d) Any other, please specify Yes ( ) No ( )
7.2 Does your library have any branch library at some other place?
Yes ( ) No ( )
7.3 Does your library participate in resource sharing?
Yes ( ) No ( )
If no, please specify the reasons
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
If yes, what resource sharing arrangement in your library has with other lib/inf. Centers,
please indicate some of them
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….………
8. Please provide your valuable suggestions:
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
Thanks!
(Signature)
191
Appendix - 2 Questionnaire for Users
Department of Library and Information Science

Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202002
Questionnaire for Users

Sir / Madam,
I am pursuing Ph.D. on the topic “Collection Development and Services in Law
Libraries in Delhi: A Comparative Study” under the supervision of Dr. Nishat Fatima,
Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, AMU, Aligarh. In
this regard, I request you to kindly fill-up this questionnaire in order to enable me to complete
my thesis. The information provided by you shall be used for research purposes only and will
be kept strictly confidential.
I shall be highly obliged to you for your kind cooperation.
Thanking you in anticipation,
Your’s sincerely,
(Roshan Khayal)
Personal Information
1. Name (in capital letter) ……………………………………………………………
Status / designation …………………………………………………………...
Educational qualification ……………………………………………………………
Area of specialization (if any) …………………………………………………………….
Address …………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
E-mail ID …………………………………………………………….
Contact No. …………….……………………………………………..
(Please tick mark right or wrong in the relevant column)

2.1 Please indicate the purpose of visiting the library? (Multiple answers are allowed).
(a) For study purpose ( )
(b) For Updating knowledge ( )
(c) For research work ( )
(d) For teaching purpose ( )
2.2 Please mention the frequency of visit to the library?
a) Daily ( )
b) Two to three times in a week ( )
c) Once in a 15 days ( )
d) Once in a month ( )
e) Occasionally ( )
192
3. Which of the following library resources do you use? (Multiple answers are allowed)
(a) Books ( )
(b) Periodicals/Journals ( )
(c) Cases ( )
(d) Reports ( )
(e) Reference Books ( )
(f) Theses/Dissertations ( )
(g) Indexing/Abstracting Journals ( )
(h) Monographs/Patents ( )
4. Do you use the following electronic information sources?

(Multiple answers are allowed)
a) Online database Yes ( ) No ( )
b) E-books Yes ( ) No ( )
c) E-Journals Yes ( ) No ( )
d) E-cases Yes ( ) No ( )
e) E-reports Yes ( ) No ( )
f) CD-ROM Database Yes ( ) No ( )
5. Please indicate the frequency of use of e-resources (Tick only one)

a. Daily ( )
b. Twice in a week ( )
c. Weekly ( )
d. Monthly ( )
e. Occasionally ( )
6. What are your favourite activities while using Internet? (Multiple answers are allowed)
a) E-mail ( )
b) Discussion Forums ( )
c) Blogging ( )
d) Online learning/E-Learning ( )
e) Preparing presentations, documents ( )
7. Which method is mostly used in searching of library materials?

OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) or Traditional Catalogue
( ) ( )
193
8. Does the library have adequate reading facilities?

Yes ( ) No ( )
9. Are you satisfied with the use of library resources? (Multiple answers are allowed)
(a) Books ( )
(b) Periodicals/Journals ( )
(c) Cases ( )
(d) Reports ( )
(e) Reference Books ( )
(f) Theses/Dissertations ( )
(g) Indexing/Abstracting Journals ( )
(h) Monographs/Patents ( )
10. Are you aware of the services provided by the library?
10.1) Circulation service ( )
10.2) Reference service ( )
10.3) Current Awareness Service (CAS) ( )
10.4) Selective Dissemination of
Information (SDI) Service ( )
10.5) Inter-library loan service ( )
10.6) Translation service ( )
10.7) Reprographic service ( )
11. Are you satisfied with the services provided by the library?
a) Circulation Services Yes ( ) No ( )
b) Reference Services Yes ( ) No ( )
c) Current Awareness Service (CAS) Yes ( ) No ( )
d) Selective Dissemination of Information Yes ( ) No ( )
(SDI) service
e) Inter-library loan service Yes ( ) No ( )
f) Translation service Yes ( ) No ( )
g) Reprographic Service Yes ( ) No ( )
12. Are you satisfied with the general facilities available in the library?
(a) Library environment ( )
(b) Reading space ( )
(c) Cleanliness ( )
(d) Lighting ( )
(e) Ventilation ( )
(f) Equipment ( )
(g) Drinking water ( )
194
13. How will you rate the behavior of the library staff?
a) Excellent ( )
b) Good ( )
c) Fair ( )
d) Average ( )
e) Poor ( )
14. Please give your valuable suggestions or comments for further improvement of the
library.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Thank you for sparing time to answer the above questions.
(Signature)
195
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Law is regarded as the cement of society. It is an essential medium of social
change. Knowledge of law increases ones‟ understanding of public affairs. Its study
promotes accuracy of expression, felicity in argument and skill in interpretation of the
written word, as well as understanding of social values (Williams, 2002).
ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science (1983) has defined library
as, “a collection of materials organized to provide physical, bibliographical and
intellectual access to a target group, with a staff that is trained to provide services and
programs related to the information needs of the target group.”
Generally, the objectives of a library depend upon the type of the library. The
objectives of library are fulfilled through the functions and operations. The objective
of special library is the provision of information in support of the objectives of its
parent organization. Although special libraries exist in a wide variety of organizations
and most of them are units of larger organization but these are established to serve
only a particular group of users or specialists working on a subject or a group of
subjects or on a particular type of documents (Dhar, 2010).
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Library and Information Science (2010) defines
law library as, “a type of special library with a collection consisting of primarily
materials for legal research and study, including case law, federal and state statutes,
international legal agreements, treatises, reference works, legal periodicals and
electronic research tools. A law library maintained by a court, law school, or legal
firm is normally managed by a librarian who may hold a J.D. degree in addition to the
M.L.S. or M.L.I.S”.
The Academic Law Library is indeed the heart of an academic institution and
plays an important role in all academic activities. A law library is truly a vital factor
in the administration of justice. In the present context, legal education is centered on
the strength of law libraries rather than class room teaching. The law library stands as
a functional lead for legal information in the form of books, journals, reference books,
statutes, reports and general books.
“Law library plays a vital role in the administration of justice. It is an institution
of extraordinary social significance in a free society. Inspiring the men and women of
vision who devote their talents to the creation and preparation of law libraries, whose
1
Abstract
benefits reach out far and beyond the personal interest of the original creators”
(Tewari, 1997).
An efficient and responsive law library service is achievable through well
organized collections of legal information sources. Hence, a law library is to legal
practitioners and judicial officers what instruments are to a technologist, and
apparatus to scientists. In order to accomplish these roles, the library performs the
traditional functions of collection development, organization, retrieval and
dissemination of legal and related information sources. As law library is a special type
of library. A workable definition of law library might be “a collection of materials
wholly or mainly containing legal information, organized for use” (Moys, 1976).
Law librarianship, especially the librarianship in judicial institutions, is
different from librarianship in any other discipline. This aspect is more appropriately
explained by Kavass, (1975) when he says that “the reason for law libraries being
different from other types of libraries is that they serve a profession which is literally
unable to exercise its work without the use of books.” While librarians in other
organizations may convince their users to give them some time for catering to their
information requirements, a court librarian has to furnish the desired information at
once because the case is being argued in the Court and desired information is needed
in the court at the time of argument. So, a law librarian has to provide the information
instantly without any excuse/delay. Because of this reason, a law librarian has to be a
very alert professional and must develop his or her own tools and have the requisite
expertise to provide the desired information instantly.
The law library has skilled people to classify and arrange the books in an
orderly manner. A law library need to stock books on law and law alone. It has to
stock authoritative books from allied branches like philosophy, political science,
public administration, economics, etc. it must also stock language dictionaries,
dictionaries of law, judicial dictionary and thesaurus (Gandhi, M. 1992).
On the basis of different types of users, law libraries could be categorized into:
 Academic Law Libraries (for Students, Research Scholars and Teachers);
 Judicial Libraries attached to Courts (for Judges, Jurist);
 Government Departments Law Libraries (for Civil Servants and Government
Officials);
 Legislative Libraries (for Legislators);
2
Abstract
 Bar Association Libraries (for Legal Practitioners); and

 Practitioner‟s Libraries (for Practitioners).
Collection Development
Collection development is systematic planning and rational building of library
material. The term includes all activities involved in assessing the users‟ need,
evaluating the present collection, determining the selection policy, coordinating the
selection of items, re-evaluating and storing parts of the collection and planning for
resource sharing. It is not a single activity, but an agglomeration of activities
(Parameswaran, 1997). Similarly ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science
(1983) defines collection development as, “ a term which encompasses a number of
activities related to the development of the library collection, including the
determination and coordination of selection policy, assessment of needs of users and
potential users, collection use studies, collection evaluation, identification of
collection needs, selection of materials, planning for resources sharing, collection
maintenance and weeding” Shipman, (1975) has also defined it as “the sum total of
library materials; books, pamphlets, manuscripts, punched cards, serials, government
documents, microfiches and computer tapes, etc. that makes up the holdings of a
particular library. In other words, it is planned; systematic development of an already
existing collection.”
Collection development is a plan which can be implemented and evaluated.
The process involves three main aspects:
 Collection planning- a design to acquire documents.
 Collection implementation -process of making documents available.
 Collection evaluation -examining and judging the relevance in relation to
goals and objectives.
Collection development is actually a blue print for the maintenance and
expansion of the library‟s collection in all formats. It is based on a strategic policy
which is responsible for selecting materials for the library to understand the
philosophy and rational that guides the development of collection. With this, the
library is able to allocate acquisition funds wisely, shape a strong collection and
inform the user community about the nature of collection. University of Connecticut
School of Law (2003) also defines collection development as “It evolved to
emphasize the needs of users and to assess their changing attitude towards the
3
Abstract
collection. Collection development is sometimes considered as synonymous to

„collection building‟ which means that there is already a nucleus (the central and most
important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and
growth) of collection in the library and the librarian is going to build up the
collection”.
Since the beginning libraries have been providing various services such as
issuing books and personally guiding users to the actual source. The vast array of
services that most of the libraries provide consists of circulation, reference,
reprography, translation, current awareness and selective dissemination of information
etc.; but now the mode of services have been drastically changed to provide access to
resources rather than providing the documents itself. This paradigm shift is because of
the ICT revolution that has compelled libraries to modify the existing mode of
services. This developmental change has not only occurred in Academic Law
Libraries, but also court libraries and government law libraries in Delhi.
Collection Development of Law Libraries
Collection development involves selection and acquisition of information
sources which translates into the collection of a library. Collections of law libraries
are the bedrocks of all the services they can offer and determinant of the extent to
which such services can be provided. These collections can be categorized into three
sources as primary sources, secondary sources and tertiary sources.
Primary sources of information related to law are books of law as a subject,
like Constitutional Laws, Acts, Decrees, Edicts, Gazettes; Law Reports i.e. Courts and
Appellate, Court Decisions, Regulation and Ruling of Administrative Agencies.
Secondary sources are information sources about law, which are not sources of legal
authority. They vary widely in quality, form and authority. Although they lack legal
authority in a formal sense, some may have a persuasive influence in the process of
law-making by virtue of recognized prestige of their authors or quality of their
scholarship, examples are journals, textbooks, treatises, commentaries, restatements
and other periodicals. Tertiary sources of legal information provide access to large
body of law, great number of decisions and statutes issued over time. This facilitates
effective operation of the doctrine of precedents, as judges and legal practitioners can
have access to them and decide cases relevant to a particular case or problem.
4
Abstract
Examples are digests of decisions, citations, encyclopedias, phrase books, annotated

statutory compilations, loose leaf services and indexes.
The Collection of a law library must be reasonably good and diverse. Such
collections must include all categories of information sources mentioned above. These
collections are available in both print and non-print form, in databases, such as Lexis-
Nexis, Lawtel, and the Internet.
Status of Law Librarianship in India
Shrivastava (2008) has stated that “Law librarianship in India is still a new
field and much effort to be done for the development of law libraries in a coordinated
manner. Even though there are approximately 600 law schools, 430 sub-ordinate
courts, 22 high courts, along with their 14 benches, a supreme court, 19 national and
state judicial academies and many legal research institutions, except sub-ordinate
courts, there is little coordination among them. There is neither resource sharing
initiatives among them, nor any consortia of law libraries. Though one attempt has
been made to form a consortium of legal libraries by some law school librarians, these
efforts are few and far between. Similarly, an attempt has also been made to form an
association of law librarians in the country and a conference of law librarians was also
organized in Bombay (2006) and in (2012) a conference of Law Librarians was held
in National Law School, New Delhi, but the association could not be registered and
yet to be given a formal birth. Unlike in the United States of America, where the
American Bar Association (ABA) has formulated some standards for Court Libraries,
no attempt has been made in India by any agency so far to formulate the standards for
judicial and court libraries at different levels. The Bar Council of India has
promulgated some standards for law school libraries for the purpose of accrediting
law schools, but once the accreditation has been granted, there is no mechanism to
check whether or not the law schools are adhering to prescribed norms”.
Statement of the Problem
The past two decades are often described as the Information age and people
now work in what has been renamed as Information Centers/Industries. The basic
foundation and the first perception of any information center is the collection and its
development. The strength of the collection, policies for acquiring the documents,
developmental techniques used to organize the collection, and other related aspects
are the key areas and buzz words of the current scenario of Information
5
Abstract
Communication Technology (ICT) environment. Collection development remains an

immensely important yard stick in determining the nature and to a considerable
extent, the level of service which a library is able to provide. The present study is thus
undertaken to reveal the different facets of the collection development and its related
aspects in the law libraries of the Indian Capital (New Delhi) which is entitled,
“Collection Development and Services in Law Libraries in Delhi: A Comparative
Study”.
Need and Significance of the Study
The collection development is most important benchmark in determining the
nature and the services of a particular library. It has generally been perceived that a
library good in collection is good in its services and thus the satisfaction level of users
is also higher. It is known that the availability of good documents largely depends on
user needs and their satisfaction. In order to satisfy the users, the first and the
foremost aspect that is to be kept in mind is the presence of a good collection and its
development. Any study relating to the collection development programme will be
pertinent in the current era and the same applies to the present study as well. The
study is more significant as it covers the law libraries which have been less explored
as revealed from the available literature. The study analyses the complete outlook of
law libraries under the purview of aspects like: users‟ need for the process of selection
of documents, library‟s collection development policy and also the status of collection
development in the libraries. Though, several studies have been under taken regarding
acquisition of documents and the related collection development facets of various
libraries, but there has not been a proportionate research which has investigated the
collection development and services in Academic Law Libraries and Special Law
Libraries (Non-Academic Law Libraries). Thus, the study intends to fill up the gap.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The present study is limited to examining the collection development and
Services of law libraries located in Delhi. The time span considered for this study is
from 2007-2011. Data collected through a set of questionnaires, used in this study are
primary in nature. Some data are however, secondary too. The study under purview is
aimed at identifying the current status of collection development and services of the
following law libraries in Delhi:
• Indian Law Institute Library
6
Abstract
• Law Library-University of Delhi

• Law Library- Jamia Millia Islamia
• Supreme Court Judges Library
• High Court Judges Library
• Parliament Library.
The study focuses mainly on collection development policies, selection criteria
of documents, collection evaluation methods, users‟ assessment methods and the
different types of services provided by these libraries. The study also examines users‟
assessment with regards to level of their satisfaction with collection development and
services.
Aims and Objectives of the Study
The mainstay and the core area of the present study is to determine the
collection development operations like acquisition, budgeting, organization,
maintenance, weeding out, etc. in the law libraries in Delhi alongwith the services
provided by them. For mining out the same, the following objectives have been
pursued for the purpose of the study on collection development and services of select
law libraries i.e., Academic Law Libraries and Special Law Libraries in Delhi:
 To study the present position of law libraries under study;
 To bring out information regarding the collection and also examine the budget
of the libraries under study.
 To examine and study the method of selection of study materials, tools used
for material selection, modes of acquisition, criteria of evaluation of documents,
provision of library committee, criteria for weeding out of reading materials, etc. in
libraries under study.;
 To study and examine about the collection development policy used in
 To know the collections and use of legal databases in libraries under study;
 To know the provision of resource sharing in libraries under study;
 To examine the frequency of visit by the users of the law libraries under study;
 To find out the purpose of visit to the libraries;
 To assess the frequency of their use of library materials;
 To find out electronic information sources provided i.e. online databases and
CD-ROM databases, e-books, e-journals, e-cases, e-reports, etc.;
7
Abstract
 To find out the use, awareness, level of satisfaction, etc., of the users regarding
the various services provided by the libraries, i.e. circulation service, reference
service, CAS and SDI services, bibliographic service, reprographic service,
translation service, etc.;
 To find out the users opinion regarding the overall general facilities available
in libraries; and
 To collect suggestions from the librarians/head of the libraries and users for
further development of libraries, its resources, facilities and services.
 To suggest measure to make library services more effective and efficient.
Hypotheses of the Study
For the smooth sailing in the area under shadow and in pursuance of the
above mentioned objectives, the following hypotheses have been postulated:
Hypothesis-1
In both the categories of Law Libraries in Delhi i.e., Academic Law
Libraries and Special Law Libraries are not adopting a uniform collection
development policy.
The alternative hypothesis assumes that both the categories of libraries
i.e., Academic Law Libraries and Special Law Libraries in Delhi are adopting a
uniform collection development policy.
According to the result as shown in Table-5.1.4.4 that in both the
categories of libraries do not have collection development policy in a uniform
way but they follow their own collection development policy as per their
requirements. It shows that both categories of law libraries in Delhi are not
adopting the collection development policy in the uniform manner.
Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternate hypothesis is
rejected.
Hypothesis-2
Tools used for the Selection of Materials are not the same in all the
libraries of both the categories.
8
Abstract

Tools used for the Selection of Materials are same in all the libraries of
both the categories.
It is observed from Table-5.1.5.2 which clearly highlights that Special
Law Libraries are using various methods and tools for material selection such
as reviews in journals, reviews in books and news papers, publishers‟
catalogues, subject bibliography, online reviews, social media, etc. while in
Academic Law Libraries only the publishers‟ catalogue is being used as tools
for material selection. The result shows that all the libraries under study-100%
users are using publishers‟ catalogue, four libraries i.e., 66.67% users are using
online reviews and social media and 50% are using reviews published in
journals and books.
Thus, the null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is
rejected.
Hypothesis-3
There is no significant difference in yearly addition of print as well as
There is significant difference in yearly addition of print as well as
It is observed from Table 5.1.4.2 that in both the categories of libraries the
yearly additions of print documents are constantly increasing.
It is also observed from Table 5.1.4.3 that in both the categories of
libraries the yearly addition of e-documents is constantly increasing. In
Academic Law Libraries it was 48 in 2006-07; it increased 57 up to 2010-11. It
means total e-documents it becomes 48+57=105, while in Special Law
Libraries it was 122 in 2006-07, it increased 54 up to 2010-11. Now the total e-
documents are 122+54=176.
It means that in both the categories of libraries the collections (print as
well as electronic) are constantly increasing.
9
Abstract
So, the alternate hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.

Hypothesis-4
Law Libraries of Delhi are not having the use of online legal databases.
Law Libraries the online legal databases are being used.
It is observed from Table-5.1.7.1 that all the libraries have the good
collection and use of legal databases required for law libraries under study,
except LLJMI, which is using only Supreme Court Cases (SCC online) and All
India Reporter (AIR online) databases. It means that 83.33% libraries are
having good collection and having their use of online legal databases to fulfill
the requirement of the users.
Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is
accepted.
Hypothesis-5
In both the categories of libraries i.e., Academic Law Libraries and
Special Law Libraries the budget is not increasing constantly during the last
five years.
In both the categories of libraries i.e., in Academic Law Libraries and
Special Law Libraries the budget is increasing constantly during the last five
years.
It is observed from Table 5.1.3.2 that the additions of annual budget of
both the categories of libraries are constantly increasing. In Academic Law
Libraries the speed is slow but in Special Law Libraries the proportion of
addition is high, i.e. in ILI it increased 48% during 2006-2011, in LLUD it
increased 14.60%, in LLJMI 33.33%, in SCJL 78.57%, HCJL 75.55% and in
PL it increased 46%.
10
Abstract
It means that in both the categories of libraries the budget is increasing

constantly during the last five years.
Thus alternate hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis-6
There is no significant difference among the users of law libraries with
There is a significant difference among the users of law libraries with
It is observed from Table 5.2.7 that the use of OPAC is much high in
comparison to traditional catalogue.
Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is
accepted.
Hypothesis-7
Libraries and Special Law Libraries are neither aware nor satisfied with the
services provided by the libraries and also with the behavior of library staff.
Libraries and Special Law Libraries are aware and satisfied about the services
provided by the libraries and also with the behavior of library staff.
It is observed from the Table-5.2.10 awareness with circulation service
provided by various libraries, there is a significant difference where calculated
value is less than the tabulated value, thus in this case null hypothesis is
accepted, while in case of reference service (Table 5.2.10.2), in case of current
awareness service (Table-5.2.10.3), reprographic service (Table-5.2.10.7), etc
as there is significant difference in both the values, we reject the null
hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis.
11
Abstract
Research Methodology
The term methodology, in a broad sense, refers to the process,
principles and procedures by which one approaches the problems and seeks
the answer. There are various research methods such as, historical, survey,
experimental, etc. In this study the survey method is used to study the
collection development and services of selected six Law Libraries, i.e. ILI,
LLUD, LLJMI, SCJL, HCJL and PL in Delhi.
Variables taken in the Study
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, two sets of questionnaires were
prepared, one for library professionals and other for the users of libraries under study.
The first set of questionnaire was administered to the following categories of
respondents.
 Director/Librarian/Head of the Library/In-charge Acquisition Section.
The second set of questionnaire was administered to the following categories of
users of these below mentioned libraries under study.
 PSs/PAs to Members of Parliament
 PAs to Judges and Lawyers
 Faculty Members of Educational Institutes, Research Scholars and Post
Graduate (P.G.) Students.
The questionnaires were designed to study about collection development, total
annual budget of various libraries, modes of acquisition, provision of collection
development policy, collection and use of legal databases, use and awareness of e-
information resources, awareness and satisfaction about the services provided by the
libraries, etc.
Data Collection Techniques:
Large numbers of data collection techniques are available such as
questionnaire, schedule, interviews, observations, socio metric, document
review, psychological test, etc. The questionnaire, interview, observations and
document review techniques has been used to collect the data.
Questionnaire Techniques:
Questionnaire is a tool to collect data from a diverse and widely
scattered group. It is called the heart of survey operation. To collect the
necessary data for the present study, two sets of questionnaires were
12
Abstract
designed. One for each Librarian/Head of the Library and another for
the users of the library. Major formatting in the construction of the
questionnaire was made to obtain information on collection development
and services of law libraries under study.
In order to get maximum information on present study each
question is formulated on the basis of the literature reviewed. It
has been recognized as the most applicable and reliable
instrument for measuring the current status of libraries.
Administered the Questionnaire
Response rate which is also known as completion rate or return rate.
In survey research, it refers to the number of users who answered the problem divided
by the number of users in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of
a percentage. The response rates of the questionnaire has been outlined in the
following table which represents the total population of respondents, questionnaires
distributed, number of questionnaires returned and the questionnaires analysed for the
final analysis.
The investigator visited all the libraries under study and got 100% co-
operation and response from the side of Librarians/Head of the Library/Institute and
also requested to the librarian/head of the institute for getting permission to distribute
the questionnaire to the users, for this purpose the investigator visited the library in
February-2011, March-2011, April-2011, May-2011, June-2011, November-2011,
February-2012, May-2012, June-2012 and so on, these questionnaires were
distributed to the users of the libraries under study and also collected back the
questionnaire in the same period.
Table-1.1 describes the response rate of users that is totally based on random
sampling technique. The total population of users in six libraries under study is 5043.
The investigator administered 866 questionnaires among the users and 574
questionnaires were returned back. Out of these only 564 questionnaires were
considered for analysis because rests of the questionnaires were incomplete and many
questionnaires have not returned back. The table 1.1, given below, clearly highlights
that in Academic Law Libraries i.e. In ILI, LLUD, LLJMI no. of questionnaires
distributed and no. of questionnaire accepted for analysis is enough in comparison to
purely specialized law libraries, i.e. SCJL, HCJL and PL. Though the investigator
13
Abstract
visited many times for distribution and collection of questionnaires but remained
unable to get complete answers of questionnaires distributed in various libraries,
especially in special law libraries. The details description is in Table- no. 1.1
Table-1.1: Response Rate of Users
Libraries Total Questionnaires Questionnaires Questionnaires
Under Study Population Distributed Returned Accepted for
Analysis
ILI 579 174(30%) 160(91.95%) 152(87.3%)
LLUD 265 80(30%) 70(87.50%) 70(87.5%)
LLJMI 66 33(50%) 30(90.90%) 30(90.9%)
SCJL 32 16(50%) 11(68.75%) 11(68.7%)
HCJL 398 119(30%) 103(86.55%) 103(86.4%)
PL 3703 444(12%) 200(45.05%) 198(44.5%)
TOTAL 5043 866(17.17%) 574(66.28%) 564(77.5%)
Interview Techniques:
Interview is an interpersonal face to face conversation in which the
interviewer asks questions pertinent to the research, and respondent answers
the questions. It is a very effective tool to collect the data from the people
because it ensures better responses as compared to other methods of data
collection. Interview also enriches the qualitative data from questionnaire.
Therefore, both structured and unstructured interviews have been conducted
with the various categories of users on various aspects i.e. document
collection, library and staff, services of the library and their suggestions to
improve the library services.
Observation Techniques:
Observation is a well established technique for collection of data. The
observation method is normally employed in measuring, testing,
characterizing human behavior. In order to fully asses current library
practices, the researcher could not rely solely upon interviews or
questionnaire or existing data and so a variety of observation and monit oring
techniques were employed. On visiting libraries, it was observed that in a few
libraries, there is a wide gap of information provided by the librarians in the
areas of availability of infrastructure facilities, use of the collection, both
printed and electronic, use of information sources awareness and satisfaction
about the services provided by the libraries etc. This technique helps the
researcher to make the study more scientific.
14
Abstract
Document review:
The investigator also consulted various printed and electronic
document such as annual reports, pamphlets, brochures, CD -ROMs,
concerned web-sites and other records of the libraries whenever is
required.
Pilot Study:
The purpose of the pilot study is to test validity of the
questionnaire both as a data collection instrument and statistical
measurement device. At this stage it was intended to make the
questionnaire easily understandable to the people and to eliminate the
probability of misunderstanding, confusions and bias. A group of
users, and librarians were agreed to fill in the questionnaire and being
interviewed for testing purposes.
As a result of the pre test it was decided to utilize more structured responses,
and to record some of the questions in order to improve their clarity.
Separate questionnaires were made for librarians and users. The
questionnaire designed for librarians consisting of a number of
questions in definite order and format viz. qualification and
designation, strength of library staff, library membership, total budget
of various law libraries, opinion regarding adequacy of library budget,
yearly addition of print document, , collection development policy,
modes of acquisition, legal databases used in libraries, provision of
resource sharing etc. The format of the questionnaire has been given in
appendix 1.
The questionnaire designed for library users is also based on
structured pattern and is in definite format viz. purpose of visit to the
library, use of library resources, use of e-information sources,
adequacy of reading facilities, satisfaction with use of library
resources, awareness about services provided by the libraries,
satisfaction with the services provided by the libraries, behavior of the
library staff, etc. The questionnaire for library users has been appended
as appendix II.
Measurement Scale/the Chi-Square Test
15
Abstract
Chi-square test describes the magnitude of difference between observed

frequencies and the frequencies expected under certain assumptions. With the help of
chi-square test, it is possible to find out whether such differences are significant or
insignificant and could have arisen due to fluctuations of sampling.
Mathematical formula for chi-square statistics is given below:
(O  E )2
 
2
E
Where O and E are the observed and expected frequencies respectively
d= (c-1) (r-1)
Where d stands for degree of freedom;
c for the number of columns; and r for number of rows
Such non-parametric tests have assumed great importance in statistical
analysis and statistical inference, because they are easy to compute and can be used
without making assumptions and about parameters as they are distribution free tests.
(examples of data analysis through chi-square test is given in Appendix-III)
Sources of Data
The data for the study collected from primary sources of infor mation
such as journals/periodicals, prospectus, brochures, standards, monographs,
reports, websites and responses received from the librarians/head of the
libraries, staff and users. However, secondary and tertiary sources i.e. Text
books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, yearbooks; directories were also consulted
as per need of the study
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
The data collected through questionnaires has been organized and tabulated by
using statistical method as well as simple percentage. Statistical method of research
lays stress on facts, figures, etc. They have their own characteristics i.e. these methods
do not study any single individual, but a group of individuals; these methods are
quantitative rather than qualitative and so on. Statistical methods are mechanical
processes designed to facilitate the condensation and analysis of a large body of
quantitative data. Inferential statistics have also been used to make predictions to test
hypotheses and to deduce characteristics of a population from the characteristics of a
sample.
Standard used for Bibliographical References
16
Abstract
For bibliographical references APA Style-6th edition has used.

The Specimen Entry of APA style-6th edition
Kavass, Igor I. (1975). Law Libraries of United States: Development & growth.
Law Library. (2010). In A.S. Siwatch (Ed.) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Library
and Information Science (Vol. 2 (1), p. 395). New Delhi: Shree Publisher.
Library. (1983). In Heartsill Young (Ed.). ALA Glossary of Library and
Information Science (p.130). Chicago: American Library Association.
Moys, E. M. (1976). Law library practice: general principles. In Moys,
Elizabeth M. (Ed.), Manual of law librarianship. (pp. 419-443). London: Andre
Deutsch.
Parameswaran, M. (1997). Collection development in university libraries: policy
and procedure. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, 17 (2), 11-13.
Appendices
Appendix -1 is used for Questionnaire for Librarian/Head of the Library.
Appendix-II is used for Questionnaire for users and Appendix-III is used for
Examples of Chi-Square Test.
Major Findings Part-1
This part is based on the responses received from the Director/Librarian//Head
of the library/In-charge Acquisition Section.
1. The study shows that among both the categories of libraries (Academic Law
Libraries and Special Law Libraries) the oldest library is Parliament Library
which was established in 1921 and the latest one is LLJMI which was
established in 1989.
2. The analysis of the study shows that in both the categories of libraries
designation and pay scale in highest rank differs, so no similarity is found in
designation and pay scales of these libraries. Further, Academic Law Libraries
are categorised as departmental libraries attached to the central library system
and are headed by either Assistant Librarian or Semi-Professional Assistants
while Special Law Libraries are fully independent and headed by Director or
Librarian.
17
Abstract
3. The study depicts that the total membership of Academic Law Libraries is 910
while in Special Law Libraries the total membership is 4133. The study also
highlights the highest no. of membership in Parliament Library which is 3,703,
followed by ILI-579, HCJL-398, LLUD-265, LLJMI-66 and in SCJL only 32
members are there, as SCJL library is used by only Supreme Court Judges/PA
to Supreme Court Judges.
4. The study reveals that the total collection of documents among three
Academic Law Libraries is much lower than Special Law Libraries. Further, it
is found that among Academic Law Libraries total acquisition of printed
documents is highest in Indian Law Institute library and among the Special
Law Libraries, the Parliament Library has highest acquisition of printed
documents during the last five years.
5. The study shows that the total acquisition of e-documents during the last five
years in all the three Academic Law Libraries under study is half than the total
addition in Special Law Libraries.
6. It is also clear from the study that the annual budget for session 2010-11 in all
the Academic Law Libraries is much lower than Special Law Libraries under
study, while among the Special Law Libraries the Parliament Library has
maximum budget for session 2010-11.
7. The study also highlights that in Academic Law Libraries the increase of
annual budget is not sufficient on the other hand, the increase of annual budget
in Special Law Libraries is satisfactory during the last five years.
8. The study depicts that the budgeting provisions for print and electronic
documents are adequate in all Special Law Libraries as compared to Academic
Law Libraries under study, whereas in the Academic Law Libraries the budget
is inadequate except in ILI library.
9. It is found that there is no collection development policy in any of the
libraries under study but separate internal policy is being followed by all the
10. The study shows that in all the Academic Law Libraries, the selection of study
materials is being done through the librarians and teachers only while in
Special Law Libraries the selection of study materials is done by the members
of Parliament/Honorable judges and library committee.
18
Abstract
11. The study shows that in all the three Academic Law Libraries only the
publishers‟ catalogue is being used as tool for material selection whereas in
Special Law Libraries various methods such as reviews in journals, reviews in
books and newspapers, online reviews and social media are being used for
material selection.
12. The study finds that Academic Law Libraries use all types of modes of
acquisition i.e. purchase, gift & exchange while Special Law Libraries use
only two modes of acquisition i.e., purchase and gift.
13. The study concludes that in Special Law Libraries, all type of criteria such as
quality, subject relevance, currency, language, uniqueness of content, cost
effectiveness, hardware/software compatibility, strength of search
engine/access point etc. are being followed to evaluate the documents for
selection while Academic Law Libraries do not follow all types of criteria to
evaluate the documents as mentioned above. They evaluate as per the
requirements of the users.
14. The study identifies that only Academic Law Libraries specially LLUD &
LLJMI face the problem of inadequate funds and ILI have sufficient funds
whereas among Special Law Libraries SCJL faces the lack of autonomy
because the acquisition is being done by the requisition given by the senior
judges of Supreme Court.
15. It is found that in ILI, LLUD, LLJMI, PL and SCJL the criteria for weeding
out of reading materials of the libraries are through obsolete materials,
damaged books and surplus copies etc. In HCJL weeding out of reading
material is done as per their own criteria.
16. It is observed that most of services such as circulation service, reprographic
service, reference service, CAS service, etc are being provided by the libraries
under study but only PL provides translation and microfilm services.
17. It is observed that Classification scheme i.e. Dewey Decimal Classification
(DDC) is being used by PL & LLJMI, Colon Classification (CC) is used by
LLUD and Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is used by ILI, SCJL, &
HCJL.
18. It is found from the analysis that Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR-
2) is being used by all libraries except LLUD, whereas Classified Catalogue
Code (CCC) is being used for the cataloguing of library materials.
19
Abstract
19. The study shows that there is a provision of resource sharing in ILI, LLUD,
LLJMI, SCJL, & HCJL respectively while in PL there is no provision of
resource sharing.
Major Findings-Part-2
This part is based on users‟ responses received through the questionnaire,
interview and observation method.
1. It is found from the analysis that the majority of the users in Academic Law
Libraries use the library for the purpose of study and research work, while in
Court Libraries and Parliament Library majority of the respondents said that
they use the library for the purpose of updating their knowledge.
2. The study reveals that in all the Academic and Special Law Libraries majority
of the respondents visit the library daily and the frequency of respondents
visiting once in a month is highest in LLJMI and lowest in ILI.
3. It is observed that in all the Academic Law Libraries majority of respondents
are using books, theses/dissertations and journals while in Special Law
Libraries majority of respondents are using cases for references.
4. It is found from the analysis that in all the Special Law Libraries majority of
respondents are using e-cases and e-reports whereas in Academic Law
Libraries most of the respondents are using e-books, e-journals and online
database. It is also found that in all the Academic Law Libraries the online
users are lower than in Special Law Libraries.
5. It is observed that the collection of legal database i.e. SCC, AIR and
Manupatra are used in all Academic Law Libraries and Special Law Libraries
under study, except LLJMI where only SCC and AIR databases are used by
users.
6. The majority of the respondents are using e-books, e-journals,
e-cases and e-reports whereas in HCJL which is the highest and in LLJMI it is
lowest among all the libraries under study. The CD-ROM databases are used
maximum in SCJL and minimum in ILI, as per responses by users. Moreover,
frequencies of use of e-resources are highest in HCJL and lowest in SCJL. On
the other hand, in Academic Law Libraries the use of e-resources is maximum
in LLUD and minimum in LLJMI.
20
Abstract
7. It reveals that e-mail service is a favorite activity by users of Special Law

Libraries and Academic Law Libraries except LLJMI where the users use the
library for preparing presentation and other academic activities.
8. It is observed that Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is mostly used in
HCJL and least used in LLJMI.
9. In all the Academic and Special Law Libraries under study majority of the
respondents are aware about the circulation, reprographic, reference, and CAS
services. While only 50% users are aware about the translation services in all
the Special Law Libraries.
10. It is observed that majority of respondents are satisfied with books in
Academic Law Libraries and Parliament Library, while majority of the
respondents are satisfied with cases in the Court library.
11. The study reveals that the behavior of library staff in Special Law Libraries is
more satisfactory in comparison to Academic Law Libraries. The reason for
the same is that in Special Law Libraries the users are more qualified and
having some responsible position while in Academic Law Libraries they deal
with the students mostly.
Conclusion and Suggestions
On the basis of the survey of libraries under study the following conclusions
can be drawn:
Special Law Libraries, i.e. The Supreme Court Judges Library, The High
Court Judges Library and The Parliament Library have good collections, adequate
budget as well as qualified library staff to serve its users, but the situation in
Academic Law Libraries under study i.e. Indian Law Institute Library, Law Library
University of Delhi and Law Library Jamia Millia Islamia with regard to collections,
budget, qualified staff and services provided/level of satisfaction of library staff is not
very satisfactory. As the academicians are the pillars of the nation, therefore, the
government should improve the standard of Academic Law Libraries. In this regard
the increment of budget and the qualification of staff as per requirements during
recruitment should be taken care of.
The reason for the slow pace of development of Law Library Collection
Development and Services in Delhi may be:
21
Abstract
Absence of National Law Library and National Legal Information System on

the lines of National Medical Library(NML), National Agriculture Library(NAL) and
there is no documentation center in the field of law as are in other fields such as the
Defense Sciences (DESIDOC), Agriculture Sciences (AGRIS), Natural Sciences
(INSDOC now NISCAIR) and Small Scale Industries (SENDOC). Though there is a
Social Science Documentation Center in the country (NASSDOC), it does not cover
legal literature.
The major factors responsible for the state of under-development of Law
Libraries and Law Librarianship in India are:
 lack of any professional forum for law librarians,
 no provision for in-service training programs for Law Librarians,
 lack of any specialized academic course in Law Librarianship, as J.D. programme
is started in Hong Kong University launched in September 2009, is a full time
2years law degree that provides comprehensive and in depth legal education to
students without prior background in law.
 the absence of a National Legal Information System supported by a network of
Law Libraries in India.
Some suggestions for strengthening Law Librarianship in India:
On the basis of the survey from the Directors/Librarians of libraries under study some
comments and suggestions have received.
 A National Law Library and a National Legal Information System consisting of a
network of the National Law Schools, Supreme Court Library, all High Courts‟
Libraries, libraries of the National and State judicial academies and libraries of the
research institutions should be created by the Government of India to serve the
information requirements of the legal fraternity in India.
 Recently, the Registrar Generals‟ Conference adopted the acquisition policy of the
Supreme Court of India. It is to be followed in the coming years in all the High
Courts. This forum should also address the issue of formulating standards for
court libraries in India for consistency and uniformity.
 The Indian Ministry of Law should take initiative to establish a consortium of law
libraries for optimum utilization of funds in acquisition of library materials and e-
resources and should also prescribe qualifications and pay scales for different
levels of Court Libraries to ensure consistency and uniformity.
22
Abstract
 Librarians working in Law Libraries should come together and form an

Association of Law Libraries in India so as to establish an effective forum for
sharing and exchanging their experiences for their mutual benefit. This association
should publish a law library journal and a newsletter and organize conferences and
seminars regularly, and it should also organize refresher courses and training
programs for Law Librarians in India.
 Efforts should be made to start a specialized course in Law Librarianship by any
of the Indian Law schools, or by any of the other universities.
Recommendations for Further Research
On the basis of the findings of the present study the following suggestions have been
made for further research.
1. A study can be conducted on the Growth and Development of Law Libraries in
India.
2. A study can be conducted on Growth and Development of National Law
University Libraries in India.
3. A comparative study can be conducted to find on collection development and
services of Academic Law Libraries in India.
4. A comparative study can also be conducted on Collection development and
services of Academic Law Libraries and court libraries in India.
5. A comparative study can be conducted to find out the collection development and
services of Academic Law Libraries at national and international level.
6. Impact of Academic Law Libraries roles in national development.
7. Impact of services of Academic Law Libraries in the development of the nation.
8. Use of Electronic Information Resources in Law Libraries in India.
23
Abstract
Chapterisation
The present study is divided into six well structured and appropriately
designed chapters which are described below:
Chapter-1
Introductory Background and Framework of the Study
The introductory chapter highlights short description of law, library, law
library, types of law libraries, collection development, law library collection
development, etc. This chapter also contains origin of the research problem, need and
significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study, aims and objectives,
research methodology, and hypotheses of the study.
Chapter-2
Review of Related Literature
This chapter deals with the overall review of studies conducted abroad as well
as in India in a chronological order regarding the topic under purview. The chapter is
a compilation of the studies conducted earlier in the area of the present study in order
to visualize the problem in multiple dimensions. The investigator reviewed only those
studies, which were similar to the present study. The previously published literature
related to the present study was summarized and included in the present study.
Chapter-3
Profile of the Libraries under Study
This chapter deals with an overall introduction about the libraries under study.
It gives the detailed structure of their collection, users, staff, services, etc. in a
systematic manner. It also includes the background information of the institution and
their libraries in a more comprehensive way.
Chapter-4
Collection Development and Services of Libraries
This chapter describes the concept of the collection development, factors
affecting collection development, prerequisites of collection development, collection
development policy, elements of collection development policy, etc. It also includes
24
Abstract
users of libraries, their information needs, details of subject areas and formats
collected elements of miscellaneous issues, selection of resources with a bent towards
electronic resources and so on.
Chapter-5
This chapter highlights the analysis and interpretation of data collected
through questionnaire. It is divided into two parts based on the Librarians‟/Head of
the Libraries response and the Users‟ response. It consists of tables with their
comprehensive interpretation supported by the graphical representation of the
analyzed data. All the aspects of both the Librarians‟ and Users‟ responses have been
analyzed under the purview of the objectives formulated.
Chapter-6
Conclusion, Findings, Hypotheses and Recommendations
This chapter is the last portion of the thesis which indicates the major findings
of the study, conclusion of the overall study, tenability of hypotheses and
recommendation for further research. It presents a lucid summary of all the findings
which will represent the overall output of the thesis based on the objectives of the
study and a winding up conclusion depicting the overall core implications of the
study.
25

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COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICES

IN LAW LIBRARIES IN DELHI:

Under the Supervision of

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE

EPBX : 2700916, 20-22, 26 Ext. 19/39

This is to certify that Mr. Roshan Khayal has completed his

Dr. Nishat Fatima

Table No. Title

1.1 Response Rate of Users

5.1.2.1 Strength of Library Staff

5.1.2.2 Library Membership

5.1.3.3 Opinion Regarding Adequacy of Library Budget

5.1.4.2 Yearly Addition of Print Documents during last five years

5.1.4.3 Yearly Addition of E-Documents during last five years

5.1.4.4 Collection Development Policy

5.1.5.1 Selection of Study Materials

5.1.5.2 Tools used for Selection of Materials

5.1.5.3 Modes of Acquisition

5.1.5.4 Criteria Followed to Evaluate the Documents

5.1.5.5 Problems while Acquiring Documents

5.1.5.6 Provision of Library Committee

5.1.5.6.1 Types of Library Committee

5.1.5.7 Criteria for Weeding out the Reading Material

5.1.6.1 Classification Scheme used

5.1.6.2 Cataloguing Code used

5.1.6.3 Use of Online Public Access Catalogue

5.1.7 Library Services

5.1.7.1 Legal Databases used in Libraries

5.1.7.2 Provision of Resource Sharing

5.2.1 Response Rate of Users

5.2.2.1 Purpose of Visit to the Library

5.2.2.2 Frequency of Visit to the Library

5.2.3 Use of library resources

5.2.4 Use of Electronic Information Sources

5.2.4.1 Use of Online Database Service

5.2.4.2 Use of E-Books

5.2.4.3 Use of E-Journals

5.2.4.4 Use of E-Cases

5.2.4.5 Use of E-Reports

5.2.4.6 Use of CD-ROM Database

5.2.5 Frequency of use of E-Resources

5.2.6 Favourite Activities While Using Internet

5.2.7 Use of OPAC and Traditional Catalogue

5.2.8 Adequacy of Reading Facilities

5.2.9 Satisfaction with the Use of Library Resources

5.2.10 Awareness about the services provided by the libraries

5.2.10.1 Awareness of Circulation Service

5.2.10.2 Awareness of Reference Service

5.2.10.3 Awareness of CAS Service

5.2.10.5 Awareness of Inter-Library Loan Service

5.2.10.6 Awareness of Translation Service

5.2.10.7 Awareness of Reprographic Service

5.2.11.1 Satisfaction with Circulation Service

5.2.11.2 Satisfaction with Reference Service

5.2.11.3 Satisfaction with CAS

5.2.11.4 Satisfaction with SDI Service

5.2.11.5 Satisfaction with Inter-Library Loan Service

5.2.11.6 Satisfaction with Translation Service

5.2.11.7 Satisfaction with Reprographic Service