NCC 2022 Cross Connection Control Handbook FA

Cross-connection control
Handbook
Handbook
The Australian Building Codes Board

The Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) is a standards writing body responsible for the National Construction Code
(NCC), WaterMark and CodeMark Certification Schemes.
The ABCB is a joint initiative of all levels of government in Australia, together with the building and plumbing industry. Its
mission is to oversee issues relating to health, safety, amenity, accessibility and sustainability in building.
For more information visit the ABCB website.
Copyright
© Commonwealth of Australia and the States and Territories of Australia 2023, published by the Australian Building
Codes Board.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. More information on this licence
is set out at the Creative Commons website.
Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is jointly owned
by the Commonwealth, States and Territories of Australia.
Attribution
Use of all or part of this publication must include the following attribution:
The Cross-connection control Handbook was provided by the Australian Building Codes Board under the CC BY 4.0
licence.
Disclaimer
By accessing or using this publication, you agree to the following:
While care has been taken in the preparation of this publication, it may not be complete or up to date. You can ensure
that you are using a complete and up-to-date version by checking the ABCB website.
The ABCB, the Commonwealth of Australia and States and Territories of Australia do not accept any liability, including
liability for negligence, for any loss (howsoever caused), damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a
result of accessing, using or relying upon this publication, to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation or
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This publication is not legal or professional advice. Persons rely upon this publication entirely at their own risk and must
take responsibility for assessing the relevance and accuracy of the information in relation to their particular
circumstances.
Version history
Original This version
Publish date: Mar 2019 Publish date: Jan 2023
Print version: 1.0 Print version: 2.0
Details of amendments: Align with NCC 2022
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Preface
This handbook is one of a series by the ABCB. Handbooks expand on areas of existing
regulation or relate to topics that are not regulated by the NCC. They provide advice and
guidance.
The Cross-connection control handbook assists in understanding cross-connection
control and the requirements of NCC Volume Three, the Plumbing Code of Australia (PCA).
It addresses issues in generic terms and is not a document that sets out specific
compliance advice for developing solutions. It is expected that this handbook guides
readers to develop solutions relevant to specific situations in accordance with the generic
principles and criteria contained herein.
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Acknowledgements
The ABCB acknowledges the valuable contribution of the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (US-EPA), who kindly granted the ABCB permission to reproduce and
adapt content from the US-EPA Cross-Connection Control Manual.
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Contents
1 Background ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Scope ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Design and approval of Performance Solutions ................................................. 1
1.3 Using this document ............................................................................................. 2
2 Cross-connections and backflow prevention ..................................................... 3
2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Cross-connections ............................................................................................... 3
2.3 Backflow prevention ............................................................................................. 4
2.4 Roles and responsibilities .................................................................................... 5
2.5 Hazard Ratings ...................................................................................................... 5
3 Performance Requirement for cross-connection control .................................. 8
3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Performance Requirement B5P1 ......................................................................... 8
3.3 NCC compliance pathways ................................................................................. 8
3.4 Isolation and access for maintenance ................................................................ 9
4 Verification Method B5V1.................................................................................... 10
4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 10
4.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 10
4.3 Examples ............................................................................................................. 12
5 DTS Provisions .................................................................................................... 18
5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 18
5.2 DTS Provisions for cross-connection control .................................................. 18
5.3 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 18
6 Backflow prevention devices.............................................................................. 24
6.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................24
6.2 Choosing an appropriate backflow prevention device ...................................24
6.3 Product certification and authorisation ............................................................ 25
6.4 Types of devices ................................................................................................26
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7 Device registration, testing and maintenance ................................................... 42

7.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................42
7.2 Registration .........................................................................................................42
7.3 Testing ................................................................................................................ 43
Appendix A Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 46
Appendix B Compliance with the NCC ................................................................. 48
B.1 Responsibilities for regulation of building and plumbing in Australia ........... 48
B.2 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC ....................................................... 48
Appendix C Hydraulic concepts .......................................................................... 51
C.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 51
C.2 General principles ............................................................................................... 51
C.3 Water pressure ................................................................................................... 52
C.4 Siphon theory .....................................................................................................54
C.5 Backpressure ......................................................................................................62
Reminder
This handbook is not mandatory or regulatory in nature. Compliance with it will not
necessarily discharge a user's legal obligations. The handbook should only be read and
used subject to, and in conjunction with, the general disclaimer at page i.
The handbook also needs to be read in conjunction with the NCC and the relevant
legislation of the appropriate state or territory. It is written in generic terms and it is not
intended that the content of the handbook counteract or conflict with the legislative
requirements, any references in legal documents, any handbooks issued by the
administration or any directives by the appropriate authority.
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1 Background
The NCC is a performance-based code containing all Performance Requirements for the
construction of buildings. To comply with the NCC, a solution must achieve compliance
with the Governing Requirements and the Performance Requirements. The Governing
Requirements contain requirements about how the Performance Requirements must be
met. A building, plumbing or drainage solution will comply with the NCC if it satisfies the
Performance Requirements, which are the mandatory requirements of the NCC.
This document provides guidance to practitioners seeking to demonstrate compliance
with the Performance Requirement for cross-connection control in NCC Volume Three, the
PCA.
1.1 Scope
This handbook firstly provides an overall introduction to the concept of cross-connection
and backflow prevention followed by guidance on how to comply with the cross-
connection control requirements of the NCC.
1.2 Design and approval of Performance Solutions

The design and approval processes for cross-connection control Performance Solutions is
similar to that adopted for demonstrating compliance of other NCC Performance Solutions.
Since the design approval process for Performance Solutions varies between the
responsible state and territory governments, it is likely to also be the case with designs
incorporating cross-connection control and requirements should be checked for the
relevant jurisdiction.
Notwithstanding the quantified input and acceptance criteria, other qualitative aspects of
cross-connection control, discussed in this handbook, require assessment and analysis
throughout the design and approval process. The advice of an appropriately qualified
person should be sought to undertake this assessment and analysis where required. This
may be aided by the early and significant involvement from regulatory authorities, peer
reviewer(s) and/or a technical panel as appropriate to the relevant jurisdiction.
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1.3 Using this document

Abbreviations used in this handbook are in Appendix A.
General information about complying with the NCC and responsibilities for building and
plumbing regulation is in Appendix B.
Information about fundamental hydraulic concepts is in Appendix C.
Different styles are used in this document. Examples of these styles are provided below:
NCC extracts 1
Examples
Alerts or Reminders
1
NCC extracts italicise defined terms as per the NCC. See Schedule 1 of the NCC for further information.
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2 Cross-connections and backflow prevention
2.1 Overview
This chapter defines cross-connections, backflow prevention and explains the role of
Hazard Ratings.
2.2 Cross-connections
Cross-connections are defined in the NCC and AS/NZS 3500.0 Plumbing and drainage,
Part 0: Glossary of terms (2021) as any actual or potential connection between a drinking
water supply and any contaminant.
A contaminant is defined by the NCC as any substance (including gases, liquids, solids or
micro-organisms), energy (excluding noise) or heat, that either by itself or in combination
with the same, similar or other substances, energy or heat, changes or is likely to change
the physical, chemical or biological condition of water.
This includes any fixture, storage tank, receptacle, equipment, or device through which it
may be possible for any non-drinking water, used, unclean, polluted or contaminated
water, or any other substance, to enter any part of such drinking water system under any
conditions.
In essence, cross-connections are the links through which it is possible for contaminants
to enter a water supply. The contaminant enters the water supply when the pressure at
the source of contamination exceeds the pressure of the water supply. This action may be
called backsiphonage or backpressure. AS/NZS 3500.0 (2021) defines back-siphonage as
the reversal of flow of water caused by negative pressure in the distributing pipes of a
water service or supply and backpressure as the difference between the pressure within
any water service and a higher pressure within any vessel or pipework to which it is
connected. Essentially, it is a reversal of the flow direction. A cross-connection may be
any actual or potential connection between 2 separate water supplies.
Cross-connections can exist not only between water supplies from different sources, e.g.
drinking water and non-drinking water (such as recycled water), but also between a water
supply and any source of contamination to which it may be connected. These sources can
include used or unclean water, solids, gases, or any other substance that would be
considered a contaminant should it enter a water supply.
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There are 2 basic types of cross-connection. The first is a direct cross-connection where
contamination may be induced by way of either backpressure or backsiphonage. The
second is an indirect cross-connection, which will only enable backflow to occur when
induced by backsiphonage. Cross-connections can be controlled, i.e. rendered safe, by
the installation of backflow prevention devices. Backpressure and backsiphonage are
explained in more detail in Appendix C.
2.3 Backflow prevention

A backflow prevention device is a device installed to prevent the reversal of flow of water
from a potentially polluted source into the drinking water. A backflow prevention device is
defined in the NCC as an air gap, break tank or mechanical device that is designed to
prevent the unplanned reverse flow of water or contaminants into the water service or
Network Utility Operator’s (NUO) water supply.
There are 3 levels of backflow prevention.
• Individual protection: the installation of a backflow prevention device at the point
where a water service connects to a single fixture or appliance.
• Zone protection: the installation of backflow prevention device at the point where a
water service is connected to multiple fixtures or appliances, with no backflow
prevention device installed as individual protection downstream of this point.
• Containment protection: the installation of a backflow prevention device at the point
of connection of a NUOs water supply to a site. Water downstream of a containment
device is considered drinking water unless there are unprotected hazards within the
premises. The use of individual protection and/or zone protection against these
hazards is necessary to prevent contamination of the drinking water supply within the
property.
Figure 2.1 shows the different roles of individual, zone and containment protection.
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Figure 2.1 Individual, zone and containment protection
2.4 Roles and responsibilities

Containment protection is usually regulated by NUOs, while zone and individual protection
generally falls within the role of state and territory plumbing regulatory authorities.
Alert
The information in this section is intended as general information only that reflects a
common arrangement of roles and responsibilities for cross-connection control. Advice
on specific arrangements in a jurisdiction should be sought from the authority having
jurisdiction.
2.5 Hazard Ratings

A ‘Hazard Rating’ is a level of potential toxicity that may cause contamination in a drinking
water system, having a rating of Low Hazard, Medium Hazard, or High Hazard, determined
in accordance with the PCA. The Hazard Rating describes the potential health
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consequences of water contamination occurring via a cross-connection. In the PCA,

cross-connections are rated according to these 3 levels of hazard, which consider the
toxicity of the potential contaminant and the consequences of it entering a water supply.
The 3 levels of Hazard Rating are as follows:
• High Hazard: any condition, device or practice which, in connection with a water
supply, has the potential to cause death.
• Medium Hazard: any condition, device or practice which, in connection with a water
supply has the potential to injure or endanger health.
• Low Hazard: any condition, device or practice which in connection with the water
supply, would constitute a nuisance by colour, odour or taste but does not have the
potential to injure or endanger health.
These terms are defined in the NCC.
Hazard Ratings are used to determine the selection of suitable backflow prevention for
each cross-connection and, in some states and territories, as a trigger for certain devices
to be included in registration and on-going testing and maintenance programs.
The Hazard Rating process is applied on 2 levels. First to address specific or potential
hazards that may exist on the premises (zone and individual protection), and second to
address the overall hazard posed by the premises to the water supply to which it is
connected (containment protection).
In the PCA, Hazard Ratings are used in Verification Method B5V1 (Chapter 4) and the
Deemed-to-Satisfy (DTS) Provisions of Part B5 (Chapter 5).
Backflow prevention devices are certified in accordance with AS/NZS 2845 Water supply -
Backflow prevention devices, Part 1: Materials, design and performance requirements
(2022).
The WaterMark Schedule of Products (WMSP) contains a comprehensive list of products

which, through a risk assessment, have been predetermined as requiring WaterMark
certification 2. Likewise, the WaterMark Schedule of Excluded Products (WMEP) lists
products that have been predetermined as not requiring WaterMark certification. The
2
The WaterMark Certification Scheme (Scheme) is a mandatory certification scheme for plumbing and drainage products to ensure
they are fit for purpose and appropriately authorised for use in plumbing and drainage installations.
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WaterMark Administration 3 updates the WMSP and WMEP as new products undergo risk
assessment and as product specifications are approved for use or suspended.
Alert
For more information on the WaterMark Certification Scheme and to view the WMSP,
WMEP and WMPD (Watermark Product Database), visit the ABCB website.
AS/NZS 3500 Plumbing and drainage, Part 1: Water services (2021) sets out the level of
Hazard Rating for which specific devices are suitable.
3
The ABCB manages and administers the Scheme as a national scheme. The NCC, Volume Three requires certain plumbing and
drainage products to be certified (listed on the Product Database) and authorised for use in a plumbing or drainage installation. These
materials and products are certified and authorised for use.
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3 Performance Requirement for cross-

connection control
3.1 Overview
This chapter explains the mandatory NCC Performance Requirement for cross-connection
control that must be met for any plumbing system.
3.2 Performance Requirement B5P1

The NCC Performance Requirements prescribe the minimum necessary technical
requirements for buildings, building elements, and plumbing and drainage systems. They
must be met to demonstrate compliance with the NCC.
The relevant Performance Requirement for cross-connection control is B5P1

Contamination control and is reproduced below.
B5P1 Contamination control

Water services must be designed, constructed and installed to avoid contamination.
Applications
B5P1 applies to cold water, heated water, non-drinking water and fire-fighting water
services.
The intent of B5P1 is for water services to be designed and installed to operate in a way
that:
• avoids the likelihood of contamination of any part of the drinking water supply; and
• minimises any adverse impact on building occupants, the NUOs infrastructure,
property and the environment.
3.3 NCC compliance pathways

Compliance with the NCC is achieved by complying with the NCC Governing Requirements
and relevant Performance Requirements. There are 3 options available to demonstrate
compliance with the Performance Requirements:
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• a Performance Solution
• a DTS Solution, or
• a combination of a Performance Solution and a DTS Solution.
Within the Performance Solution pathway, some options available are:
(1) Direct application of the Performance Requirements, and

(2) Verification Methods.
NCC 2022 contains a new Verification Method B5V1 Determination of individual and zone
hazard ratings. This Verification Method can be used to the meet the Performance
Requirement B5P1. This compliance option is discussed in the next chapter.
Alert
Other Performance Requirements may need to be considered to comply with NCC

Volume Three A2G2(3) and A2G4(3) for a particular plumbing Performance Solution. It is
necessary to understand the inter-relationships between other requirements and
Performance Requirement B5P1 to ensure no design conflict arises for a particular
plumbing Performance Solution.
Alternatively, a DTS Solution using the relevant DTS Provisions can be used. Minor
updates to the DTS Provisions occurred in NCC 2022 to:
• align with the new Verification Method B5V1
• expand the backflow requirements for many installations when considering individual,
zone or containment backflow prevention requirements.
The DTS Provisions are discussed in Chapter 5.
3.4 Isolation and access for maintenance

In addition to Part B5, the PCA contains several Performance Requirements that are
relevant once a Performance Solution for cross-connection control is chosen.
These Performance Requirements are intended to ensure access for maintenance of

mechanical devices (such as backflow prevention devices), and the ability to isolate these
devices from the water supply, should they need to be removed, repaired or replaced.
To provide flexibility for designers and installers, the exact specification for the required
access and means of isolation are not prescribed in the Performance Requirements.
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4 Verification Method B5V1
4.1 Overview
B5V1 Determination of individual and zone hazard ratings is an optional Verification
Method to meet Performance Requirement B5P1.
The intent of this Verification Method is to provide a consistent means of determining

Hazard Ratings for situations not covered by the DTS Provisions, however it is not
intended to alter any Hazard Ratings already prescribed in the DTS Provisions.
4.2 Methodology
In simple terms, Verification Method B5V1 requires the following steps.
(1) Identifying all hazards (B5V1(2)).

(2) Calculating a Hazard Rating for each identified hazard (B5V1(3)(a), B5V1(4) and
B5V1(5)).
(3) Isolating the hazard, using an appropriate backflow prevention device, if the Hazard
Rating warrants it (B5V1(3)(b)).
To identify the hazards, B5V1(2) states that a hazard exists wherever it is possible for
water or contaminants to enter a non-drinking water service/supply via any potential
cross-connection between itself and another separate non-drinking water service on the
same site.
To calculate the Hazard Rating for a specific hazard, an assessment of the property or
proposed installation must be done using the tables provided, i.e. Tables B5V1a to B5V1e.
Each table corresponds to a risk factor posed by a hazard, which is outlined in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 NCC Volume Three B5V1 table references and risk factors
Table reference Risk factor

B5V1a Building class
B5V1b On-site water services
B5V1c Drinking water use
B5V1d Cross-connection type
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Table reference Risk factor

B5V1e Extent of contamination
A score is provided from each table depending on the circumstances of an individual
hazard. The Hazard Rating for an individual hazard is then calculated by adding the
relevant score from each table to get a total score.
The total score of an individual hazard corresponds to the following Hazard Ratings:
• 0 to 3 presents no hazard
• 4 to 7 presents a Low Hazard
• 8 to 10 presents a Medium Hazard
• 11 or greater presents a High Hazard.
Once a Hazard Rating is assigned, an appropriate backflow prevention device can be
selected as per AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021).
Using this approach for all hazards ensures individual protection and zone protection is
accurately verified and compliance with Performance Requirement B5P1 is achieved.
There is one exception in Verification Method B5V1 to account for situations where access
to the site is restricted in a way that could limit or prevent future inspection, testing or
maintenance of a backflow prevention device. To reduce future potential contamination
risks, B5V1(6) requires the site must be protected with a containment device suitable for a
High Hazard.
Alert
In some states and territories, containment requirements may be altered or replaced by

specific regulations enforced by or on behalf of the NUO, under the relevant water
supply legislation. Although such regulations are generally consistent with the
requirements of the PCA, they may overrule the PCA in the event of an inconsistency.
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4.3 Examples
4.3.1 Example 1 – Apartment block

Example 1 Applying B5V1 to an apartment block
The proposed building is 20 storeys with mixed use retail on the lower levels and an
underground carpark with a car valet operation. To apply the Verification Method B5V1
in this scenario, the following steps are used.
Step 1: Identification of hazards
To identify the hazards, an assessment of the property or proposed installation using
Tables B5V1a to B5V1e is required.
Building class
The property to which the water service is installed contains a Class 2, 6 and 7a building
where chemical products are not stored. The proposed building is likely to have greater
than 12 residents or occupants and may contain moderate amounts of cleaning or
commercial chemicals. As this is a mixed class building, the highest score from the table
is taken. Based on Table B5V1a, this is a score of 2 (i.e. Class 6 building as this is higher
than for a Class 2 or 7a building).
On-site water services
There is one drinking water supply and potentially other non-drinking water supplies or a
separate fire-fighting water service available to the property (not applicable if the non-
drinking water supply is NUO provided recycled water with a sewerage source). A NUO
supplied recycled water with a sewerage source is assessed separately due to greater
health risks. Based on Table B5V1b, a score of 3 is determined
Drinking water supply
Drinking water will be used with commercial use hazardous substances, but not a
Schedule 1 to 4 or Schedule 6 to 8 poison. Drinking water may be used with commercial
use hazardous substances without major modification.
Drinking water is connected to the residential units, the retail units and the car wash.
The car wash uses chemicals for mud breaking and for waxing. Based on Table B5V1c, a
score of 2 is determined.
Cross-connection
The product or installation presents a potential for a cross-connection between a
drinking water service and a non-drinking water service. This could potentially have
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unprotected connections based on numerous water sources. Based on Table B5V1d, a
score of 2 is determined.
Extent of contamination
The product or installation presents a cross-connection that will affect a large property
or could allow contaminants to enter other properties. Cross-connection will affect
drinking water to 100 people or greater.
Consideration is needed as to whether water meters may not have suitable backflow
protection or may not be adequate to mitigate the risk. Based on Table B5V1e a score of
3 is determined.
Step 2: Calculation of a Hazard Rating
Once hazards are identified using step 1, the total score is calculated based on the
values taken from Tables B5V1a to B5V1e. Adding up these values gives us a total score
of 12 (i.e. 2+3+2+2+3).
According to clause B5V1(5) a total score of 11 or greater presents a High Hazard.
Step 3: Determining the appropriate backflow prevention device
The assessment in step 2 provided us with a High Hazard. A High Hazard has the
potential to cause death, so an appropriate backflow prevention device according to
AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021) should be installed.
If access to the site is restricted in a way that could limit or prevent future testing or
maintenance of a backflow prevention device, B5V1(6) requires the site to be protected
with a containment device suitable for a High Hazard.
Outcome
Verification Method B5V1 has been used to determine an appropriate backflow
prevention device for this proposed installation, and in doing so, has demonstrated
compliance with the relevant Performance Requirement B5P1.
Figure 4.2 shows the process used in B5V1 for this example.
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Figure 4.1 B5V1 Verification Method flowchart for Example 1
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4.3.2 Example 2 – Steam powered plumbing appliance

Example 2 Applying B5V1 to a steam powered plumbing appliance
Introduction
A Performance Solution to satisfy the Performance Requirement B5P1, assessed using
the Verification Method B5V1 is proposed for an innovative plumbing appliance.
The proposed plumbing installation is an appliance which uses water to generate steam
to drive the appliance and pluck chicken feathers. The product has WaterMark
Certification and is intended for use in an organic butchery within a shopping centre
marketplace. To apply the Verification Method B5V1 in this scenario, the following steps
are used.
Step 1: Identification of hazards
To identify the hazards, an assessment of the property or proposed installation using
Tables B5V1a to B5V1e is completed.
Building class
The property where the water service is installed contains a Class 6 building where
chemical products are not stored. The building is likely to have greater than 12
occupants and may contain moderate amounts of cleaning or commercial chemicals.
Based on Table B5V1a, a score of 2 is determined.
On-site water services
There is one drinking water supply and potentially other non-drinking water supplies or a
separate fire-fighting water service available to the property. Note that an NUO supplied
recycled water with a sewerage source is assessed separately due to greater health
risks. Based on Table B5V1b, a score of 3 is determined.
Drinking water
Drinking water use may involve large scale food or beverage processing, human or
animal biological or faecal matter, Schedule 1 to 4 and Schedule 6 to 8 poisons and have
potential for contamination. The installation is suitable for these uses without major
modification. Also included are areas likely to undergo frequent changes or use or where
the future use in unknown. The drinking water is connected to the appliance and there is
no way to determine if any internal approved backflow prevention is included. Based on
Table B5V1c, a score of 3 is determined.
Cross-connection
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The product or installation has potential for a cross-connection to a sewerage source, a
trade waste source, a vessel with human or animal biological or faecal matter, a vessel
pipe or body of liquid containing any quantity of a Schedule 1 to 4 or Schedule 6 to 8
Poison. Based on Table B5V1d, a score of 5 is determined.
Extent of contamination
The product or installation presents a cross-connection that will affect a large property
or could allow contaminants to enter other properties. If cross-connection were to occur,
it would affect the drinking water to 100 or more people
Consideration is needed as to whether water meters may not have suitable backflow
protection or may not be adequate to mitigate the risk.
Based on Table B5V1e, a score of 3 is determined.
Step 2: Calculation of a Hazard Rating
Once hazards have been identified using step 1, the total score is then calculated based
on the values taken from Tables B5V1a to B5V1e. Adding up these values gives us a total
score of 16 (i.e. 2+3+3+5+3). According to clause B5V1(5) a total score of 11 or greater
presents a High Hazard Rating.
Step 3: Determining the appropriate backflow prevention device
The assessment in step 2 provided us with a High Hazard Rating. A High Hazard Rating
has the potential to cause death so an appropriate backflow prevention device
according to AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021) should be installed.
If access to the site is restricted in a way that could limit or prevent future testing or
maintenance of a backflow prevention device, B5V1(6) requires the site to be protected
with a containment device suitable for a high hazard.
Outcome
Verification Method B5V1 has been used to determine an appropriate backflow
prevention device for this proposed installation, and in doing so, has demonstrated
compliance with the relevant Performance Requirement B5P1.
Figure 4.3 shows the process used in B5V1 for this example.
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Figure 4.2 B5V1 Verification Method flowchart for Example 2
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5 DTS Provisions
5.1 Overview
This chapter explains the relevant DTS Provisions B5D2 to B5D6, including Specification
41 Cross-connection hazards. Specification 41 contains backflow prevention requirements
for many types of installations.
5.2 DTS Provisions for cross-connection control

A DTS Solution for cross-connection control is achieved by meeting the DTS Provisions
B5D2 to B5D6 in NCC Volume Three. The DTS Provisions are prescriptive (i.e. like a recipe
book which tells you all the appropriate information such as how, what and where). They
include materials, components, design factors, and construction methods that, if used, are
deemed to meet the Performance Requirements, hence the term “Deemed-to-Satisfy”.
The use of DTS Solutions as a compliance option is explained in clauses A2G2 to A2G4 of
the NCC.
Compliance with DTS Provisions B5D2 to B5D6 forms a DTS Solution and is deemed to
meet the Performance Requirement B5P1.
The DTS Provisions are either within the PCA itself or include reference to other
documents such AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021). B5D6 references AS/NZS 3500.1 (2018) for
rainwater backflow requirements. All referenced documents are listed in Schedule 2 of the
NCC.
Reminder
Further information about complying with the NCC is provided in Appendix B.
5.3 Methodology
The DTS Provisions B5D2 to B5D6 use a risk-based approach to help ensure an
appropriate level of hazard protection is provided by a backflow prevention device.
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Hazards are first identified and then assigned an appropriate Hazard Rating using the
information in Specification 41. The appropriate backflow prevention device is then
selected and installed in accordance with Section 4 of AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021).
5.3.1 Specification 41: Cross-connection hazards

The role of a specification is to provide technical data in the NCC which is relied upon as a
component to one or more DTS Provisions. A specification may be referenced by multiple
DTS Provisions, wherever the same data needs to be referred to by different parts of the
NCC. Including this common information in a single specification avoids the need to repeat
the same information across multiple parts of the NCC.
Example
A specification could be best understood as playing a role in the PCA similar to that of a
PCA referenced document (e.g. an Australian Standard), in that both contain detailed,
prescriptive, technical information which may be called up in several different DTS
Provisions.
Alert
A specification in the PCA, for example Specification 41, is different to a WaterMark

Product Specification, such as AS/NZS 2845.1 (2022).
Information on WaterMark specifications can be found on the ABCB website.
Specification 41 forms a key part of the DTS Provisions.

Specification 41 sets out common cross-connection hazards and outlines the
corresponding Hazard Ratings.
Hazard Ratings were discussed in detail in section 2.5 of this handbook.
It is important to note that Specification 41 does not cover every possible situation in
which cross-connection control may be required. Like any other DTS Provision, it only
covers the most common situations. For other situations, Verification Method B5V1 should
be used.
5.3.2 Drinking water service

B5D2 specifies cross-connection controls required to limit contaminants from entering a
drinking water service from the following:
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• a non-drinking water service

• a rainwater service
• an alternative water supply
• a swimming pool
• pipes, fixtures or specialist equipment (including boilers and pumps) containing
chemicals, liquids, gases or other substances which may be harmful to health or
safety.
Alert
Not all backflow prevention devices are suitable for use in heated water services. To
confirm the suitability of a backflow prevention device for use in a heated water service,
refer to AS/NZS 2845.1 (2022), or the manufacturer’s instructions.
B5D2 refers to Specification 41 to assign a Hazard Rating for individual or zone protection.
Depending on the assigned Hazard Rating, a backflow prevention device must be selected
and installed which is suitable to mitigate the risk of this hazard in accordance with
AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021).
Figure 5.1 sets out how the 2 components of B5D2 are applied to cold water services.
Figure 5.1 Application of B5D2 to cold water services
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Figure 5.2 sets out how B5D2 is applied to heated water services.
Figure 5.2 Application of B5D2 to heated water services
Alert
B5D2 is not limited to heated water lines directly connected from the water heater. It
also applies to lines that carry heated (hot or tempered) water. This is because ‘heated
water’ is defined in the NCC as ‘water that has been intentionally heated; normally
referred to as hot water or warm water’. This definition clarifies that these requirements
apply to water which is tempered to reduce its delivery temperature to reduce the
likelihood of scalding. So long as the water was intentionally heated, then under the PCA
it is considered heated water.
5.3.3 Non-drinking water service

B5D3 specifies cross-connection controls used to limit contaminants from entering a
non-drinking water service from a separate non-drinking water service on the same site.
A ‘separate non-drinking water service’ means one which draws water from a different
source. For example, on a site that utilises recycled water, grey water or water sourced
from a bore, all services may be considered non-drinking water services but are drawn
from different sources. Therefore, each would be a ‘separate non-drinking water service’,
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B5D3 refers to Specification 41 to assign a containment protection rating. Depending on

the assigned Hazard Rating, a suitable containment protection device must be selected
and installed in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021).
Figure 5.3 sets out how B5D3 is applied to non-drinking water services.
Figure 5.3 Application of B5D3 to non-drinking water services
5.3.4 Fire-fighting water service

For fire-fighting water services, B5D4 applies at the point where the fire-fighting water
service is connected to a drinking water supply. It does not require any additional
protection downstream of this point because the water within the fire-fighting water
service is no longer permitted to be used for drinking.
Reminder
Requirements for fire-fighting water services for Class 2 to Class 9 buildings are also set
out in NCC Volume One.
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5.3.5 Unprotected water service

B5D5 states that water downstream of a backflow prevention device protected by
individual protection or zone protection is considered an unprotected water service. An
unprotected water service means a water service that may be contaminated from a
surrounding hazard.
Figure 5.4 illustrates an unprotected water service as described by B5D5.
Figure 5.4 Example of an unprotected water service
Notes to Figure 5.4

In this diagram, Outlet B is not protected from a cross-connection hazard that exists at Outlet A (and vice
versa). This means Outlet B cannot be used for human consumption, food preparation, food utensil washing
or personal hygiene. This is because there is no backflow prevention device between Outlets A and B —
both are downstream of a testable backflow prevention device.
5.3.6 Rainwater
B5D6 applies to the protection of a drinking water service when connected to a rainwater
service. For containment requirements relating to rainwater, see S41C6(1)(b) of
Specification 41.
All other backflow protection must be done in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.1 (2018)
Clause 16.4 and Table 16.4.
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6 Backflow prevention devices
6.1 Overview
This chapter explains the different types of backflow prevention devices that can be
installed to comply with the PCA. It covers both testable and non-testable devices,
including air gaps (AGs) and break tanks (BTs). A figure is provided following each
explanation throughout this chapter.
Alert
This chapter only provides explanations for the most commonly used backflow
prevention devices, however there may be other types of devices available.
For a complete list of devices that can be installed using the DTS Provisions, refer to
Table 4.4.1 of AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021). For further device-specific technical information,
refer to AS/NZS 2845.1 (2022).
6.2 Choosing an appropriate backflow prevention device

A wide choice of devices can be used to prevent backsiphonage and backpressure from
adding contaminants into a water supply. In the DTS Provisions, the selection of the
correct device is based on the degree of hazard (Hazard Rating) posed by the cross-
connection or potential cross-connection. Additional considerations are based upon
pipework size, location and the potential need to periodically test the device to ensure
correct on-going operation.
Reminder
(1) Other ways of preventing backflow can also be used to comply with the PCA,
through a Performance Solution. In such cases, the proposed backflow protection
must be assessed and shown to be able to meet the relevant Performance
Requirements. The Assessment Methods are provided in the PCA, in Clause A2G2.
(2) Backflow prevention devices are classified according to the level of hazard they are
able suitable to protect against. This classification system corresponds with the
Hazard Ratings that are applied to potential cross-connections. Refer to section 2.5
of this handbook for Hazard Ratings.
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Example
Industrial chemical mixing systems would be classified as high hazard (see S41C4(3)),
therefore the cold water service would need to be individually protected with a suitable
High Hazard backflow prevention device (see AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021), Table 4.4.1).
6.2.1 Continuous or non-continuous pressure

Some backflow prevention devices are not suitable for use in installations that are under
continuous pressure. “Continuous pressure” means that the water downstream of the
device is under pressure for more than 12 of any 24 hours in a day, for example due to a
downstream tap being closed for more than 12 hours at a time.
6.2.2 Testable and non-testable devices

Not all backflow prevention devices are testable. With the exception of AGs and
atmospheric vacuum breakers, non-testable devices are only suitable for use in low
hazard installations. Testing ensures a backflow prevention device continues to offer the
appropriate level of protection, so is required for Medium Hazard and High Hazard
installations.
6.3 Product certification and authorisation

Part A5 of the PCA requires that materials and products used in a plumbing and drainage
installation be “fit for purpose”. For a material or product to be recognised as “fit for
purpose” it must be certified and authorised under the WaterMark Certification Scheme.
Products which require certification are listed on the WMSP.
The WMSP lists many backflow prevention devices that require WaterMark Certification. If
a backflow prevention device is not listed on the WMSP it will require a risk assessment.
The Manual for the WaterMark Certification Scheme contains further information on the
risk assessment process.
Alert
The WMEP and WMSP are available from the ABCB website.
For backflow prevention devices, the relevant product standard is AS/NZS 2845.1 Water
supply—Backflow prevention devices, Part 1: Materials, design, and Performance
Requirements (2022).
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Reminder
Further information regarding the WaterMark Certification Scheme can be found at the
ABCB website.
6.4 Types of devices

In Australia, there are 7 basic types of devices that can be used to correct
cross-connections.
(1) AG or BTs.
(2) Vacuum breakers (both atmospheric and pressure type).
(3) Dual check valves (DualCV).
(4) Dual check valve with intermediate atmospheric port (DCAP).
(5) Double check valves (DCV).
(6) Reduced pressure zone devices (RPZD).
(7) Single check valves.
6.4.1 Air gaps and break tanks

AG and BTs are non-mechanical backflow prevention devices that are very effective
where either backsiphonage or backpressure conditions may exist. Unless they are
registered (see Chapter 7), AG and BTs are considered suitable for Low Hazard
installations only.
For water services greater than a diameter DN 25, the minimum height of the AG (the
vertical distance between the water service and the spill level of the receiving tundish or
BT) is required to be greater than 2 times the diameter of the water service outlet (“2D”).
This is explained in Figure 6.1.
For AGs in water services up to and including DN 25, the minimum height of the AG is
given in Table 4.6.3.2 of AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021), which is referenced by the PCA DTS
Provisions in Parts B1 and B3.
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Figure 6.1 Example of AG device
An AG can cause a corresponding loss of pressure to downstream outlets. However, they

are an extremely effective backflow preventer when used to prevent backsiphonage and
backpressure conditions. Consequently, AGs are primarily used at end of line services
where reservoirs or storage tanks are desired.
When assessing whether an AG would be suitable, the following points should be
considered.
• In a continuous piping system, each AG requires the added expense of BTs
(reservoirs) and secondary pumping systems, assuming gravity will not provide
adequate pressure.
• The AG may be easily defeated in the event the “2D” requirement was purposely or
inadvertently compromised. Excessive splashing may be encountered if higher than
anticipated pressures or flows occur. The splash may pose a nuisance or hazard, e.g.
by creating undue noise or splashing water onto a nearby areas. In these situations,
the solution often used is to reduce the “2D” height by thrusting the supply pipe into
the receiving funnel or tank, or by attaching a hose. By so doing, the AG is defective
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and the water service is unprotected from the hazard. This situation does not comply
with the PCA.
• At an AG, water is exposed to the surrounding air with its inherent bacteria, dust
particles and other airborne contaminants. In addition, the aspiration effect of the
flowing water can drag down surrounding contaminants into the reservoir or BT.
• Free chlorine can come out of treated water because of the AG and the resulting
splash and churning effect as the water enters the BT. This reduces the ability of the
water to withstand bacteria contamination during long-term storage.
Alert
The ease by which AGs can become defective also means that in most jurisdictions,
where an AG is installed in a Medium or High Hazard situation, it can be registered with
the local authority having jurisdiction to ensure that the AG is maintained through an
inspection process. See Appendix B for further details.
AGs and BTs may be fabricated from commercially available plumbing components or
purchased as separate units. An example of an AG with BT is shown in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2 AG with BT
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6.4.2 Atmospheric vacuum breakers

Atmospheric vacuum breakers (AVB) are among the simplest mechanical types of
backflow prevention devices and when installed properly, can provide excellent protection
against backsiphonage. However, AVBs cannot be used to protect against backpressure
conditions and are not designed for use in water service installations that are kept under
continuous pressure. Even though AVBs are a non-testable device, when installed
correctly are suitable and approved for high hazard installations.
AVBs are usually constructed of a float which is free to travel on a shaft and seal in the
uppermost position against atmosphere with an elastomeric disc. Water flow lifts the float,
which then causes the disc to seal. Water pressure keeps the float in the upward sealed
position. Cutting off the water supply will cause the disc to drop down venting the unit to
atmosphere and thereby opening the downstream piping and preventing backsiphonage.
Figure 6.3 shows how a typical AVB operates.
Figure 6.3 Example of an AVB
AVBs must be installed vertically and must not have any shutoffs downstream of the
device. They must be installed at least 150 mm higher than the highest downstream outlet.
Figure 6.4 shows the typical installation of an AVB. Note that no shutoff valve is installed
downstream of the device that would otherwise keep the AVB under continuous pressure.
Although not a testable device, performance verification is required and a test method is in
AS/NZS 2845, Part 3: Field testing and maintenance of testable devices (2020). The
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design of the AVB makes it suitable for installations where minimal pressure drop is
required.
Figure 6.4 AVB—typical installation
6.4.3 Hose connection vacuum breaker

Hose connection vacuum breakers (HCVB) are usually attached to hose taps and in turn,
are connected to hose supplied outlets such as garden hoses, slop hopper hoses, spray
outlets and the like. However, HCVBs cannot be used to protect against backpressure
conditions and are not designed for use in water service installations that are kept under
continuous pressure. For example, for installations where a trigger spray nozzle is used.
HCVBs are a non-testable device and are only suited for use in low hazard installations.
HVCBs consist of a spring-loaded check valve that seals against atmospheric pressure
when the water supply pressure is turned on. The operation of a HCVB is shown in Figure
6.5.
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Figure 6.5 Example of HVCB
When the water supply is turned off, the device vents to atmosphere, therefore protecting
against backsiphonage conditions. Typical installation is shown in Figure 6.6.
Figure 6.6 HCVB—typical installation
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6.4.4 Pressure vacuum breaker

The pressure vacuum breaker (PVB) has evolved from the AVB in response to the need for
an AVB that can be used under constant pressure and tested in-situ. This is achieved
through a spring on top of the disc and float assembly, 2 added isolation valves, test
cocks and an additional first check. The workings of a PVB are shown in Figure 6.7.
PVBs are a testable device. They provide protection against backsiphonage and are
suitable for use in Low, Medium or High Hazard installations that are under continuous
pressure. PVBs do not protect against backpressure.
The PVB should be installed in environments where splashing of water cannot cause
nuisance or damage, as when the float closes splash often occurs. Typical installations of
a PVB, in agricultural and industrial situations, are shown in Figure 6.8.
Spill-resistant pressure vacuum breakers (SPVB) are also available as an alternative to the
standard type PVB. SPVBs are specifically designed to minimise water spillage if the
backflow prevention mechanism of the device is activated. This type of device can be
used in installations where the device is to be located inside a building, where water
spillage could cause damage to property or pose a safety hazard.
Similar to PVBs, SPVBs provide protection against backsiphonage and are suitable for use
in installations that are under continuous pressure. PVBs do not protect against
backpressure. The SPVB can be used in High Hazard installations.
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Figure 6.7 Example of PVB
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Figure 6.8 PVB - typical installations
6.4.5 Dual check valve

The DualCV provides low hazard protection suitable for use at the point of connection
from the NUO’s drinking water supply to a single Class 1 dwelling (typically a house) and
for Low Hazard individual and zone protection.
When used as containment, DualCVs are designed to be installed immediately
downstream of the water meter or may be incorporated into the meter assembly itself.
DualCVs are suitable for use in Low Hazard installations, can protect against
backsiphonage or backpressure and can be used in systems that are under continuous
pressure.
The workings of the DualCV are shown in Figure 6.9.
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Figure 6.9 Example of DualCV
6.4.6 Dual check valve with atmospheric port

DCAPs are devices available in DN 15 and DN 20 pipe sizes and are suitable for use in low
hazard installations. This device is capable of being used under continuous pressure and
protects against backpressure and backsiphonage. The device also provides a visual
indication of failure, through the atmospheric port. The DCAP is constructed of dual check
valves with an atmospheric port inserted between the 2 checks. This is shown in Figure
6.10.
Figure 6.10 Example of DCAP
Pressure within a water service keeps the vent port closed, but zero supply pressure or
backsiphonage will open the inner chamber to atmosphere. With this device, extra
protection is gained through the capability of venting to atmosphere.
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Figure 6.11 DCAP - typical installation
6.4.7 Double check valve

A DCV is 2 spring loaded check valves coupled within one body and furnished with test
cocks. The test capability gives this device an advantage over the use of 2 independent
check valves in that it can be easily tested to determine if either or both check valves are
inoperative or fouled by debris. Each check is spring loaded in the closed position and
must not open below 7 kPa.
The spring loading provides the ability to “bite” through small debris and still seal; a
protection feature not prevalent in unloaded swing check valves. Figure 6.12 shows a
cross section of a DCV complete with test cocks.
DCVs are suitable for use in low or medium hazard installations and can operate under
continuous pressure. DCVs can protect against both backpressure and backsiphonage.
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Figure 6.12 Example of DCV
6.4.8 Double check detector assembly

The double check detector assembly (DCDA) is a DCV with a metered bypass and is
primarily utilised in fire-fighting water service installations. It is designed to protect the
drinking water service from possible contamination from the following:
• backpressure from booster pumps,
• stagnant water that sits in fire-fighting water services for extended periods of time,
and
• the addition of raw water through outside fire pump connections.
It is also able to detect water draw-offs from the fire-fighting water service caused by
leakage or unauthorised water usage.
The DCDA is comprised of 2 spring loaded check valves, a bypass assembly with water
meter and double check valve and 2 lockable isolating valves. The DCDA is suitable for
use in medium hazard installations, including fire-fighting water services, and can protect
against both backpressure and backsiphonage. DCDAs are designed for use under
continuous pressure. The workings of the DCDA are shown in Figure 6.13.
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Figure 6.13 DCDA
6.4.9 Reduced pressure zone device

Similar to the DCV, the RPZD contains 2 spring loaded check valves but it also has a
differential pressure relief valve between the 2 checks. It is designed such that the zone
between the 2 checks are always kept at least 14 kPa lower than the supply pressure.
With this design criteria, the RPZD can provide protection against backsiphonage and
backpressure when both the first and second checks become fouled.
RPZDs can be used under continuous pressure and are suitable for High Hazard
installations. It provides maximum protection against backsiphonage and backpressure.
RPZDs are a testable device. Figure 6.14 shows the principles behind the operation of an
RPZD.
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Figure 6.14 Example of RPZD
The principles behind the operation of an RPZD, as depicted above, are as follows:
• Flow from the left enters the central chamber against the pressure exerted by the
first check valve (1). The supply pressure is reduced by a predetermined amount. The
pressure in the central chamber is maintained lower than the incoming supply
pressure through the operation of the relief valve (3), which discharges to the
atmosphere whenever the central chamber pressure becomes too close to the inlet
pressure. The second check valve (2) is lightly loaded to open with a pressure drop
of 7 kPa in the direction of flow and is independent of the pressure required to open
the relief valve (3).
• If the pressure increases downstream of the device, tending to reverse the direction
of flow, the second check valve (2) closes, preventing backflow. Because all valves
may leak because of wear or obstruction, the protection provided by the 2 check
valves alone, may be insufficient. Therefore, in an RPZD, if some obstruction prevents
the second check valve (2) from closing, the leakage back into the central chamber
would increase the pressure in this zone, the relief valve (3) would open and flow
would be discharged to the atmosphere.
• When the supply pressure drops to the minimum differential required to operate the
relief valve (3), the pressure in the central chamber should be atmospheric. If the inlet
pressure should become less than atmospheric, the relief valve (3) should remain
fully open to the atmosphere to discharge any water that may be caused to backflow
because of backpressure and leakage of the second check valve (2).
• Malfunctioning of one or both of the check valves (1), (2), or the relief valve (3),
should always be indicated by the discharge of water from the relief port (below the
relief valve).
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Alert
Under no circumstances should plugging of the relief valve be undertaken, as the device
depends upon an open port for safe operation.
The pressure loss through the device may be expected to average between 70 kPa and
140 kPa within the normal range of operation, depending on the size and flow rate of the
device.
Example
RPZDs are commonly installed on high hazard installations such as plating plants, where
they would primarily protect against backsiphonage, and car washes, where they would
primarily protect against backpressure. An example is shown in Figure 6.15.
Figure 6.15 RPZD - typical installation
6.4.10 Single check valve testable

The single check valve testable (SCVT) device was introduced for use in low hazard fire
service installations where the pressure drop of a conventional backflow assembly
prevents or restricts the water available for firefighting.
The device consists of a single check valve with an opening pressure great than 7 kPa and
test cocks so the device can be tested for effective operation in service.
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6.4.11 Single check detector assembly testable

The single check detector assembly testable (SCDAT) is the same base unit as a SCVT but
with a metered bypass installed to detect unauthorised water use from the fire service.
This device also consists of a single check valve with an opening pressure greater than 7
kPa and test cocks so the device can be tested for effective operation in service.
Alert
The SCVT and SCDAT are not authorised for use across all jurisdictions so check with
your NUO prior to installing this type of backflow prevention device.
Figure 6.16 Example of SCVT and SCDAT devices
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7 Device registration, testing and maintenance
7.1 Overview
This chapter explains the registration, testing and maintenance requirements that apply to
some forms of backflow prevention. Because device registration schemes and ongoing
testing and maintenance obligations for building owners/managers fall under State and
Territory regulation, this chapter only provides a brief overview; more detailed information
should be sought from the authority having jurisdiction.
Alert
In accordance with AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021), 4.4.6 Commissioning, testable backflow

prevention devices shall be commissioned and tested in accordance with AS/NZS
2845.3 (2020) after installation and prior to service.
Spill resistant vacuum breakers (SRVB), RPZD, DCV, PVB, AVB, SCVT, SCDAT, registered
BTs and registered AGs should only be used with a maintenance program for device
registration and test certification.
Where there is no such program, these devices should not be fitted and the standard
requirements for AGs instead apply.
According to Clause 4.4.6 of AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021), testable devices should be tested
prior to beginning service, and at least once every 12 months thereafter.
7.2 Registration
Device registration is required under some state/territory or local government regulations.
This is because these installations can pose a significant threat to public health and safety
if a backflow prevention device were to fail or be circumvented (inadvertently or
otherwise).
Databases of registered testable devices are often kept by NUOs where the device is
installed for containment protection. The state/territory plumbing regulatory authority are
often responsible if the device is installed for zone or individual protection.
AGs and BTs in Medium Hazard or High Hazard installations may also be required by the
state or territory plumbing regulatory authority to be registered and inspected and tested
annually.
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7.3 Testing
Testable backflow prevention devices are those that include features to enable the device
to be tested in-situ, i.e. without the need to remove the device. According to AS/NZS
3500.1 (2021), the following types of backflow prevention devices are testable devices.
• PVB.
• RPZD.
• DCV.
• DCDA.
• SPVB.
• AVB.
• SCVT.
• SCDAT.
In most jurisdictions, testing of backflow prevention devices can only be carried out by an
accredited tester who has completed specific training.
Testing a backflow prevention device in-situ requires the water supply to the device to be
shut off. Therefore, prior to conducting the test, it is important to alert the owner and/or
occupants of the property concerned that their water supply will need to be shut off for a
period, until the test is complete. In situations where it is not viable to shut off a water
supply, e.g. hospitals or industrial premises that operate 24 hours/day, the backflow
prevention device can be duplicated by installing a second device, in a bypass, configured
in a parallel arrangement with the primary backflow prevention device. This is called a
protected bypass. Figure 7.1 shows how to configure a protected bypass.
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Figure 7.1 Protected bypass configuration
Although Figure 7.1 depicts a protected bypass using RPZDs, other devices can also be
installed, provided that an isolation valve is installed at the end of each device to enable it
to be isolated from the water supply and removed if found to be defective. Always ensure
the 2 devices are of the same hazard protection level.
Alert
Where the water supply to a building or part of a building is shut off to enable testing, it
is important to advise building occupants not to open any upstream outlets during the
test. This is because if an outlet is opened, the pressure in the water service pipework
will fall to zero, which may lead to backsiphonage occurring elsewhere in the building. If
backsiphonage does occur, the water service may become contaminated via a
previously unknown and therefore unprotected cross-connection.
Detailed testing procedures relevant to each different type of testable device are set out
in AS/NZS 2845.3 (2020) and in the device manufacturer’s instructions.
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Appendices
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Appendix A Abbreviations
The following table, Table A.1 contains abbreviations used in this handbook.
Table A.1 Abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
ABCB Australian Building Codes Board
AG Air gap
AS/NZS Australian Standard / New Zealand Standard
AVB Atmospheric vacuum breaker
BT Break tank
DCAP Dual check with atmospheric port
DCDA Double check detector assembly
DCV Double check valve
DualCV Dual check valve
DTS Deemed-to-Satisfy
DW Drinking water
HCVB Hose connected vacuum breaker
kPa Kilopascals
kPaA Kilopascals (absolute)
kPaG Kilopascals (gauge)
m Metres
NCC National Construction Code
ND Nominal diameter (mm)
NDW Non-drinking water
NUO Network Utility Operator
P Pressure
PCA Plumbing Code of Australia
PVB Pressure vacuum breaker
RPZD Reduced pressure zone device
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Abbreviation Meaning
SCDAT Single check valve detector assembly testable
SCVT Single check valve testable
SPVB Spill-resistant pressure vacuum breaker
SRVB Spill-resistant vacuum breaker
US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WH Water heater
WMEP WaterMark Schedule of Excluded Products
WMPD WaterMark Product Database
WMSP WaterMark Schedule of Products
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Appendix B Compliance with the NCC
B.1 Responsibilities for regulation of building and plumbing

in Australia
State and territory governments are responsible for regulation of building, plumbing and
development/planning in their respective state or territory.
The NCC is a joint initiative of the Commonwealth and state and territory governments and
is produced and maintained by the ABCB on behalf of the Australian Government and each
state and territory government. The NCC provides a uniform set of technical provisions for
the design and construction of buildings and other structures and plumbing and drainage
systems throughout Australia. It allows for variations in climate and geological or
geographic conditions.
The NCC is given legal effect by building and plumbing regulatory legislation in each state
and territory. This legislation consists of an Act of Parliament and subordinate legislation
(e.g. Building Regulations) which empowers the regulation of certain aspects of buildings
and structures and contains the administrative provisions necessary to give effect to the
legislation.
Each state and territory adopts the NCC subject to the variation or deletion of some of its
provisions, or the addition of extra provisions. These variations, deletions and additions
are generally signposted within the relevant section of the NCC and located within
appendices to the NCC. Notwithstanding this, any provision of the NCC may be overridden
by, or subject to, state or territory legislation. The NCC must therefore be read in
conjunction with that legislation.
B.2 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC

Compliance with the NCC is achieved by complying with the NCC Governing Requirements
and relevant Performance Requirements.
The Governing Requirements are a set of governing rules outlining how the NCC must be
used and the process that must be followed.
The Performance Requirements prescribe the minimum necessary requirements for
buildings, building elements, and plumbing and drainage systems. They must be met to
demonstrate compliance with the NCC.
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There are 3 options available to demonstrate compliance with the Performance

Requirements. These are:
• a Performance Solution
• a Deemed-to-Satisfy Solution, or
• a combination of a Performance Solution and a DTS Solution.
All compliance options must be assessed using one or a combination of Assessment
Methods, as appropriate. These include:
• Evidence of suitability
• Expert Judgement
• Verification Methods
• Comparison with DTS Provisions.
A figure showing hierarchy of the NCC, and its compliance options is provided in Figure
B.1. It should be read in conjunction with the NCC.
To access the NCC or for further general information regarding demonstrating compliance
with the NCC visit the ABCB website.
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Figure B.1 Demonstrating compliance with the NCC
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Appendix C Hydraulic concepts
C.1 Overview
This Appendix explains the hydraulic factors that cause backflow, including
backsiphonage and backpressure. Understanding these factors is important for identifying
potential cross-connections and deciding on appropriate backflow prevention.
C.2 General principles

Cross-connections are the links through which it is possible for contaminants to enter a
water supply. The polluting substance, in most cases a liquid, tends to enter the water
supply if the net force acting upon the liquid acts in the direction of the water supply. Two
factors are therefore essential for backflow to occur. First, there must be a link between
the 2 systems. Second, the resultant force must be toward the water supply.
An understanding of the principles of backpressure and backsiphonage requires an
understanding of the terms frequently used in their discussion.
Force, unless completely resisted, will produce motion. Weight is a type of force resulting
from the earth’s gravitational attraction.
Pressure (P) is a force-per-unit area, such as kilopascals (kPa). Atmospheric pressure is
the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere above the earth.
Pressure may be referred to using an absolute scale, kPa absolute (kPaA), or gauge scale,
kPa gauge (kPaG). Absolute pressure and gauge pressure are related. Absolute pressure is
equal to the gauge pressure plus the atmospheric pressure. At sea level the atmospheric
pressure is 101.3 kPaA.
The formula below demonstrates the relationship between kPaA and kPaG:
𝑃𝑃absolute = 𝑃𝑃guage + 101.3 kPa
or
𝑃𝑃gauge = 𝑃𝑃absolute – 101.3 kPa
In essence, absolute pressure is the total pressure. Gauge pressure is simply the pressure
read on a gauge. If there is no pressure on the gauge other than atmospheric, the gauge
would read zero and the absolute pressure would be equal to 101.3 kPa, which is the
atmospheric pressure.
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The term ‘vacuum’ indicates that the absolute pressure is less than the atmospheric
pressure and that the gauge pressure is negative. A complete or total vacuum would mean
a pressure of 0 kPaA ( -101.3 kPaG). Since it is impossible to produce a total vacuum, the
term vacuum, when used in this document means all degrees of partial vacuum. In a partial
vacuum, the pressure would range from slightly less than 101.3 kPaA (0 kPaG) to slightly
greater than 0 kPaA (-101.3 kPaG).
Backsiphonage results in fluid flow in an undesirable or reverse direction. It is caused by
atmospheric pressure exerted on a pollutant liquid forcing it toward a water supply system
that is under a vacuum. Backpressure refers to the reversal of flow produced by the
differential pressure existing between 2 systems, both of which are at pressures greater
than atmospheric.
C.3 Water pressure

For an understanding of the nature of pressure and its relationship to water depth,
consider the pressure exerted on the base of a cubic metre of water at sea level, refer to
Figure C.1. The average pressure exerted by a cubic metre of water is 10 kPa (i.e. 10
Pascals per millimetre of height). This applies regardless of the shape or area of the base
— the only variable is the height.
Figure C.1 Pressure exerted by 1 metre of water at sea level
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Suppose another cubic metre of water was placed directly on top of the first, see Figure
C.2. The pressure on the top surface of the first cube which was originally atmospheric, or
0 kPaG, would now be 10 kPaG because of the superimposed cubic metre of water. The
pressure on the base of the first cube would also be increased by the same amount to 20
kPaG, or 2 times the original pressure.
Figure C.2 Pressure exerted by 2 metres of water at sea level
If this process was repeated with a third cubic metre of water, the pressures at the base
of each cube would be 30 kPaG, 20 kPaG, and 10 kPaG, respectively. It is evident that
pressure varies with depth below a free water surface. In general, each metre of elevation
change within a liquid, changes the pressure by an amount equal to the weight-per-unit
area of 1 metre of the liquid. The rate of increase for water is 10 kPaG per metre of depth.
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Frequently, water pressure is referred to as ’head pressure‘ or just ’head’ and is expressed
in units of metres of water. One metre of head would be equivalent to the pressure
produced at the base of a column of water 1 metre in depth. 1 metre of head or 1 metre of
water is equal to 10 kPaG. One hundred metres of head is equal to 1000 kPaG.
Reminder
The pipe sizing calculations used in AS/NZS 3500.1 (2021) are based on water pressure
in terms of metres of ‘head’. One metre of head is equivalent to 10 kPa of pressure,
calculated in the way described above.
C.4 Siphon theory

Figure C.3 depicts the atmospheric pressure on a water surface at sea level. An open tube
is inserted vertically into the water; atmospheric pressure, which is 101.3 kPaA, acts
equally on the surface of the water within the tube and on the outside of the tube.
Figure C.3 Pressure on the free surface of a liquid at sea level
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If, as shown in Figure C.3, the tube is slightly capped and a vacuum pump is used to
evacuate all the air from the sealed tube, a vacuum with a pressure of 0 kPaA is created
within the tube. Because the pressure at any point in a static fluid is dependent upon the
height of that point above a reference line, such as sea level, it follows that the pressure
within the tube at sea level must still be 101.3 kPaA. This is equivalent to the pressure at
the base of a column of water 10.33 m high and with the column open at the base, water
would rise to fill the column to a depth of 10.33 m. In other words, the weight of the
atmosphere at sea level exactly balances the weight of a column of water 10.33 m in
height. The absolute pressure within the column of water in Figure C.3 at a height of 3.5 m
is equal to 66.9 kPaA. This is a partial vacuum with an equivalent gauge pressure of
-34.5 kPaG.
As a practical example, assume the water pressure at a closed tap on the top of a 30.5 m
high building to be 137.9 kPaG; the pressure on the ground floor would then be
436.4 kPaG. If the pressure at the ground were to drop suddenly due to a heavy demand
in the area to 229.6 kPaG, the pressure at the top would be reduced to -68.9 kPaG. If the
building’s water system was airtight, the water would remain at the level of the tap
because of the partial vacuum created by the drop in pressure. However, if the tap was
opened, the vacuum would be broken and the water level would drop to a height of 23.5 m
above the ground. Therefore, the atmosphere was supporting a column of water 7.01 m
high.
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Figure C.4 Effect of evacuating air from a column
Figure C.4 is a diagram of an inverted U-tube that has been filled with water and placed in
2 open containers at sea level.
If the open containers are placed so that the liquid levels in each container are at the same
height, a static state will exist and the pressure at any specified level in either leg of the U-
tube will be the same.
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Figure C.5 Pressure relationships in a continuous fluid system at the same elevation
The equilibrium condition is altered by raising one of the containers so that the liquid level
in one container is 1.5 m above the level of the other. Refer to Figure C.5. Since both
containers are open to the atmosphere, the pressure on the liquid surfaces in each
container will remain at 101.3 kPaA. If it is assumed that a static state exists, momentarily,
within the system shown in Figure C.6, the pressure in the left tube at any height above
the free surface in the left container can be calculated. The pressure at the corresponding
level in the right tube above the free surface in the right container may also be calculated.
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As shown in Figure C.5, the pressure at all levels in the left tube would be less than at
corresponding levels in the right tube. In this case, a static condition cannot exist because
fluid will flow from the higher pressure to the lower pressure; the flow would be from the
right tank to the left tank. This arrangement will be recognised as a siphon. The crest of a
siphon cannot be higher than 10.33 m above the upper liquid level, since atmosphere
cannot support a column of water greater in height than 10.33 m.
Figure C.6 Pressure relationships in a continuous fluid system at different elevations
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Figure C.7 shows how this siphon principle can be hazardous in a plumbing system. If the
supply valve is closed, the pressure in the line supplying the tap is less than the pressure
in the supply line to the bathtub. Therefore, flow will occur through siphonage, from the
bathtub to the open tap.
Figure C.7 Backsiphonage in a plumbing system
The siphon actions cited have been produced by reduced pressures due to a difference in
the water levels at 2 separated points within a continuous fluid system.
Reduced pressure may also be created within a fluid system because of fluid motion. One
of the basic principles of fluid mechanics is the principle of conservation of energy. Based
upon this principle, it may be shown that as a fluid accelerates, as shown in Figure C.8, the
pressure is reduced. As water flows through a constriction such as a converging section of
pipe, the velocity of the water increases; as a result, the pressure is reduced. Under such
conditions, negative pressures may be developed in a pipe. The simple aspirator is based
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on this principle. If this point of reduced pressure is linked to a source of contamination,

backsiphonage of the contaminant can occur.
Figure C.8 Negative pressure created by constricted flow
One of the common occurrences of dynamically reduced pipe pressures is found on the
suction side of a pump. In many cases like the one illustrated in Figure C.9, the line
supplying the booster pump is undersized or does not have sufficient pressure to deliver
water at the rate at which the pump normally operates. The rate of flow in the pipe may be
increased by a further reduction in pressure at the pump intake. This often results in the
creation of negative pressure at the pump intake. This negative pressure may become low
enough in some cases to cause vaporisation of the water in the line. In the illustration
shown, flow from the source of pollution would occur when pressure on the suction side of
the pump is less than the pressure of the pollution source; this is backpressure, which is
discussed below.
Figure C.9 Dynamically reduced pipe pressures
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The previous discussion has described some ways negative pressures may be created
and which frequently occur to produce backsiphonage. In addition to the negative
pressure or reversed force necessary to cause backsiphonage and backflow, there must
also be the cross-connection or connecting link between the water supply and the source
of contamination. Two basic types of connections may be created in piping systems.
These are the solid pipe with valve connection and the submerged inlet.
Figure C.10 and Figure C.11 show solid connections. This type of connection is often
installed where it is necessary to supply an auxiliary piping system from the water supply.
It is a direct connection of one pipe to another pipe or receptacle.
Figure C.10 Valved connection between drinking water and non-drinking water
Figure C.11 Valved connection between water supply and sanitary drainage system
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Submerged inlets are found on many common plumbing fixtures and are sometimes
necessary features of the fixtures if they are to function properly. Examples of this type of
design are bottom filling vats or vessels, water closets, flushing rim slop sinks, and dental
cuspidors.
Some older style bathtubs and lavatories had supply inlets below the flood level rims, but
modern sanitary design has minimised or eliminated this hazard in new fixtures. Chemical
and industrial process vats sometimes have submerged inlets where the water pressure is
used as an aid in diffusion, dispersion and agitation of the vat contents. Even though the
supply pipe may come from the floor above the vat, backsiphonage can occur as it has
been shown that the siphon action can raise a liquid such as water almost 10.5 m.
Some submerged inlets that are difficult to control are those which are not apparent until a
significant change in water level occurs or where a supply may be extended below the
liquid surface by means of a hose or auxiliary piping. A submerged inlet may be created in
numerous ways, and its detection in some of these subtle forms may be difficult.
C.5 Backpressure
Backpressure refers to reversed flow due to backpressure other than siphonic action. Any
interconnected fluid systems in which the pressure of one exceeds the pressure of the
other may have flow from one to the other because of the pressure differential. The flow
will occur from the zone of higher pressure to the zone of lower pressure. This type of
backflow is of concern in buildings where 2 or more piping systems are utilised. For
example, the drinking water service is usually under pressure from the NUO’s water main.
Occasionally, a booster pump is used. The auxiliary system is often pressurised by a
centrifugal pump, although backpressure may also be caused by gas or steam pressure
from a boiler. A reversal in differential pressure may occur when pressure in the NUO’s
water supply drops, for some reason, to a pressure lower than that in the plumbing system
to which the water supply is connected.
The most positive method of avoiding this type of backflow is the total or complete
separation of the 2 systems.
Dual piping systems are often installed for extra protection in the event of an emergency
or possible mechanical failure of one of the systems. Fire protection systems are a
common example. Another example is the use of dual water connections to boilers. These
installations are sometimes interconnected, which creates a health hazard.
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Cross-connection control

The Australian Building Codes Board

abcb.gov.au Page iii

7 Device registration, testing and maintenance ................................................... 42

1.2 Design and approval of Performance Solutions

1.3 Using this document

2 Cross-connections and backflow prevention

2.3 Backflow prevention

Figure 2.1 Individual, zone and containment protection

2.4 Roles and responsibilities

2.5 Hazard Ratings

consequences of water contamination occurring via a cross-connection. In the PCA,

The WaterMark Schedule of Products (WMSP) contains a comprehensive list of products

3 Performance Requirement for cross-

3.2 Performance Requirement B5P1

The relevant Performance Requirement for cross-connection control is B5P1

B5P1 Contamination control

3.3 NCC compliance pathways

(1) Direct application of the Performance Requirements, and

Other Performance Requirements may need to be considered to comply with NCC

3.4 Isolation and access for maintenance

These Performance Requirements are intended to ensure access for maintenance of

4 Verification Method B5V1

The intent of this Verification Method is to provide a consistent means of determining

(1) Identifying all hazards (B5V1(2)).

Table reference Risk factor

Table reference Risk factor

In some states and territories, containment requirements may be altered or replaced by

4.3.1 Example 1 – Apartment block

Example 1 Applying B5V1 to an apartment block

Example 1 Applying B5V1 to an apartment block

Figure 4.1 B5V1 Verification Method flowchart for Example 1

4.3.2 Example 2 – Steam powered plumbing appliance

Example 2 Applying B5V1 to a steam powered plumbing appliance

Example 2 Applying B5V1 to a steam powered plumbing appliance

Figure 4.2 B5V1 Verification Method flowchart for Example 2

5.2 DTS Provisions for cross-connection control

Further information about complying with the NCC is provided in Appendix B.

5.3.1 Specification 41: Cross-connection hazards

A specification in the PCA, for example Specification 41, is different to a WaterMark

Specification 41 forms a key part of the DTS Provisions.

5.3.2 Drinking water service

• a non-drinking water service

Figure 5.1 Application of B5D2 to cold water services

Figure 5.2 Application of B5D2 to heated water services

5.3.3 Non-drinking water service

B5D3 refers to Specification 41 to assign a containment protection rating. Depending on

Figure 5.3 Application of B5D3 to non-drinking water services

5.3.4 Fire-fighting water service

5.3.5 Unprotected water service

Figure 5.4 Example of an unprotected water service

Notes to Figure 5.4

6 Backflow prevention devices

6.2 Choosing an appropriate backflow prevention device

6.2.1 Continuous or non-continuous pressure

6.2.2 Testable and non-testable devices

6.3 Product certification and authorisation

6.4 Types of devices

6.4.1 Air gaps and break tanks