Intake Structures and Pump

Intake
structures
• The basic function of the intake structure is to help
in safely withdrawing water from the source over a
predetermined range of pool levels and then
discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit,
through which it flows upto the water treatment
plant.
• An intake structure constructed at the entrance of
the conduit and thereby helping in protecting the
conduit from being damaged or clogged, can vary
from a simple concrete block supporting the end of
the conduit pipe to huge concrete towers housing
intake gates, screens, pumps.
Factors to be considered while selecting site for
intake works:
• Where the best quality of water available so that
water is purified economically in less time.
• At site there should not be heavy current of water,
which may damage the intake structure.
• The intake can draw sufficient quantity of water
even in the worst condition, when the discharge of
source is minimum.
• The site of the work should be easily
approachable without any obstruction.
• The site should not be located in navigation
channels.
• As per as possible the intake should be near the
treatment plant so that conveyance cost is reduced
from source to the water works.
• As per as possible the intake should not be located
in the vicinity of the point of sewage disposal for
avoiding the pollution of water.
• At the site sufficient quantity should be available for
the future expansion of water works.
Types of intakes
Simple submerged intakes: a simple submerged
intake consists of a simple concrete block or a rock
filled timber crib supporting the starting end of the
withdrawal pipe.
• The withdrawal pipe is generally taken upto the
sump well, the water is then lifted by pumps.
• The intake opening is generally covered by screen
to prevent the entry of debris.
• These intake structures are usually placed in
streams or lakes, it is constructed in the bed of
the lake below the water level so as to draw water
in dry season also.
• These intakes do not pose obstruction to
navigation, no danger from the floating bodies, as
these intakes draw small quantity of water, these
are not used in big water supply schemes or on
rivers or reservoirs. The main reason being that
they are not easily approachable for maintenance.
Submerged
intake
Canal Intake
• The intake well is generally located in the bank of
the canal, and the water enters the chamber through
inlet pipe covered with fine screen.
• The water coming out of the chamber through the
outlet conduit may be taken to a sump well or city
as required.
• As the flow area of the canal is obstructed by
construction, velocity of the flow increases, it
therefore becomes necessary to provide pitching
on the downstream and upstream portion of the
canal.
• The inlet to outlet pipe is of bell-mouth shape with
perforations of the fine screen on its surface.
Canal
intake
• The flow velocity at the conduit is generally kept at
1.5m/sec, this helps in determining the area and dia
of the withdrawal conduit.
Intake
• Intake towerstowers
are generally used on rivers or
reservoirs where there are large fluctuations of
water level.
• Gate controlled openings at various levels, called
ports are generally provided in these concrete
towers, which will regulate the flow and permit
some selection of quality of water to be withdrawn.
• If the entry ports are submerged at all levels, then
there is no problem of clogging or damage.
• The lowest port should be high enough above the
reservoir bed, so that the sediment is not drawn into
them.
Wet Intake towers
• It may consists of a concrete circular shell filled with
water upto the reservoir level and has a vertical
inside shaft which is connected to the withdrawal
pipe.
• The withdrawal may be directly taken to the
treatment plant in case no lift is required or to the
sump in case of low lift is required.
• The withdrawal conduits may lie over the bed of the
river or may be in the form of the tunnels below the
river bed.
• Gates are usually placed on the shaft so as to
control the flow of water into the shaft and
withdrawal conduit.
Wet Intake
towers
Dry intake towers
• In a wet intake tower, the water enters from the entry
ports into to the tower and then enters into the
conduit pipe through separate gate controlled
opening.
• In dry intake tower, the water is directly drawn into
the conduit through the gated entry ports.
• A dry intake tower will have no water inside the
tower if its gates are closed, whereas the wet intake
towers will be full of water even if gates are closed.
• When entry ports are closed, a dry intake tower will
be subjected to additional buoyant forces and must
be heavier construction than the wet intake towers.
Dry Intake tower
River Intakes
• A river intake is located to the upstream of the city
so that pollution is minimized.
• They are either located sufficiently inside the river so
that demands of water are met with in all the
seasons of the year, or they may be located near the
river bank where a sufficient depth of water is
available.
• If the water level in the river is low, a weir may be
constructed across it to raise the water level and
divert it to the intake tower.
• The lowest entry is placed below the low water level
of the river so that water is available in the jack well
during the summer season.
River Intake
Pumps Requirement (Why and where?)
Pumps are required in one or more of the following
phases:
• To lift the water at the source, when the water
cannot flow by gravity into the mains.
• Lift water at the treatment plant, if required natural
gradient is not available for smooth flow of water
between different units.
• To lift the water after the treatment, to force the
water into distributing main, either directly or
through a service reservoir.
• To boost the pressure in the distribution system at
intermittent points, to ease the water flow to
required height.
Types of
pumps
• Roto-dynamic pumps: has a wheel or a rotating element
which rotates the water in a casing, and thus, imparting
energy to the water.
• The rotating element is termed as impeller, the shape of
the impeller may be such,
i)to force the water outward in a direction at right
angles to the axis (radial flow),
ii)to give water an axial as well as radial velocity
(mixed flow)
iii) to force the water in the axial direction alone.
Radial flow and mixed flow machines are commonly
called centrifugal pumps
Axial flow machines are called axial flow pumps.
• Centrifugal pump consists of radialor mixed flow
either impeller, it can be either
closed or open.
• An open impeller consists of a hub to which the vanes are

attached, where as closed impeller consists of plates on
each side of the vane.
• The efficiency of the “ open impeller centrifugal pump” is
generally much less than that of a “ closed impeller
centrifugal pump”
• Open impeller is less likely to be clogged by debris thus it is
usually used for pumping raw water or sewage containing
solids and other impurities.
• The casing of “ radial flow centrifugal pump” may be
either
volute type or turbine type
In a volute type of pump, the impeller discharges into a

gradually expanding spiral casing, which is designed to
produce an equal velocity of flow around the
circumference of the impeller and to reduce the velocity
of water as it enters the discharge pipe, thus creating
required pressure head.
• In a turbine type or diffuser type of pump, the impeller is
surrounded by stationary guide vanes which reduce the
velocity of water before the water enters the casing, thus
converting the velocity head into pressure head in the
casing itself.
• The casing surrounding the guide vanes is generally circular

and concentric with the impeller. The velocity of water is
thus more completely converted into pressure head,
resulting in higher efficiency than is possible in a volute
pump.
Single and multistage
pump
• A pump consisting of a single impeller is known as
single stage pump.
• When two or more impellers are arranged and
placed in such a way that the discharge from one
impeller enters the eye of the next impeller is
known as multistage pump. These are useful for
high lifts.
• In case of bore hole pump such as a deep well
turbine pump, used for pumping ground water,
several impellers are installed on a vertical shaft,
which is suspended and rotated from prime mover
motor placed at the ground surface.
• The pump bowls are placed below the well water
level, this type of pump is installed in a well casing
of limited size and the entire assembly has to be of
Submersible
pump
• It is a type of deep well pump, in which driving
motor is placed below the pump bowls within the
well water level.
• The driving shaft is completely eliminated and the
water raises to the surface through riser pipe on
which the assembly is suspended.
• The elimination of the driving shaft from the ground
surface to the pump, reduces the bearing friction,
and provides an unobstructed pipe for the delivery
of water to the surface.
• The well water can be prevented from coming in
contact with the electrical parts or motor bearings,
by enclosing it in oil-filled case with a mercury seal
where the shaft passes through at the top.
Advantages of centrifugal
pump
• Initial cost as well as themaintenance cost are
comparatively low.
• Size is compact and can be installed in limited
space.
• Mechanism is simple, thus skilled labor is not
required for operation and maintenance.
• Can be operated with high speed electric motors, or
gas engines and steam turbines.
• The discharge obtained is steady
• Can be used for water containing silt, sand etc.
• Durable and safe against high pressure.
Limitations of centrifugal
pumps
• Pumps require priming.
• Pump should neither be started with discharge valve
open, so as to avoid overloading, nor should the
discharge valve be kept closed for longer time after
starting the pump, so as to avoid too high pressure.
• Discharge pipe has to be provided with check valve,
to avoid back flow, due to power shutdown with the
discharge valve open
• Discharge varies with the head of water.
Displacement
pumps
• Displacement pumps (positive) work on the principle of
mechanically inducing vacuum in a chamber, and thus
sucking in a certain amount of water, which is then
mechanically displaced and forces out of the chamber.
It includes:
Reciprocating pumps: the simplest type of a
reciprocating pump which is still used is a hand pump.
It consists of a piston or a plunger which reciprocates in a
closed vertical cylinder.
This is moved up and down by hand, on a upstroke, a
vacuum gets created in the cylinder below the piston,
and check valve V1 placed at the base of the pump gets
opened, this withdraws the water into the space below
the piston. At the same time water above the piston is
forced out of the spout.
On the down stroke, the check
Valve v1 gets closed and v2
Gets opened permitting water
to enter cylinder above the .
piston e
On the next upstroke piston
valv v2 closes and water
above the Piston Comes out
of the spout, at the same type
v1opens permitting water to
enter
space above piston.
Advantages of reciprocating
pumps
• Since a definite volume of water is discharged with
every stroke, discharge depends on the speed with
which piston is moved.
• Durable and flexible
• High efficiency is possible, provided the valves and the
packings are in good condition.
Limitations:
• The initial cost of installing such a pump is as high as
four times that of centrifugal pump.
• Occupies large space and need skilled supervision
during operations
• Unsuitable for pumping water containing sediments.
• The single acting reciprocating pumps produce
pulsating flow.
Rotary
pumps
• In a rotary type of displacement pumps rotary motion is used.
The rotary motion is obtained by two cams or two gears
which mesh together and rotate in opposite directions.
• The rotating elements fit the casing closely. The water enters
through the suction pipe and is trapped between the cams /
gears and the casing. As the cams/gears rotate water is
forced through the discharge pipe.
Advantages and
limitations
• Does not require any priming and are self-primed.
• Flow is nearly free from pulsations.
• Simple to construct and easy to repair compared to
the reciprocating pumps.
• Theyareoften used for fireprotection systems for
buildings and for small domestic water systems.
• Initial cost is high.
• Requires frequent replacement of their cams or
gears.
• Water containing sediments are very injurious to
such pumps as the wear and abrasion will destroy
the seal between the cams and the casing.
Factors influencing the selection of
pump
• Capacity of pumps
• Importance of water supply scheme.
• Initial cost of pumping arrangement.
• Maintenance cost
• Space requirements for locating the
pump
• Number of units required
• Total lift of water required
• Quantity of water to be pumped.

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Intake

• An open impeller consists of a hub to which the vanes are

In a volute type of pump, the impeller discharges into a

• The casing surrounding the guide vanes is generally circular

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