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"Automated Highway System "

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International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 11 Issue 3 ǁ March 2023 ǁ PP. 40-413

“Automated Highway System ”

{1}
Osamah Abdulrahman Abdulraheem Abdo AL-wafi
{2}
Mr.Muaadh Mohmmed Muthanna Hasan Al-sawrqi
Department of Civil Engineering Mewar University Gangrar Chittorgarh (Raj),India

ABSTRACT
The Automated Highway System (AHS) concept defines a new relationship between vehicles and the highway
infrastructure. AHS refers to a set of designated lanes on a limited access roadway where specially equipped
vehicles are operated under completely automatic control. AHS uses vehicle and highway control technologies
that shift driving functions from the driver/operator to the vehicle Throttle, steering, and braking are
automatically controlled to provide safer and more convenient travel. AHS also uses communication, sensor
and obstacle-detection technologies to recognize and react to external infrastructure conditions. The vehicles
and highway cooperate to coordinate vehicle movement, avoid obstacles and improve traffic flow, improving
safety and reducing congestion. In sum, the AHS concept combines on-board vehicle intelligence with a range
of intelligent technologies installed onto existing highway infrastructure and communication technologies that
connect vehicles to highway infrastructure
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Date of Submission: 07-03-2023 Date of acceptance: 20-03-2023
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I. INTRODUCTION
The idea of automated driving dates back to almost 50 years ago when General Motors (GM) presented
a vision of ―driverless‖ vehicles under automated control at the 1939 World fairs in New York. In the 1950’s
research by industrial organizations conceptualized automated vehicles controlled by mechanical systems and
radio controls. After the first appearance of the computers in the 1960’s, researchers began to consider the
potential use of computers to provide lateral and longitudinal control and traffic management. The fully
automated highway concept was initially examined by GM with sponsorship from the US department of
Transportation (DOT) in the late1970’s. During these times, focus was laid on automated vehicles on a highway
as computers were not powerful enough to consider a complete fully automated highway system.

Today’s Vehicle-Highway System Faces Growing Problems

Today ’s vehicle-highway system-with its 4 million miles of streets, roads, and highways and its 190
million vehicles-functions surprisingly well However, it is not keeping pace with society ’s increasing
transportation needs. The total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in the Nation is predicted to nearly double by the
year 2020, and our population will be half again as large by the middle of the 21st century].The vehicle-highway
system, then, must continue to be improved for the foreseeable future. The system must be able to address a
number of problem areas; many of today’s transportation problems will continue to grow with the increasing
demand unless steps are taken to resolve them:

Safety - although traffic fatalities continue to decrease, there are still approximately 40,000 lives lost annually
on the Nation’s roads and highways, and there are over

Ar Quality - as population mounts, traffic volume and congestion will worsen, and clean air requirements will
become more stringent.
Trip Quality - trip quality for many United States drivers and passengers continues to erode. The reasons for
this erosion include safety concerns, driver frustration and discomfort as congestion increases, and lack of
predictable trip times.
The AHS represents a natural evolution of these ITS vehicle communications and control technology
investments. The AHS program addresses the causal factors of today ’s crashes such as driver reaction times,
visual abilities, inattentiveness, and fatigue. These are major contributors to collisions and congestion on our
Nation ’s highways, accounting for about 90 percent of today ’s crashes [Indiana Tri-Level Study]; and they
limit lane flow rates to today ’s levels.

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 “Automated Highway System ”

Vehicle/Highway Automation Will Address These Problems

A significant body of research strongly suggests that the application of modem technologies to automated
vehicle control on our highways will dramatically impact our Nation ’s vehicle- highway transportation system
by improving the safety and efficiency of highway travel for a broad spectrum of vehicle types, including
passenger vehicles, heavy trucks, and transit vehicles. Projections of double or triple the safety and efficiency of
today ’s highways have been made [Calspan]. This impact would be comparable to that of the jet engine on
aviation 40 years ago, or that of the word processor on the office 15 years ago. In sheer economic terms, if the
AHS even approaches these kinds of benefits, this program will represent one of the most productive Federal
investments ever made.

2.3.3Fuel Consumption and Emissions Can Be Reduced

The AHS, when coupled with policies that are aimed at limiting growth of VMT, will help meet the Nation’s
long-term air quality goals. The AHS will be used by environmental and transportation professionals to (1)
reduce emissions per VMT, and (2) enhance the operation of other pollution-reducing transportation approaches.
Specific goals include the following Ensure reduced fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions per VMT for
internal combustion engines through smoother vehicle operation (fewer accelerations and decelerations),
reduced congestion.

The Automated Highway System Will Provide Major Benefits to All Stakeholders

2.4.1 Users
The AHS will make travel more desirable to users than travel on today ’s highways. It will do so by providing
the benefits of safety and trip quality that were previously describe.
Automated Highway System Program Overview

3.1 Program Strategy

The US DOT strategy is to use a public/private partnership between the US DOT and a consortium of the key
AHS stakeholders to select the AHS concept and approach for operational testing and eventual national
deployment in the United States. The intent is to build upon AHS research to date, and to make maximum use of
state-of-the-art technologies in information systems, communications and sensors developed for the
defense/aerospace industry or others. This Nation is riding the crest of an information technology wave that is
revolutionizing virtually every aspect of American life, including how we work, entertain, and travel. The AHS
is a recent, but very important addition to this information technology revolution. It will use this technology to
solve some of the Nation ’s major highway transportation problems. As part of ITS, AHS will be compatible
with, and operate within the National ITS Architecture being developed under US DOT ’s National ITS
Architecture prog

AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS

The Automated Highway System (AHS) concept defines a new relationship between vehicles and the
highway infrastructure. AHS refers to a set of designated lanes on a limited access roadway where specially
equipped vehicles are operated under completely automatic control. AHS uses vehicle and highway control
technologies that shift driving functions from the driver/operator to the vehicle. Throttle, steering, and braking
are automatically controlled to provide safer and more convenient travel.AHS also uses communication, sensor
and obstacledetection technologies to recognize and react to external infrastructure conditions. The vehicles and
highway cooperate to coordinate vehicle movement, avoid obstacles and improve traffic flow, improving safety
and reducing congestion. In sum, the AHS concept combines on-board vehicle intelligence with a range of
intelligent technologies installed onto existing highway infrastructure and communication technologies that
connect vehicles to highway infrastructure

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 “Automated Highway System ”

Figure 2.1 – A concept drawing of an Automated Highway System with dedicated lanes in the
centre of the highway.

4.CONTROL DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM

The Control design of an Automated Highway system can be looked upon the basis of a 5 layer theory which
together comprise the two systems viz.
the On- board Vehicle System and the Roadside System. The control design is explained with the aid of the
figure 4.1:

Figure 4.1 – The Control Design of an Automated Highway System

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 “Automated Highway System ”

POTENTIAL BENEFITS

Researchers have attempted to estimate benefits that might accrue from the implementation of automated
highway systems. Table 2 summarizes potential benefits. Many of the benefits shown in the table are fairly
speculative; the systems they would depend upon are not yet in existence and there is no clear evidence that the
system can produce the following benefits in reality
.SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES FOR AUTOMATED HIGHWAY
SYSTEMS
The introduction of new technologies often creates social tensions. For instance, although talking on the phone
while walking. or driving is commonplace nowadays, there are concerns about its safety, and debates continue
over whether it is rude to use a cell phone in public places such as restaurants or on a bus. Similarly, mature
technologies experienced
social challenges when they were introduced. The first automobiles were seen as rich people’s toys, and former
President Woodrow Wilson, then head of Princeton College, warned students about showing off their vehicles
before the townsfolk, who he presumed would never have cars.
VEHICLE PLATOONING

The eight-vehicle platoon demonstration at the National Automated Highway

Systems Consortium Technical Feasibility Demonstration, held in San Diego from August 7-10, 1997, shown in
figure 7.1, successfully demonstrated the technical feasibility of operating standard automobiles – Buick
LeSabres– under precise automatic control at close spacings, at highway speeds. Riders experienced real travel
in a fully automated AHS vehicle, and were shown that comfortable, high

CONCLUSION

Automated Highway Systems brings major transportation benefits in terms of safety, efficiency,
affordability and usability, and environment in order to achieve its development goals.
A key feature of the control design architecture is the separation of the various control functions into
distinct layers with well-defined interfaces. Each layer is then designed with its own model that is suited to the
functions for which it is responsible. The models at the various layers are different not only in terms of their
formal structure (ranging from differential equations to state machines to static graphs), but also in the entities
that have a role in them.
The AHS is a complex large-scale control system, whose design required advances in sensor, actuator,
and communication technologies (not discussed here) and in techniques of control system synthesis and
analysis. It is a measure of the advanced state of the art that these techniques have reached a stage that they
could be successfully used in the AHS project.

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 “Automated Highway System ”

Though it has been said so, the reasons why many federal programs like the National Automated
Highway System Research Program (NAHSRP) failed was that the program was trapped in technology-
optimism. Several U.S. DOT reports on AHS show that there are no technical and non-technical showstoppers.
However, legal, institutional, and societal challenges just as critical as technical issues. Moreover, these
institutional and societal issues cannot be settled in one day, because they are much to do with people’s
perception, behavior, consensus and social changes based on those

REFERERNCE(S)
[1]. Cheon, Sanghyun, ―An Overview of Automated Highway systems (AHS) and the social and the institutional
challenges that they face.” Link:http://www.uctc.net/papers/624.pdf
[2]. Horowitz, Roberto and Varaiya, Pravin, ―Control Design of an Automated
[3]. Highway System” – Proceeds of the IEEE, Volume 88, No.7, pp-913 – 925, July 2000.
[4]. Congress, Nita. ―Smart Road, Smart Car: The Automated Highway System‖.
[5]. Public Roads Online. Autumn 1996. Pg.4, 5 & 7.
[6]. Link:http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/fall96/p96au46.htm.
[7]. National Automated Highway System Research Program: A Review. TRB Special
[8]. Report 253.Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1998. pg.15,
32 & 37.
[9]. National Automated Highway System Consortium, ―Technical Feasibility Demonstration – Vehicle Platooning‖ 1997.
Pg 1-4.
[10]. Lay, Rodney K., Gene M. McHale, and William B. Stevens. The U.S. DOT Status
[11]. Report on the Automated Highway Systems Program. Working Note 95W0000093. Mtretek Systems, Center for
Telecommunications and Advanced Technology. McLean, Virginia. July 1996. Pg.8-2

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