Chapter 2

C++ Basics

Part 1
C++ Basics

 Data Types and Expressions

 Variables and Assignments
 Input and Output

2
 Names: Identifiers
 The name of a variable (or anything else in C++ that
needs naming) is called an identifier.
 An identifier must be spelled starting with a letter or an
underscore symbol (_) followed by any number of
letters, digits, or underscore symbols.
 Valid Examples x x_1 _abc A2b
hisIsAVeryLongIdentifier
 Invalid Examples 12 3X %change myFirst.c data-1
 There are identifiers that are reserved to the use of the
C++ language, called keywords, or reserved words.
Identifier Spelling Rule:
Identifiers must start with a letter or underscore and
have only letters, digits or underscores after the first.
3
 Data Types
Name Description Size* Range*
short signed: -32768 to 32767
Short Integer. 2bytes
int(short) unsigned: 0 to 65535
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
int Integer. 4bytes
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295

long int (long) Long integer. 8bytes

Boolean value; takes one of
bool 1byte 1 or 0
two values: true/false.
float Floating point number. 4bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)
Double precision floating
double 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
point number.
Long double precision According to
long double
floating point number. compiler
signed: -128 to 127
char Character or small integer. 1byte
unsigned: 0 to 255
String A number of characters (n) N bytes
Void No storage
Character Data Type
 Contains one character only
 Defined within a single quote
 Ex1
 Char one =‘1’;
 Ex2 #include <iostream>;
int main( ) {
 Char two;
char one =‘1’;
 Two =‘2’; char two, three;
two = ‘2’;
three = ‘3’;
cout << one << “ Next ” << two << “ Next ” <<
three;
return 0; }

1 Next 2 Next 3
Integer Data Type
// initialization of variables
 Ex1 #include <iostream>
 int a,b; using namespace std;
 Ex2
 unsigned short int NumberOfSisters; int main ()
{
 signed int MyAccountBalance; int a=5; // initial value = 5
 Ex3 int b{2}; // initial value = 2
 int a=10; int result; // initial value undetermined
 int b{3};
a = a + 3;
 int c(5);
result = a - b;
 Ex4 cout << result;
 short year;
 short int year; return 0;
}

6
Real Data Type
 Three types
 float (4 bytes) // initialization of variables
 double (8 bytes) #include <iostream>;
 long double (according to compiler)
int main ()
 Ex1
{
 float a=1.5; double x;
 double c= -0.0000013; float y =0.01;
x = y*y ;
cout << “y^2 = ” << x << endl;
return 0;
}

y^2 = .0001
Boolean Data Type
// initialization of variables
 Takes two values #include <iostream>;
 True  1 int main ()
 False  0 {
bool a,b; // boolean variables
 Ex1 int x=6, y=7, z=10;
a = x < y;
 bool a=0, b=1; b = (z+x) < y ;
cout << “x<y = ” << a << endl;
cout << “(z+x) < y = ” << b<< endl;

return 0;
}

x<y= 1
(z+x) < y = 0
 Strings Data Type
 Variables that can store
 non-numerical values
 longer than one single character
 Ex1
 String St1 =“ab5% P&”;
 string mystring = "This is a string";
 string mystring ("This is a string");

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
String Name = “Maha ”;
cout << “” << “ Welcome” << Name ;
return 0; }

Welcome Maha
What is the output of the Program?
// my first string
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
string mystring;
mystring = "This is the initial string content";
cout << mystring << endl;
mystring = "This is a different string content";
cout << mystring << endl;
return 0;
}
Constants
 Use #define preprocessor directive.
 Format // defined constants: calculate circumference
1. #define identifier value #include <iostream>;
 Ex 1
 #define PI 3.14159
#define PI 3.14159
 #define NEWLINE ' \n '
#define NEWLINE '\n'
2. Use const prefix int main ()
 Ex2 {
 const int pathwidth = 100; double r=5.0; // radius
 const char tabulator = '\t'; double circle;

circle = 2 * PI * r;
cout << circle;
cout << NEWLINE;

return 0;
}
31.14159
Data Casting: Implicit & Explicit Casts

 Declare variable in one type and use it in another

 Ex:
Implicit
1. int x=1; cast
Try this yourself
3. float y = x; int x=1;
Error float y = float(x);
1. x = float(x);
cout <<y;
 Ex:
1. float y = 2.5; Try it yourself
2. int x = 1;
3. x = x + y; Explicit
4. x = x+ int(y) cast
Data Casting with static_cast Operator
 Implicit type coercion: when value of one type is
automatically changed to another type
 Cast operator: provides explicit type conversion
static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)
 Resolve at compile time

 Does not affect any const or volatile modifiers

 Eg. float to int, char to int

 If static keyword is used, variable/functions cannot

be modified again
Casting with static_cast Operator
Scope of variables
 Global variables
 referred from anywhere in the code, even inside functions, whenever it is after its
declaration.

 Local variables
 is limited to the block enclosed in braces ({}) where they are declared.