Transport Layer

Transport Layer
• The transport layer is a 4th layer from the top.
• The main role of the transport layer is to provide the communication services directly to the
application processes running on different hosts.
• The transport layer provides a logical communication between application processes
running on different hosts. Although the application processes on different hosts are not
physically connected, application processes use the logical communication provided by the
transport layer to send the messages to each other.
• The transport layer protocols are implemented in the end systems but not in the network
routers.
• All transport layer protocols provide multiplexing/demultiplexing service. It also provides
other services such as reliable data transfer, bandwidth guarantees, and delay guarantees.
• Each of the applications in the
application layer has the ability to send
a message by using TCP or UDP. The
application communicates by using
either of these two protocols. Both TCP
and UDP will then communicate with
the internet protocol in the internet
layer. The applications can read and
write to the transport layer. Therefore,
we can say that communication is a
two-way process.
Services provided by the transport layer protocols
• End-to-end delivery:- it ensures the end-to-end delivery of an entire message from a source
to the destination.
• Addressing
• Reliable delivery:- provides reliability services by retransmitting the lost and damaged
packets.
• Flow control:- is used to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver. If the receiver
is overloaded with too much data, then the receiver discards the packets and asking for the
retransmission of packets.
• Multiplexing:- uses the multiplexing to improve transmission efficiency.
Transport Layer Protocols
• The transport layer is represented by two protocols: TCP and UDP.
• The IP protocol in the network layer delivers a datagram from a source host to the destination host.
• Nowadays, the operating system supports multiuser and multiprocessing environments, an executing
program is called a process. When a host sends a message to other host means that source process is
sending a process to a destination process. The transport layer protocols define some connections to
individual ports known as protocol ports.
• An IP protocol is a host-to-host protocol used to deliver a packet from source host to the destination
host while transport layer protocols are port-to-port protocols that work on the top of the IP protocols
to deliver the packet from the originating port to the IP services, and from IP services to the
destination port.
UDP
• UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol.
• UDP is a simple protocol and it provides nonsequenced transport functionality.
• UDP is a connectionless protocol.
• This type of protocol is used when reliability and security are less important than speed and size.
• UDP is an end-to-end transport level protocol that adds transport-level addresses, checksum error
control, and length information to the data from the upper layer.
• The packet produced by the UDP protocol is known as a user datagram.
User Datagram Format
• Source port address: It defines the address of the
application process that has delivered a message. The
source port address is of 16 bits address.
• Destination port address: It defines the address of the
application process that will receive the message. The
destination port address is of a 16-bit address.
• Total length: It defines the total length of the user
datagram in bytes. It is a 16-bit field.
• Checksum: The checksum is a 16-bit field which is
used in error detection.
Disadvantages of UDP
• UDP provides basic functions needed for the end-to-end delivery of a transmission.
• It does not provide any sequencing or reordering functions and does not specify the damaged packet
when reporting an error.
• UDP can discover that an error has occurred, but it does not specify which packet has been lost as it
does not contain an ID or sequencing number of a particular data segment.
TCP
• TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
• It provides full transport layer services to applications.
• It is a connection-oriented protocol means the connection established between both the ends of the
transmission. For creating the connection, TCP generates a virtual circuit between sender and receiver
for the duration of a transmission.
Features of TCP
• Stream data transfer: TCP protocol transfers the data in the form of contiguous stream of bytes. TCP
group the bytes in the form of TCP segments and then passed it to the IP layer for transmission to the
destination. TCP itself segments the data and forward to the IP.
• Reliability: TCP assigns a sequence number to each byte transmitted and expects a positive
acknowledgement from the receiving TCP. If ACK is not received within a timeout interval, then the data
is retransmitted to the destination.
• The receiving TCP uses the sequence number to reassemble the segments if they arrive out of order or
to eliminate the duplicate segments.
• Flow Control: When receiving TCP sends an acknowledgement back to the sender indicating the
number the bytes it can receive without overflowing its internal buffer. The number of bytes is sent in
ACK in the form of the highest sequence number that it can receive without any problem
Features of TCP
• Multiplexing: Multiplexing is a process of accepting the data from different applications and forwarding
to the different applications on different computers. At the receiving end, the data is forwarded to the
correct application. This process is known as demultiplexing. TCP transmits the packet to the correct
application by using the logical channels known as ports.
• Logical Connections: The combination of sockets, sequence numbers, and window sizes, is called a
logical connection. Each connection is identified by the pair of sockets used by sending and receiving
processes.
• Full Duplex: TCP provides Full Duplex service, i.e., the data flow in both the directions at the same time.
To achieve Full Duplex service, each TCP should have sending and receiving buffers so that the segments
can flow in both the directions. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.
TCP Segment Format
Basis for Comparison TCP UDP

Definition TCP establishes a virtual circuit UDP transmits the data directly to
before transmitting the data. the destination computer without
verifying whether the receiver is
ready to receive or not.

Connection Type It is a Connection-Oriented It is a Connectionless protocol

Speed slow high

Reliability It is a reliable protocol. It is an unreliable protocol.

Header size 20 bytes 8 bytes

acknowledgement It waits for the acknowledgement It neither takes the