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Exp No 1

The document discusses numerical control and computer numerical control systems. It describes different types of NC including point-to-point and continuous path systems. Motion control and interpolation methods are also covered. The document then discusses CNC and distributed numerical control as well as NC applications and programming.

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KRISHNA KANT GUPTA
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17 views10 pages

Exp No 1

The document discusses numerical control and computer numerical control systems. It describes different types of NC including point-to-point and continuous path systems. Motion control and interpolation methods are also covered. The document then discusses CNC and distributed numerical control as well as NC applications and programming.

Uploaded by

KRISHNA KANT GUPTA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment no 01

Aim of the experiments: To study the N C and CNC system.


Introduction:
Numerical Control
1. Fundamentals of NC Technology

2. Computer Numerical Control

3. Distributed Numerical Control

4. Applications of NC

5. NC Part Programming

Numerical Control (NC) Defined

Programmable automation in which the mechanical actions of a ‘machine tool’ are controlled by a
program containing coded alphanumeric data that represents relative positions between a work head
(e.g., cutting tool) and a work part

NC Coordinate Systems

For flat and prismatic (block-like) parts:

 Milling and drilling operations

 Conventional Cartesian coordinate system

 Rotational axes about each linear axis

For rotational parts:

 Turning operations

 Only x- and z-axes

Motion Control Systems

Point-to-Point systems

 Also called position systems

 System moves to a location and performs an operation at that location (e.g., drilling)

 Also applicable in robotics

Continuous path systems

 Also called contouring systems in machining


 System performs an operation during movement (e.g., milling and turning)

Interpolation Methods

1. Linear interpolation

 Straight line between two points in space

2. Circular interpolation

 Circular arc defined by starting point, end point, center or radius, and direction

3. Helical interpolation

 Circular plus linear motion

4. Parabolic and cubic interpolation

 Free form curves using higher order equations

Absolute vs. Incremental Positioning

Absolute positioning

Move is: x = 40, y = 50

Incremental positioning

Move is: x = 20, y = 30.


 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Storage of more than one part program

 Various forms of program input

 Program editing at the machine tool

 Fixed cycles and programming subroutines

 Interpolation

 Acceleration and deceleration computations

 Communications interface

 Diagnostics

Machine Control Unit


DNC

 Direct numerical control (DNC) – control of multiple machine tools by a single (mainframe)
computer through direct connection and in real time

 1960s technology

 Two way communication


 Distributed numerical control (DNC) – network consisting of central computer connected to
machine tool MCUs, which are CNC

 Present technology

 Two way communication

Distributed Numerical Control

Central
Computer NC Pgms

Computer Network

BTR BTR BTR

Machine Machine Machine


Control Unit Control Unit Control Unit

NC Application Characteristics (Machining)

 Batch and High Volume production

 Repeat and/or Repetitive orders

 Complex part geometries


 Mundane operations

 Many separate operations on one part

Cost-Benefits of NC

Costs

 High investment cost

 High maintenance effort

 Need for skilled programmers

 High utilization required

Benefits

 Cycle time reduction

 Nonproductive time reduction

 Greater accuracy and repeatability

 Lower scrap rates

 Reduced parts inventory and floor space

 Operator skill-level reduced

Precision
NC Part Programming

1. Manual part programming

2. Manual data input

3. Computer-assisted part programming

4. Part programming using CAD/CAM

Manual Part Programming

Binary Coded Decimal System

 Each of the ten digits in decimal system (0-9) is coded with four-digit binary number

 The binary numbers are added to give the value

 BCD is compatible with 8 bits across tape format, the original storage medium for NC part
programs

 Eight bits can also be used for letters and symbols

Creating Instructions for NC

 Bit - 0 or 1 = absence or presence of hole in the tape

 Character - row of bits across the tape

 Word - sequence of characters (e.g., y-axis position)

 Block - collection of words to form one complete instruction

 Part program - sequence of instructions (blocks)

Block Format

Organization of words within a block in NC part program

 Also known as tape format because the original formats were designed for punched tape

 Word address format - used on all modern CNC controllers

 Uses a letter prefix to identify each type of word


 Spaces to separate words within the block

 Allows any order of words in a block

 Words can be omitted if their values do not change from the previous block

Types of Words

N - sequence number prefix

G - preparatory words

 Example: G00 = PTP rapid traverse move

X, Y, Z - prefixes for x, y, and z-axes

F - feed rate prefix

S - spindle speed

T - tool selection

M - miscellaneous command

 Example: M07 = turn cutting fluid on

Example: Word Address Format

N001 G00 X07000 Y03000 M03

N002 Y06000
Cutter Offset
Cutter path must be offset from actual part outline by a distance equal to the cutter radius

Issues in Manual Part Programming

 Adequate for simple jobs, e.g., PTP drilling

 Linear interpolation

G01 G94 X050.0 Y086.5 Z100.0 F40 S800

 Circular interpolation

G02 G17 X088.0 Y040.0 R028.0 F30

 Cutter offset

G42 G01 X100.0 Y040.0 D05

 Machine operator does part programming at machine

 Operator enters program by responding to prompts and questions by system

 Monitor with graphics verifies tool path

 Usually for relatively simple parts

 Ideal for small shop that cannot afford a part programming staff

 To minimize changeover time, system should allow programming of next job while current job is
running
Computer-Assisted Part Programming

 Write machine instructions using natural language type statements

 Statements translated into machine code of the MCU

 APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) Language

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