The Population of Mirrors: Problems of Similarity Based on a Text by Alain Robbe-

Grillet
Author(s): Jean Ricardou and Phoebe Cohen
Source: October , Spring, 1977, Vol. 3 (Spring, 1977), pp. 35-67
Published by: The MIT Press

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 The Population of Mirrors:
Problems of Similarity Based on a
Text by Alain Robbe-Grillet

JEAN RICARDOU

TRANSLATED BY PHOEBE COHEN

Due to the perfect similarity of their gestures, together w

resemblance in appearance, the two brothers, one of whom
handed, gave the illusion of a single subject reflected by a m
Roussel

Unity cut in two, that is assuredly a strange fact. . . . The spirit of the
16th century was preoccupied by mirrors.
Hugo

Every similarity tends to produce double effects: duplication if it affect

separate entities; division if it concerns a single entity.

I. REDUPLICATION

Let us assume a fictional text. Its external relationships c

two areas: as a text it can be compared to other texts; as fiction it
with 'life itself'.

A. Aspects of the Dominant Ideology

We know that these relationships are subject to intense ideological domina-

tion. It becomes apparent when we realize the extent to which we commonly
conceive of them according to an insistent value system rather than a technical
schema (system, mechanism). Let the relationship of similarity that the text can
have with an external point of comparison be termed (+), and the relationship of
dissimilarity be termed (-). Immediately (Fig. 1) values appear and can be
assigned. As can be seen, the "that depends" dear to Marx is once again
mandatory. The value of a relationship in no way derives in and from itself, but
from its function in the system. There is a good resemblance, that between the text
and 'life'; it goes by the name of authenticity, with its inverse artificiality. There is
a bad resemblance, between the text and other texts; it goes by the name of
banality, with its opposite, originality. A hierarchy of texts can thus be established
on the basis of inter-textual relationship and relationship to life: the best (-,+)

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 36 OCTOBER

Values
Banality Originality
Comparing

Other

texts + +

Life + - -+

Comparing Artificiality

Values Authenticity

Figure 1

original and authentic; the debatable, either (+,+) banal but authentic, or (-,-)
original but artificial; the worst (+,-), banal and artificial.
The objective of this system is clear: to conceal the text. On a first level, every
duplication sets up an assimilation procedure; the agent of duplication tends to be
identified with the object of duplication. The good resemblance, constraining the
text to imitate life, identifies it with life, so that its specificity as text is lost; the bad
resemblance is that which, including the text to duplicate a text, identifies it with a
text, thereby stressing its specificity as a text.
The system continues to dominate, generally unquestioned. We know it
well; it is the ideology of expression (if by 'life' we understand the self) or that of
representation (if by 'life' we understand the world). Present-day thinking in this
area is channelled in a direction which culminated in two celebrated schools of the
19th century: romanticism and realism.

B. Ideological Confrontation
We must remember that domination, for an ideology, means the accomplish-
ment of a totalizing ideal: the invasion of an entire field so that it is concealed and
becomes an absolute, pure and simple common sense. Naming or pinpointing an
ideology already raises an initial question; confronting it with another accom-
plishes a second.
This confrontation, as one can predict, will be even sharper if produced at a
point situated at the extreme limit of either of the two value systems. As we have
seen, the romantic/realistic ideology disqualifies that which is banal as a text and

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 The Population of Mirrors 37

artificial as fiction. Now, isn't that in a

largely advocated? Of course it also r
resemblance of texts is imitation (of the
propriety of distance (in time or space).
However, to imitate is not to repea
assimilation effect does, in a second ph
their imitation of Aesop, the texts
classifiable as Fables; once this assimilation on the level of genre occurs, an
opposing tendency allows differences of execution to be all the more clearly
stressed. Both classical ideology and romantic ideology take equal account of the
dissimilarity of texts. Only their manners are diametrically opposed.
Classical ideology sees the dissimilarity as intertextuality, something of a
comparative nature: intra-canonical difference. The texts are distinguished from
each other within the framework of certain models (genres, forms). Romantic
ideology sees dissimilarity as something of an absolute, originality. Difference is
not presented as comparison. It is hypostasized into an intrinsic quality originat-
ing in a unique source, the author.

C. Ideological Subversion

In their opposition, these two systems therefore deny each other a monopoly
of common sense. However, there subsists a double inequality which forms a trap.
On the one hand, the second system profits from the first since it was established on
the basis of its excesses in criticism. On the other hand, as they are diametrically
opposed, any attack on the second can induce a return to the first. This would, in
fact, maintain the same ideological structure. Neo-classicism is the infantile
disease which threatens all anti-romantic or anti-realist activity. Even Valery, as
we know, was not always innocent of this reactionary deviation, which can be
traced in many others as well, from Gide to Cocteau.'
At every level, therefore, effective questioning of the second system also
assumes a questioning of the first. On the textual level it will reject both the
banality of imitation and the uniqueness of originality. It will oppose any
acceptance of canons and their secondary distinctions; it also rejects the denial of
canons because of supposed relentless pressure. It will lead to transformation of
the canons: new forms, new genres. And, for example, a New Novel.
On the fictional level it will oppose both the pressure of raw experience and
its related opposite, the filtering effect of propriety. Avoiding approved behavior if
necessary, it will structure its stories so as to prevent confusion, in the last analysis,
with life itself.

1. In reference to this, see my "The Impossible M. Texte," in For a Theory of a

New Novel, Paris, Seuil, 1971.

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 38 OCTOBER

D. A Permiss

The dominan
makes one ve
from prohibi
enjoys special
enjoys no auto
is distinct fr
first is inter
similarity d
second is intr
similarity dis
The title is neither another text nor the same text, but an 'onoma-text'; it
forms the name of the text. We can make a distinction between two types of names:
one offered by the language and one proposed by any given user. Insofar as the text
is a new object, no term in the language would seem to suit it; the title is a kind of
neologism. As we know, the neological process is subject to strict constraints. One
can, of course, resort to convention, choosing or inventing a given term as one
wishes and giving it the definition one proposes to recognize. But this procedure
has its defects; for immediate comprehension every reader must know the basis of
the code. Otherwise he will have to deal with an opaque neologism which only
becomes comprehensible in context. To avoid such inconvenience one can
construct a term so that its definition is clearly stated. Thus the intelligent
neologism is one which is immediately intelligible rather than one produced by a
specialist.
If the title presents a neologism, it will only fully become the name of the
text after the text is read, when the pact linking the term to its definition is entirely
concluded. For the title to offer the name of the text from the outset, it must
become an intelligent neologism, incorporating its definition within itself.
However, since the title uses an appreciably smaller number of words than the
text, this incorporation will be a reduction; what the title displays as the name of a
text is a resume of its definition.
Title, resume, and definition can all be included in the group which escapes
the rules of both inter-text and intra-text. Like the title, the resume and the
definition enjoy no autonomy and can be differentiated. They belong to a category
which must be named the epi-text; the text on the text. The meta-text is written on
the text for operational, analytic goals; the epi-text is written on the text for
representative, synthetic goals. The epi-text therefore belongs to a larger class, the
synonymic, in which established thought allows the only lawful substitutions. As
we know, the synonymic permits a basic operation, translation. This can be
subdivided, according to the case. If it is inter-linguistic-from one's own
language into another or vice-versa-translation assumes that the essential
semantic traits of a text can be transposed into another language without basic

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The Population of Mirrors 39

alteration. If it is intra-linguistic-
essential semantic traits of a text can
damage. If it is pseudo-linguistic-e
assumes that supposed semantic trait
world can be expressed by language w
to translate a landscape. As we know,
largely unexpressed: the relationship
signifiers and the correspondent emerg
In short, it cannot conceive of an
arrangement of the text.
According to the case, the tactics
situation. Sometimes (I, ABC) interte
is frantically pursued. But the strate
Insofar as the title allows synonymic
arrangements, it is subject to Mal
completely obliterates the text.

E. Subversion of the Title

To illuminate the text is therefor

dissimulation is always a double op
the other, dissimulation of this dissim
the gesture of hiding it. In the same
concealing that which is not summa
ment by the conspicuous accord of sy
the title, the text must bring to ligh
must also establish a counterattack in
against its title.
But how can the text turn against i
another area. We have assumed th
semantic effects. These are of two kind
differentiate themselves from it, an
dominant ideology always favors the
expressive, to which so many basical
dedicated. The second kind belongs t
the ironic. For example, we are aware
expressive alliteration where the lite
by the statement itself, such as "pou
Tetes" and "et fait Raler d'hoRReuR
the persistent attention accorded to
sur ses longs pieds, allait, je ne sais o
cou." In this phrase, one of the most
French literature is assembled in conn

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 40 OCTOBER

length severa
some reader
prolonging s
textual phen
involve oppo
the text; iron
Insofar as th
monosemic u
short, synony
From the text to the title, the text is considered to be reducible, it can be
summarized. From the title to the text, the title is considered to be extensible; it can
be paraphrased. We can thus see more clearly the effect that the text can have on
the title. If the title tends to unify the text, the text tends to diversify the title, to
'explode' it by subjecting it to a multiplicity of definitions.

F. Subversion Procedures

The text can achieve this multiplication of the title by playing on similar
(+) or its opposite (-). (Fig. 2) Since the most convenient way to abolish the te
to insist on its referential dimension, oriented to 'life itself' we can predict
this dimension must be adequately designated by the tyrannical title. (a) In m

Dimensions

Similitude

Literal Referential

b c

dd

e e

Sg I

Figure 2

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The Population of Mirrors 41

cases this happens; any example would

enhances the text by stressing aspec
detriment. (b) Let a poet title a book
conditioned reader feels an incontest
and curiously attributed by a commo
modesty of the author.
In other cases (c) the title seems to
referential dimension of the text. B
doubt on the fundamental character
text occurs, for example, with situati
and the title as litotes. With the hyp
given subject than it contains. Sala
example, but the daughter of Hamilc
than the title would seem to indicate
diminish her importance relative to t
pedestal is too big for the statue."
obviously going to be the principal ch
the novel, using a kind of narrative
creating doubts in the reader's mind.
Emma's, it is Charbovari's. And th
authority of a thundering opening
undertaken to practice what we preac
study, we have not yet dealt with an
pages of this text so far. With the ti
promises. Erasers are undoubtedly in
know, Robbe-Grillet constructs a com
As we have seen, the text can also
several possible definitions for it (dd)
title is a machine for effacing its text,
title. In Jealousy, we find the emotio
of an intensity which is always imp
that louvred blind called a jalousie. F
designate an aspect of the literal dim
calls attention to the general plan of
'erased' through the partially textual
Claude Simon's Battle of Pharsalia
recognize an aspect of the text's func
of the literal dimension does not hav
the referential dimension: Les cha
Laurids Brigge, Manuscript Found
With Jealousy and The Battle of P
title is implicitly divided: blind pass
ing. With the litotes of Erasers, the t

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 42 OCTOBER

subtitle: attem
La route des F
description of
become explic
The subtitle
aspect of the
referential di
explicit) stres
should therefo
itself by pres
referential di
Trip (logos-t
therefore, spl
hierarchy wh
two antagoni
different title
cover, La pris
itself subdivid
constellation,
balanced again
dimension: La
These proced
creating decisiv
text leads to t
the point of u
kind of title m
becomes the u
title is real. H
in the case of
the more diff
other. As the
can say that I
alternately.
This suspicious use of excess is not the only way to subvert the title. Absence
is another easily conceived method. Subversion by excess is essentially based on
traditional metaphor; it weaves a multiple relationship of similarity between text
and title. Subversion by absence, on the other hand, is based on the surrealist
metaphor and it establishes a relationship of difference between the title and the
text. This relationship can involve the referential dimension. For example, Boris
Vian's Autumn in Peking takes place neither in autumn nor in Peking. The literal
dimension may also be affected. Les poisies of Isidore Ducasse hardly correspond
to what is commonly called poetry. The title becomes the anti-name of the text.
Of course, this metaphorical alternative is not the only one. To avoid it, a

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 The Population of Mirrors 43

part of the text can be used as the tit

(incipit) or terminal (excipit) quotati
cases already considered: euphemism,
we purely and simply want to abolish
be presented, most often the incipit
events.

Emptying the space of the title means offering up that space for
return of a title in full. A final temptation is then strong: to permit this
occupied in some way by a void, that of a pure numerical order. One
three, or four would thus be used from one work to another, one p
passing from the full unity designated by name to the empty unity d
number, one escapes Charybdis and falls into Scylla. As we have seen,
of unity can undergo a certain elaboration: difficult fragmentary cr
equivocal multivalence. But the void of unity is out of reach. It wou
appear for the moment as if immense ideological forces were opposed
between the text and its name. The work of diversification can only
clandestinely: under the mask, the assurance, the impression of unity

II. DUPLICATIONS

The first title of Snapshots aggressively assumes this unifyin

Reflected Visions" does not subsume the diversity of only one und
unifies three separate texts under that title: "The Dressmaker's D
Replacement," and "The Wrong Direction."

A. Paradoxical Duplication
But actually it does too much. If this title excessively obeys th
dominant ideology, it does so, paradoxically, the better to violate
remember that from this point of view there are two duplication
one which associates text and title, and the detestable one which
another text. In this case, the overall title groups three permissib
those linking the title to each of the three texts. It thereby assim
texts, producing three illegitimate duplications: those which
different texts two by two. Once again, but in another way, it is t
procedure in a particular text rather than the procedure itself, wh
ideologically. The better the orthodox similarity between the ma
three texts is assured, the more the heretical similarity of the th
each other will be strengthened.
Moreover, this function itself can only be judged in relation to

* In all the passages that follow, the page references are to: Alain Robbe-Gril
Bruce Morrissette, New York, Grove Press, 1968.

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 44 OCTOBER

can interject i
title. We have
be called infin
object, which
more the objec
to turn to the
of vision is a
highly favore
object, which
his descriptio
titling his de
description is
dissimulation
called vision-
assimilating th
ideology.

B. Referential Duplications

Nevertheless, since reflected visions are involved, the ideological conformity

of the three texts to the main title leads in fact to a double counter-ideological
action. On the one hand, as Roussel would say, it composes a single subject out of
related elements. As we have seen, it tends to that which should remain separate,
by stressing the duplication of the three different texts. On the other hand, as
Hugo would say, it cuts unity in two. As we shall see, it tends to separate that
which should remain unified by producing division in each text.
There are two ways of breaking the internal unity of the text. One operates
by diversification; its agent is difference, its effect is disjunction. But if this internal
diversity remains contained by the unity of the text, as happens, it continues to be
reducible. It is at the mercy of an obscurantist counter-attack which makes the text
as a whole appear to duplicate the diverse abundance of 'life itself'. The other way
uses division: its agent is similarity, its effect is subdivision. Since it remains
contained by the unity of the text, this internal split is irreducible. It escapes from
all obscurantist counter-attacks, because the unrealistic excess of accumulated
resemblances prevents the text from passing for a duplication of 'life itself'.
We believe that in the 'visions', reflection (calculation) multiplies many types
of reflections (duplications, divisions) which can call unity into question by the
constant action of new splits. A rapid reading is promising and disappointing in
this connection. It is promising because the first text contains mirrors, and the
third a reflecting pool:

2. The New Novel, Paris, Seuil, 1973.

3. "Roussellian Activity," in For a Theory of a New Novel.

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 The Population of Mirrors 45

Behind the table the space abo

rectangular mirror in which may b
half) and, on the left (that is, on
reflection of the wardrobe with its
The hatching of the sun's rays ov
through the picture with brighter
ular to the reflected tree trunks; (

It is disappointing because the secon

reflection it is clear that the prom
reassuring. Actually, the mirrors are
increase the possibilities of similarity,
the point of view of 'real life', which
multiplicity of resemblance. With o
which splits the unity of the text
similarity--which tends to make the te
being a disappointment then, the lack
of less dangerously conspicuous divi
However, the absence of a mirror c
any one of the three texts. We must th
the second text.
But first, limiting ourselves for the moment to the first and third texts, we
find many similarities. To begin with, the title of the first is sufficiently explicit.
"The Dressmaker's Dummy" is a substitute image of the body. The work thus
offers images in the second degree: the reflection (in the mirror) of a reflection (the
dummy); or again, the reflection (in shadow on the coffee-pot) of a reflection (the
dummy). There are also images in the third degree: the reflection (in the mirror) of
the reflection (in the wardrobe mirror) of a reflection (the dummy).

In the spherical surface of the coffeepot is a shiny, distorted reflection of

the window, a sort of four-sided figure whose sides form the arcs of a
circle. The line of the wooden uprights between the two window
sections widens abruptly at the bottom into a vague spot. This is, no
doubt, the shadow of the dressmaker's dummy. (p. 5)
In the mirror above the mantel may be seen two other dressmak-
er's dummies: one in front of the first window section, the narrowest, at
the far left, and the other in front of the third section (the one farthest to
the right. (p. 4)

Moreover, the source of the reflections, "the mirrored wardrobe had been
placed in its position to help with the fittings" (p. 5), which are operations
producing approximate images of clothes to come, themselves images of the body.

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 46 OCTOBER

Or again, the
sphere of the

It is a four-l
in red and gr
a protective
unrecogniza
sphere . . . ve

Along the sa
which have d
junction with

Within a han
branches join
(p. 14)

Nevertheless, there are fewer clandestine reflections in the referential dimension

within this third text than in the first. This too deserves explanation.

C. Literal Duplications through Similarity

The reflection in these two texts thus extends far beyond simple optical
conditions. Now we must watch closely. This excess is no chance event. It forms
the fourth stage in a process of creating resemblances which tends to become
systematic. First phase: similarity in the main title, marked by the phrase
"reflected visions." Second phase: similarity between the main title and the texts.
Third phase: these two similarities give rise to similarities in the two works
through optical reflections. Fourth phase: from optical similarities we pass, by
similarity, to subtle similarity. From which a fifth phase results: similarity of the
subtitles to the texts. And a sixth: similarity of the main title to the subtitles.
As we can see, this process, with its duplications and divisions, is confined to
a single sphere, the referential dimension of the work. But its systematic character
impels us to scrutinize the literal dimension. As well, we must ask whether there is
a relationship of similarity between the literal and referential dimensions which
produces literal reflections.
Literal reflections can be produced in two ways: either by similarity or by
position. Obviously, the two effects are additive. So much so that, between the
minimum and the maximum, different instances obey the formula M = S + P/2,
which can be represented by means of an elementary diagram:
Literal similarity has an immense number of spheres. It can involve the
numerical; in this instance, a quantitative correspondence connects the main title
with the three texts it subsumes. The three words which form the main title are
arranged in a calculated syllabic order: Trois (one) visions (two) ryflUchies (three).

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 The Population of Mirrors 47

Maximum ---- "similitude

Mean/ placing

Minimum J _mirroring
Figure 3

Of course the extension of the system demands that this literal reduplication
be accompanied by literal duplications. Several literal similarities can be found in
the body of the texts, often reinforced by the proximity of their positions. In
paragraph four of "The Dressmaker's Dummy," on the pretext of supplementary
details, there is an exact and apparently redundant repetition of the vocabulary
used in the preceeding lines:

The coffeepot is on the table. It is a four-legged round table, covered

with a waxy oilcloth ... In the center, a square ceramic tile serves as a
protective.base; its design is entirely hidden, or at least made unrecog-
nizable by the coffeeppt placed upon it ... There is nothing on the
table except the waxy tablecloth, the ceramic base, and the coffeepot.
(p. 3)

Or again, in paragraph seven, we find the hilarious profusion of the same

terms, without the slightest attempt at synonymy. Moreover, on the word-by-word
level, the phenomenon is reinforced by a syllabic similarity: miroir (mirror),
aperpoit (perceives), voit (sees), fois (time), endroit (place).
This eruption of sound may perhaps be considered both arbitrary and
fortuitous. We must therefore notice that the syllable OI is common to two major
aspects of the functioning of the whole (the trOls of the triade; the mirOIr of the
reflection). It also undeniably bursts forth in the following paragraph:

Il y a ainsi au-dessus de la cheminee trOls mOIties de fenetre qui

se succ'dent presque sans solution de continuitk, et qui sont respective-
ment (de gauche a drOIte): une mOItie gauche a l'endrOIt, une mOItie
drOIte a l'endrOIt. Comme l'armOIre est juste dans l'angle de la piece
et s'avance jusqu'au bord de la fenetre, les deux mOIties de celle-ci se
trouvent seulement separbes par un &trOIt montant d'armOIre qui

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 48 OCTOBER

pourrait etr
battant gauc
vantaux lais

[Thus there
one after ano
in turn, (fro
section unre
stands in the
window, the
by a narrow
separating t
the left side
sections ... g

As we noted
relatively uno
absence of an
terms. But the
presence of a

Le sol est n
d')trOItes bandes lumineuses ... dans l'eau nOIre ... tout le mirOIr
... comme vOIl'e par l'clairage ... sur la drOIte ... il dOIt faire un
pas ... il apergOIt alors ... les arbres qu'il a devant sOI ... ou bien
s'apergOIt-il ... a travers bOIs .. . les filts drOIts et lisses ... l'image
trongonn'e des colonnes, inverse et nOIre.

[The earth is black . .. the trunks high and straight . . . in this

part ... narrow luminous bands ... in the black water ... the surface
of the mirror . .. as if ... veiled by intense lighting . .. on the right ...
he has to step . . he then perceives . .. the tree directly in front of him
... or does he, only now, observe ... through the woods ... the
straight, smooth tree trunks ... the sectioned reflections of the columns,
upside down and black ...]

D. Literal Duplications by Adjustment of Positions

The above-mentioned formula which makes reflection an equal function of

similarity and position is acceptable only in theory. In practice, the effectiveness of
position is less clear. This is because, insofar as it accentuates the materiality of the
text, literal space is obliterated by dominant ideology-producing undeniable
blindness in the reader. Literal position is primarily viewed as contributing to the

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 The Population of Mirrors 49

action of similarity. This reinforcement

particularly apparent in the case of prox
perceptible in the case of strict arrangem
Metric poetry, certainly more than pr
space. In fact, poetry often arranges lite
syllable can be located by a pair of coord
(verse), and an ordinate (the number o
confine ourselves to the simplest aspects
omega of the lines there is traditiona
subjected to similarity. At the alpha
similarity--there is the column of acros
innumerable refinements. For exampl
Harmonie du soir correspond to the end
exactly in syllables three and four of th
makes the beginning and end of Le do
placed in the third and fourth syllables o

Syllables
Verse 3/4 3/4

First Voici VENIR les temps C'est un TROU DE verdure

Last Ton souVENIR en moi II a DEUX TROUS rouges

Figure 4
These elementary observations of literal topology can be explained in two
ways. First of all, the arrangement of the Baudelarian pantoum, this final
"souvenir" incarnating the preceding waltz of dispersed elements, is the installa-
tion of the schema obtained by the phonetico-semantic analysis of the word "sou-
venir": that which comes under. According to the theory of literary creation
outlined elsewhere,4 we would say that "souvenir" is a generator-organizer of the
text. We may note in passing that the same system is seen in the other poem: the
arrangement of the Rimbaud sonnet, this final death following so much presumed
life, lays out the schema obtained from the phonetic-semantic analysis of the word
"dor-meur"-he who sleeps, he who is dead. From the crossed correspondence
trou de/deux trous, we understand why the young soldier has "deux troux rouges
au cote droit," and not one, or three, or five, or six or seven, or eight, nine or ten,
etc. as the meter would allow.
If the capacities of this ordered literal space are specific to a certain form o
4. See, for example "The Battle of the Phrase," in For a Theory of a New Novel," and "Birth of
Fiction," in The New Novel: Yesterday, Today 10/18, Vol. 2.

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 50 OCTOBER

poetry, writ
flows in an u
either by var
by different i
simplest spat
extreme ends.
totality of ex
Among man
are, as we kn
Constantinop
of "The Dres
opens with th

The coffeepo
out because o

Through the
inversion of
the entire sur
we notice a si
means and ex
One of the fir
second; one of
second:

The coffeepot is on the table. It is a four-legged round table,

covered with a waxy oilcloth . .. or at least made unrecognizable, by the
coffeepot placed upon it. (p. 3)

Certain readers, their scepticism sustained by dominant ideology, might ask

for a profusion of examples at this point. We will offer two more, since they
concern another type of unity. We have noted that fragments of the text can be
sentences (separated by periods) or clauses of sentences (separated by semicolons).
One sentence in the third paragraph, showing an elaborate play of similarity and
symmetry, offers a statement worthy of Lichtenberg. Again, one of the first words
of the first clause becomes one of the last words of the second clause, and one of the
last words of the first clause becomes one of the first of the second:

The handle has, perhaps, the shape of an ear, or rather of the outer fold
of an ear; but it would be a misshapen ear, too circular and lacking a
lobe, which would thus resemble a "pitcher handle." (p. 3)

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 The Population of Mirrors 51

In the sixth paragraph, the excipit o

incipit of the next one in reverse order fo
order on the basis of symmetry.
Behind the table, the space above the
mirror in which may be seen ... the r
robe. In the wardrobe mirror the wi

The first two paragraphs and the sent

hand, are linked by a similarity with the t
to put it another way, the former refle
can, at least provisionally call a literal i
We can predict that in The Wrong Di
same order, but less elaborate and more
the text thus contain the same idea of
... sans profondeur," of the beginning
of the end.

The rainwater has accumulated in the hollow of a shallow (sans

profondeur) depression, forming a wide pond ... Opposite, the
straight, smooth tree trunks are still reflected in the unwrinkled (sans
rides) water, perpendicular to the rays of the sunset. Deep in the
shadowed zones shine the sectioned reflections of the columns, upside
down and black, washed miraculously clean.

In the same way, the beginning and end of the first paragraph contain
similarities that are less obtrusive. The sky, by which it ends, can already be
clandestinely read in the "rainwater" by which it begins.
The rainwater has accumulated . .. the bare branches stand out sharply
against the sky.

E. The Cross of Auto-Representation

Since similarity leads to impressions of representation, two kinds are

possible. With reduplication, the text tends to represent something else besides
itself. With duplication, the text tends towards auto-representation. Insofar as
fiction has both a literal and referential dimension, there are four principal types
of auto-representation. If L and L1, and R and R1 respectively correspond to two
passages considered both on the literal and referential level, we can easily design a
figure which we shall call the cross of auto-representation. (Fig. 5)
With vertical, descending auto-representation, certain aspects of the literal
dimension of the work are modeled on certain characteristics of the referential

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 52 OCTOBER

dimension; th
We presented
point of view
internal repre
ignoring it th
the outcome
With vertica
tial dimension
story is subor
We have not
conformed to
With horizo
referential di
part of the r
'productive'.
elsewhere we
With horizo
dimension of
rest: writing
instances of l
problem on t
The question
referential au
But distingui
times poses th
for separation
shower of Rs
appear as a r
expressive al
presenting su
R, S, T, U, et
drums thunde
terms of the
tions. Or aga
referential se
Orientation can be debatable, however, even indeterminable. In IIB,C, we

5. In Problems of the New Novel (particularly pp. 12-15, 54-55, 68, 82, 140, 150, 157, 190, 201-207),
and For a Theory of a New Novel (particularly pp. 37, 56-58, 67, 102-109, 155-156, 158, 228). Among
recent useful publications is "Etymologie et Ethymologia," by Pierre Guiraud in Pobtique, no. 11.
6. "Story within a Story," in Problems of the New Novel; and "The Regressive Tale (Le Rtcit
abyme)," in The New Novel.
7. Syntactical domain: "The Derived Enigma," in For a Theory of a New Novel; lexical domain:
"The Battle of the Phrase," in the same book and "Elements of a Theory of Generators," in the
collective work Art and Science: On Creativity, UGE 10/18, 1972.

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The Population of Mirrors 53

Auto-representation
horizontal and
literal:
productive

Auto-representation Auto-representation
vertical and L L' vertical and
descending: ascending:
expressive R productive R R'

\ II/

Auto-re
"--* horiz
referential:
productive

Figure 5

pointed out referential and literal similarity in "The Dressmaker's Dummy" and
"The Wrong Direction." The result was similarity between the two dimensions.
Which one, then represents the other? Nothing in the texts themselves gives
evidence of one dominant orientation; the principle of similarity seems to be
equally divided between both of the works' dimensions. The choice of one
orientation rather than another will therefore be strictly ideological. Those who
think in terms of expression will emphasize the impact of the referential dimen-
sion, while those who think in terms of production will stress that of the literal
dimension. The situation is in fact more serious. The auto-representative orienta-
tion can be unbalanced by two mechanisms; one is conditioned reading, the other,
the rhetoric of the exposi. We have presented this problem in a traditional
manner-first the referential dimension (IIB), then, on that basis going on to the
literal dimension (IIC). Because of this mode of presentation we fallaciously
reinforced the impact of the first to the detriment of the second. There is no neutral
study of the text. We choose to begin with one aspect. Supported by this
supposedly solid base, the rest will be understood as the set of secondary
refinements of an easily excessive subtlety-unless preparation is made for a
change of view.
The question of displacement remains. For reasons of simplicity we have
presented only horizontal and vertical auto-representations. But we must also take
into account certain displaced relationships which induce oblique auto-
representations. (Fig. 6) Without bothering with minor details, we will point out

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 54 OCTOBER

L L'

R' R

Figure 6

the four instances: anticipatory (R1-L) or retrospective (R-L) oblique expressive

auto-representations and anticipatory (L-R) and retrospective ('-R') oblique
productive auto-representations.
We must also consider the question of ideological reaction to the auto-
representations. The vertical and horizontal spheres are basically different in
nature. The vertical area is inter-dimensional; the unity of the text, though
heterogeneous, is disturbed by the internal cleavage of the two dimensions. The
vertical duplications of the text should therefore more precisely be called internal
reduplications. The horizontal domain is intra-dimensional; the unity of the text,
at every level, remains homogeneous. The horizontal duplications are therefore, in
fact, partial duplications.
Contrary to what might perhaps be expected, ideological reaction to auto-
representations does not conform to this important sub-category. The most
favored will obviously be those in which the referential dimension dominates, the
least acceptable will be those in which the literal dimension dominates. Expressive
auto-representation is admired most, then the descending order of appreciation
follows the trajectory of the dotted arrows in Figure 5, where, as we see, the two
preceding spheres are in' alternation. The dominant ideology favors a triple
reduplication. The text must reduplicate the world; the referential dimension is to
the literal dimension as the world is to the text and therefore, finally, the literal
dimension must reduplicate the referential dimension. Because of this central
proportion, the term expressive is sometimes used to indicate correspondence
between what is to be said and the text which says it, and sometimes between what
is said and the manner of saying it. We are stagnating in the realm of right-
thinking.
Being intra-dimensional, horizontal, referential auto-representation does not
call this relationship into question. Its effect is to dispute the similarity between
the referential dimension of the work and the referent. Causing an inopportune
multiplication of excessive similarities within the referential dimension, it breaks
down its possible similarity with the referent accordingly. For a certain realist way
of thinking, we are verging on the improbable.
Being inter-dimensional, vertical, productive auto-representation inverts the
common sense of the expressive. But, as we have just pointed out, the dominant

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 The Population of Mirrors 55

ideology uses the system of the three

which are respectively reduplicated by
the four terms. Caught in this system
referential dimension modeled on the
impelled to believe that the world is
obscure, tenacious resistance. To a cert
verging on the impossible. But the
solution. The three duplications are inv
terms conceive of the world as the ef
beginning was the word," "all is writ
With realism of expression and repre
modeled on the world. With the myst
text, as the referential dimension is m
case the functioning of the text is ded
world and the text. In the second, the
is deduced from a certain functioning of
value upon the writer, who analogical
certain capacities of his own work. Th
effaced as such. But the valorization is
of the basic metaphor; like the divinity,
repetition of the world-as demanded by the doctrine of expression/
representation-and the invention of the world-as claimed by the doctrine
of creation-are based on the same fundamental proportion. They are two relate
inversions of the same ideology, the dominant ideology, which avoids considera
tion of the way in which the world can be transformed by the work of the text.
Although intra-dimensional, horizontal, literal auto-representation para-
doxically calls the relationship between the two dimensions into question
Nothing in fact can affect the literal dimension without reflecting back in one way
or another on the fictional structure, and in the end affecting its referential
dimensions. By multiplying the similarities between different aspects of the liter
dimension, horizontal, literal auto-representation establishes incontrovertible
connections between fictional elements which could not have such connections on
the referential level. To a certain realistic way of thinking, we are verging on the
inconceivable.

III. THE SYSTEM

As we have shown, "The Dressmaker's Dummy" and "T

tion" each contain literal and referential similarities which div
fore these two texts are placed, with respect to each other, in
similarity which is conducive to mutual reduplication.

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 56 OCTOBER

Epi-text

+ +

Text 1 - Text 2

Inter-
text

Figure 7

A. Internal Reduplication
The stratification of ideologically contradictory phenomena outlined above
(IIA) can thus be confirmed and must now be spelled out. When an overall title is
used to subsume the diversity of a collection of separate texts, a contradictory
arrangement is of necessity established. Its simplest form is easy to draw. (Fig. 7)
On the one hand, there must, under penalty of unlawful reduplication, be a
relationship of difference (-) between one text and another. On the other hand,
there must, under penalty of unauthorized disagreement, be a relationship of
similarity (+) between each text and the overall title.
A system is thus installed which could be called a 'system of disobedient zeal'.
This kind of amicable disagreement can take two forms: complete differentiation
or generalized assimilation. In the first case, conventional intertextual differentia-
tion is carried to its maximum, to the obvious detriment of the agreement between
the texts and the epi-text: the three boxes of the figure are marked by the sign (-).
In the second case, the conventional agreement between the texts and the epi-text
is carried to the extreme, to the obvious detriment of intertextual differentiation:
the three boxes of the figure are marked by the sign (+).
It is clear that this last procedure is at work in our text. The two texts tend to
resemble each other. There is an abstract resemblance between them since a second
degree is involved: a similarity by similarity, or more exactly, a reduplication of
duplications. To strengthen this hypothesis, we must also find concrete similari-
ties of the first degree. There is ample evidence of such similarities, both on the
level of descriptive aspects and in the general configuration of the 'narrative'
(Fig. 8).
We may note in this connection that "The Dressmaker's Dummy" deals with
an 'empty' condition of being lost, unrelated to any directly designated protagon-
ist. This leads to an intensive development of deceptive space, in its referential
dimension (a double reflection) as well as in its literal dimension (a concerted

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 The Population of Mirrors 57

Texts
The Dressmaker's Dummy The Wrong Direction
Levels

"Round table"
"cylindrical filter" "Circular... bond"
"brown earthenware" "perfect cylinders"
"leafless trees" "brownish color"
Descriptive rest
"the "the resshiny"
is (....) .) shiny "bare
"oilcloth patterned in squares" "shie as if var
branc
Transparency of the a checkered appear
windowpane Transparency of the p

Being lost in a Being lost in a

labyrinth labyrinth
Diegetic Reassuring exit from the Reassuring exit from the
labyrinth labyrinth

Figure 8

repetition of sounds and terms). As in Jealousy, there is also an 'empty' exit,

signaled by indicators, which in this case are comforting:

The room is quite bright, since the window is unusually wide, even
though it only has two sections. A good smell of hot coffee rises from
the pot on the table. The dressmaker's dummy is no longer in its
accustomed spot: it is normally placed in the corner by the window,
opposite the mirrored wardrobe. The wardrobe has been placed in its
position to help with the fittings. The design on the ceramic tile base is
the picture of an owl, with two large, somewhat frightening eyes. But
for the moment, it cannot be made out because of the coffeepot. (p. 5)

In "The Wrong Direction" the condition of being lost is filled. A character

arrives at the edge of the shimmering water and stops. This results in a lesser
development of a fallacious spatiality, both in its referential dimension (a single
reflection) and in its literal dimension (less stress on the same sounds and terms).
Likewise there is a 'full' exit, which results in a direct narration of the departure in
a neutral tone, free of all emotional indicators:

This was, then, the end of his walk. Or does he, only now, observe that
he has gone in the wrong direction? After a few hesitant glances
around, he turns back to the east through the woods, again walking
silently, following the path that he had taken to reach this spot. (p. 15)

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 58 OCTOBER

Epi-text

+ +

Intra- t
text

Text

Figure 9

The reduplication of each other by the first and last texts is thus amply
confirmed. We should, however, note that, due to a paradox which is generated by
the system's structure, the reduplication is internal. It is reduplication since it
concerns two separate texts. It is internal since these texts belong to a totality
postulated by the general epi-text: the main title.
If the paradox erupts with the collective title, it is relatively contained with
the individual title. The problem can in fact be drawn another way. (Fig. 9) It is
clear that two sequences (tl and t2) can maintain relationships of difference with
each other, while the text which contains them can be easily subsumed in its
entirety by the epi-text-assuming the text and the epi-text maintain a relation-
ship of similarity. As we know, this kind of text conforms to the dominant
ideology, since it avoids unacceptable duplication and carries out recommended
reduplication. To confine ourselves to the referential dimension, we can predict
which arrangements can contest this functioning. (Fig. 10)
In the first instance (10-a), there is multiplication of those sequences having
similarity to each other in conformance with the directives supplied by the epi-text
to the text as a whole. In a sense, The Observatory at Cannes only presents an

+ +I

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 10

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 The Population of Mirrors 59

incessant series of varied undressings (wo

bled into the unity of the constantly repeat
noted, immediately divides into recipro
way, but somewhat differently, reflecting
(present and full). We have, in short, th
dd).
In the second instance (10-b) there is multiplication of sequences differing
from each other within a totality which does not itself conform to the directives
offered by the epi-text. This is the case (IF and Fig. 2, f) in Boris Vian's Autumn
in Peking.
In the last and most daring instance (10-c), there is multiplication of
sequences similar to each other, but in which similarity does not conform to the
directives supplied by the epi-text to the text as a whole. This would have been the
case had we entitled the text of our The Observatory at Cannes: The Mist of the
Thames.

B. The Structural Mirror

Until now we have considered only the first and last texts, because we fir
had to lay down the characteristics which could make the function of the cen
text intelligible. This may now be stated as follows: "The Replacement" plays t
role of a structural mirror of the whole. For this to be the case, the text m
occupy the symmetrical center of the whole-as indeed it does. The first and
texts must also be reflected in it. A demonstration of the way in which this oc
will be proposed below. Finally, for those who might continue to have doubts,
must add an additional proof.
The referential dimension presents many duplications through similarit
We have seen that "The Replacement" does not use optical reflections, but rath
multiplies elaborate similarities. Four such groups can be distinguished: char
ters, objects, actions, situations. Among the double (or multiple) characters w
must first indicate the title character, the replacement. This substitute, like t
dummy, is in some way the image of the teacher he replaces. Moreover, he i
teaching assistant (rkpetiteur). The student also forms an image of the teacher
time, and the pupils, in the same way, offer a multiple image of the student. In
way, the white paper puppet represents each one of the characters joined toget
and the text being read deals with two brothers. Among the double (or multip
objects, we must note several plurals which duplicate the similar or the same

The same voice ... that gave each word equal emphasis... The other
pupils ... returned to their books . . . The faces remained dutifully
leaning over the desks . . . But the bottom panes were of frosted glass
... on the window panes.

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 60 OCTOBER

However, it
obsessive insi
After several
he took up
reading ... t
schoolboy pe
ously stated
the passage i
the two brot
not translate
"Yes, sir," th
repeated ...
nodded sligh
for us the w
starts ... Th
... "We will
Philippe an
classroom lo
white paper

But the actio

collective:

Most of the pupils were looking up ... The faces were all lowered
silently ... The other pupils, already raising their eyes . .. immediately
returned to their books ... the two brothers slid down. "For the benefit
of your friends who may not have understood" ... The pupils had all
raised their heads and were silently staring ... The whole class, as one,
leaned over the desks ... But Philippe and his followers were not of
this opinion ... If the majority of the Diet ... were to renounce in this
manner ... The pupils looked at the teacher, then at the windows ...
Soon all eyes were again fixed on the white paper cutout of a man.

Finally, several double situations are indicated in "The Replacement" by a

strategy of ubiquity: the alibi. The alibi aims to give the impression that someone
is in one place when in fact he is in another. It tries to make a simple image of
oneself pass for oneself-as with the two brothers in the story of the conspiracy of
Philippe of Coburg. They are really in the city, "Only they wanted to go elsewhere
and make people think they were still there." We have the pupils who pretend to
pay attention to the text, but observe the white paper puppet on the wall. We also
have the teacher who feigns concentration on the text, but watches the maneuvers
of the student.

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The Population of Mirrors 61

The literal dimension contains dup

They are produced by both the repetitio
certain sounds. Several words are stres
synonyms for them. Throughout the text
the student and the ripetiteur is called
presence of the OI sound, especially in the
instances of: fois, droite, fois, croire,
droite, croie, croire, croire, noire, fois,

student p puppet
I /

Inaccessible white
eaves, paper,
invisible to ' invisible to
the students ,7' the teacher

S" (secondary axis of

- .\ symmetry)

students teacher

same book, same book,

same page, same page,
same reading same reading,
same glance same glance
elsewhere. elsewhere.

(main axis of
symmetry)

FACING EACH OTHER

Figure 11

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 62 OCTOBER

However, at t
disappointmen
Replacement"
to the other
excipit. Its fir
"Soon all eyes
this is due to a
the referenti
position.
Teachers and students are actually caught in a symmetrical face-to-face
position which associates similar elements. Both are seated at desks, in front of
identical books open to the same page. They are reading the same passage in the
same distracted manner, and they raise their eyes identically to observe similar
sights: the student at the foot of the tree, the white paper puppet. Linked in the
same manner to the same symmetrical system, this student and this puppet are
placed in symmetry. As a result, several similarities between them appear. The
student stands on tiptoes, the puppet is hung up on the wall; both are only visible
diagonally; one tries to touch a virgin (untouched) leaf, the other is made of a
virgin leaf (white paper). The entire space is therefore divided along the fold of the
vertical axis by a reflection without a mirror. Contrary to the suggestion of an
initial reading, then, the inicpit and excipit of "The Replacement" symmetrically
arrange similar and symmetrical elements in the referential dimension: the initial
student, the terminal white paper puppet.

C. Chiasmic Compensation
For those who may remain in doubt that the central text plays the role of a
structural mirror, we must, as has been said, offer additional proof. "The
Replacement" is the mirror in the totality of the system because it lacks optical
mirrors itself. All disequilibrium in this totality tends to be restrained by the
operation of a universal law, crossed compensation or double inversion, of the
form a/B = A/b.
This process is easily discerned in the first and last texts. In "The Dressmak-
er's Dummy," we saw an 'empty' phenomenon: the absence of a character to go
with the condition of being lost in a labyrinth which finally offers a way out. This
relative deficiency is compensated for on the literal plane by the profusion of
alarming and disturbing repetitions, and on the referential plane, by the abun-
dance of reassuring indications at the end. We saw the same phenomenon in "The
Wrong Direction" but in its fullness: a visible person lost in a labyrinth which
finally offers a way out. This strong presence is restrained, on the referential plane,
by the emotional neutrality of the scene and, on the literal plane, by the less active
use of division.

The relative paucity of duplications in the third text can be explained, as we

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 The Population of Mirrors 63

implied, by the term-for-term relations

we noted, the main title contains three w
which corresponds to three, and the sec
the compensation of a profusion of dou
idea of the double itself-reflected-is
respect.
In the same way, the first and last
structural mirror to the whole, each co
surface: an optical mirror. In contrast th
structural mirror, is obviously lacking
with a space arranged to mirror with
subtle, case of vertical productive auto-
of the text, intended for inscription on
worked out to offer a reverse represen
mirrors. The inverse holds true for the first and last texts. But in fact these three
ironic auto-representations participate in a general system of compensation which
repeats each inversion in a broader symmetry.
As we can predict, the textual system multiplies these arrangements, undeni-
ably conjoined, by the joint action of the literal and referential dimensions.
Without venturing an exhaustive analysis, we can nevertheless point out three
very distinct examples. (Fig. 11) At the beginning of the central text there is a stress
on silence. "The schoolboy had again paused in his reading. ... After a silence ...
The monotonous voice stopped abruptly, in the middle of the sentence," etc. The
final text also contains an allhsion to silence: "He turns back to the east through
the woods, again (walking) silently." Conversely, towards the end of the central
text there is an allusion to the ear: "But Philippe and his followers were not of this
opinion (ne l'entendaient pas de cette oreille)," while in the initial text we find the
famous ear in the form of a "pitcher handle."

1 2 3

ear silence ear silent

inside outside inside outside

no character student puppet character

Figure 12

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64 OCTOBER

In the same
outside (the st
place inside (t
action takes p
takes place ou
life) at the beg
tangible life
puppet (absen
for the prese

D. The Thoug
If meaning c
and symmetr
many semant
cuous simplic
meanings. We
tions on the t
banality, whi
The lower h
their commo
different sig
The left vert
by leaves (the
in the mind o
"If only they
teacher and th
because of his
like, "If only
puppet and t
leaves). It imp
tree branch,"
Here we mus
Some ten yea
Robbe-Grillet
suggested to
untenable wh
class was held
the idea of ha
the Boulevard
of a disease o
which ideolog
the author of

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 The Population of Mirrors 65

the one hand, the writer states that

subjective interpretation, a projection
disputes the meaning by an essentially ob
Robbe-Grillet articulated the first arg
this paper at a conference, he stated: "Wh
homosexual themes in a famous novelist o
all, a kind of personal relationship . .." Ho
a reader can read that counts, but that he
own projections and deflects attention from
demonstrates certain relationships and in
particular line of reasoning. Our anecdote
cally enough, in order to cancel it. If two
the same unexpected semantic conclusion
us understand the processes by which th
The second argument offers a singular
tial illusion. Not only is the work entirely t
all formulation. Neither the Lyc&e Buff
the referential dimension of the work. To interfere with the production of
meaning by the text, the writer resorts to a very strange obstruction: the use of
elements which are external to the text, and which he alone knows. In short, we
are witnessing the machinations of a perfect subjective illusion, under the pretext
of stern objectivity. There is no demonstration of relationships in the text-only
the pure and simple dictate of the author. Within this aggressive resistance, there
certainly lurks a less obvious question. The writer would say, "Since I was
thinking of the Lyc&e Buffon and the Boulevard Pasteur while writing, how could
the idea of an eventual suicide of the student enter my mind?" This question
allows us to clarify two characteristics of productive processes. First, reserving the
right to revert to the reassuring delights of expressivity, the semantic con-
sequences-or, if one prefers, the thoughts of the texts-do not by any means
follow the thoughts of the writer. Secondly, unless he is careful, the writer is in a
way the least well situated to think the thoughts of his text. No reader is more a
stranger to the text than he himself. The extra-textual elements that he knows-

fallacious under the present circumstances--create an obstacle to his grasp of what

the text really produces. In brief, the writer is prevented from reading what he
writes because he remains fascinated by what he has not written.

E. Interweaving

This final section begins by a play on words: that which is interwoven

(entrelace), that which is between the lakes (entre les lacs)-the armoire mirror
being connected in the symmetries with the pond water. We will now attempt to

8. "Elements of a Theory of Generators."

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 66 OCTOBER

consider plac
to say. For ex
In its refere
The reason for
the pond corre
must be bare
nothing in the
the general s
"The Wrong D
leafless trees r
reflection itse
of the trans
reflection of the two texts with "the leafless trees" in the garden of "The
Dressmaker's Dummy" standing in the transparency of the window. The reasons
for winter do not stop there. If we do not reject the semantic effect of the sounds of
words, we see immediately the over-determination governing the choice of the
cold season: winter is the season of ice (glace), or, if one prefers, mirrors (glaces).
We therefore understand that the central text, lacking any optical mirror in
the referential dimension of the story, takes place in summer: leafy trees; evocation
of a fly and a butterfly, even if negative; general relaxation of scholastic activity. As
we now know, with the warm season mirrors melt and disappear: only a reflection
without a mirror thus remains in the referential space. But this space is hardly
random: the abolished mirror which organizes it continues to exist in the word
which determines it. Melting, the ice (glace) can still be read, by a perfect
metaphor in ... class.
While the first and last texts are written in the present tense, different past
tenses are used in "The Replacement." This should not surprise us too much: l'iete
(summer and past participle of 'to be') is exactly where Etre (to be) is placed in the
past tense. A counter-proof will perhaps be judged necessary. In the central text,
the only narrative passage in the present tense-the brief fantasy resulting from
the reading of the book-evokes anything but a warm season through the men
"wrapped in huge capes." As for the present of the first and last texts, if summer
(l'vth) is the season when Stre is placed in the past, the place where etre is put in the
present is l'btang (the pond-also pun on etant, present participle of 'to be') or if
one prefers, the "mare" (pond) and the "armoire" (closet).
In this tryptich, the allusions to hearing (the famous ear), sight (the eyes of
the owl), smell (the good odor of hot coffee), touch (warmth and smoothness) are
clear. Is there a systematic play on the five senses? Taste is not missing, although
indicated only indirectly by linking (we could say by matching, since the
relationship of leaves and trees) two indirect evocations: the promising odor of hot
coffee and "the little ball of chewed-up blotting paper."
However, 'the illusion of success' is to be feared. Should an element find a
place in one group, we are less tempted to see if it belongs in any other. Now, new

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 The Population of Mirrors 67

relationships can be grasped here. First

since the presence of taste is very indirect,
according to the rules revealed above, by
capacities, the spoken word, which is, as
Secondly: hearing then forms a connectio
active silence in the three texts:

speech _ x
hearing silence

The unknown which corresponds to this silence remains to be discovered.

To find it, we shall write a new relationship based on the referential arrangement
of the central story. The pupils and the teacher, all kept in class, are engaged i
reading. The student outside engages in an apparently mysterious activity:

reading _ x
inside outside

The unknown which corresponds to this outside must be discove

so, we will observe the student more closely. In one hand he holds a
which generally evokes books, notes writing implements, since it invo
With the other hand he strives to reach what can be called a white lea
virgin in its inaccessibility, as we have seen, and also symmetrical wi
paper puppet. This leads us to believe that writing is this unkno
connected to the student outside: We will now establish the crossed co
the referential dimension of the central story. (Fig. 11)
The dextro-ascending relationship connects the pupils and the p
implies in the minds of the children, a thought like, "This cours
(double meaning: very boring and mortal). The dextro-descending r
assimilates the student and the teacher. It implies that the teacher
thought like, "I would rather be writing .. ." The upper horizontal r
which connects the puppet and the student now provides us in a more
with a relationship between death and writing.
A new, vertical, productive auto-representation can thus be fou
center of the system. The work is arranged as a metaphor for the ac
constitutes it: writing and reading. Reading, touching on the intern
word; writing, touching on the external, on silence. And the whole
death.

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