Chapter One

Introduction to Water supply

According to WHO survey 80% of all illnesses in developing countries

are water-associated.

The use of unsafe water causes high prevalence of Diarrhoeal diseases

among children resulting in high infant and child mortality rates.

Definition of water

Water is colorless , order less liquid that forms seas , lakes , rivers and

rain and is the basis of the living organisms .

Public Health Importance
of Water
Water is a basic necessity for life.

Unfortunately, not all water helps human to survive. Water from

contaminated sources causes diseases and untimely deaths.
Global Occurrence of Water

Water is located in all regions of the earth. The problem is that the

distribution, quality, quantity and mode of occurrence are highly

variable from one locality to another.

Over 72% of the earth's surface is covered by water.

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Chapter Two
Importance of Water

The following points the importance of water:

1. Water is necessary in promoting personal hygiene

2. Water is essential for life. Man can live nearly two months without
food, but can not live only three or four days without water.
Cont…

In general 70% of human body weight is water and a human being

needs two liters of water per day as minimum.

3. Most of the foods that man eats contain water.

For example:

− Milk contains about 88% water.

− Egg contains about 66% water.
− Fish are 80% water.
− Potatoes are 75% water.
Cont..

4. It is essential to run industries. Nearly all modern industries are

thirsty; they need water.

5. Water is important for agriculture and animal

6. Water is a valuable source of energy. It is capable of generating

hydroelectric power.
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Chapter Three
Some Important
Properties of Water
Pure water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen

chemically combined. The chemical symbol of water is H2O and the

chemical name is hydrogen monoxide .

Water exists in three states: as a liquid, as a solid (ice and snow), and as

a gas (water vapor).

Hydrologic Cycle

The water on earth, whether as water vapor in the atmosphere as surface

water in rivers, streams, lakes seas and oceans or as groundwater in the

subsurface ground strata, is for the most part not at rest but in a state of

continuous recycling movement. This is called the hydrologic cycle or

water cycle
Impurities of Water

Water is not absolutely pure in nature. Impurities vary from dissolved

gases, chemicals, minerals, to suspended matter and disease-causing

micro-organisms.
Cont…

Some can be seen with the naked eye, while others that cannot be seen

are detected by taste or smell or other laboratory methods.

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Chapter Four
Sources of Impurities

Water gathers impurities as it goes through its natural cycle.

First it may pick up micro-organisms, dust, smoke, and gases from the

atmosphere as it comes down as rain, hail, etc.

Cont…

As rain touches the earth’s surface, it becomes surface water. As it flows

over the earth’s surface, it may pick up dirt, micro-organisms, chemicals

and anything else in its path which can be moved or dissolved.

Impurities of water may be
divided into two classes:

1. Suspended Impurities

a. Micro-organisms such as bacteria and virus

b. Suspended solids such as soil and dead leaves

c. Algae Some algae are green, brown or red, and their presence in
water causes taste, color
There are different types of
algae found in water:

1. Asterionell – Gives water an unpleasant odor.

2. Spirogyra – Is a green found in small ponds

3. Anabaena – Is blue- green and occurs in fishponds

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Chapter Five
Impurities of water may be
divided into two classes:

2. Dissolved Impurities
a. Gases: Oxygen (02), carbon dioxide (C02), hydrogen
b. Minerals: such as lead, arsenic, chromium, etc, get into water mainly
as industrial wastes dumped into streams.
c. Plant dyes: These originate from plants, which grow in or around
water and cause color
Water, Health and Disease

The saying “water is life” water is important every living things .

The normal functioning of the human body depends entirely upon an

adequate quantity and quality of water.
 Cont…

But if the water is from contaminated sources, it causes numerous

water-associated diseases.
In the developed world, water-associated disease are rare, due
essentially to the presence of efficient water supply and waste water
disposal systems. However, in the developing world, the majority of
people are without a safe water supply and adequate sanitation.
WHO survey has highlighted
the following facts:
❖Each day, 30,000 people die from water-associated diseases.

❖In developing countries, 80% of all illnesses are water associated.

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Chapter Six
WHO survey has highlighted
the following facts:
Safe, adequate and accessible supplies of water, combined with proper

sanitation, are basic needs. Therefore, water supply is taken as an

essential component of primary health care (PHC).

There are two main types of water
pollution
1. Chemical pollution of water and diseases

2. 2. Biological pollution of water and diseases

1. Chemical pollution of
water and diseases
Almost every known element existing normally in the environment can

become poisonous when introduced into the human system in larger

than normal quantities.

 Cont…

One major way of introducing these elements into the environment and

later into the human system is through the discharge of industrial wast

into water sources such as rivers.

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Chapter Seven
2. Biological pollution of
water and diseases

Water may contain numerous pathogenic organisms and thereby

become a means of transmission for many diseases.

 Cont…

All water-associated disease require an infectious agent, a transmission

route and the exposure of a susceptible living organisms for their spread
Water-associated Disease

Water-associated disease can be defined as a disease in relation to water

supply and sanitation.

There are four categories:

four categories
Water-associated Disease

1. Waterborne disease

2. Water-washed disease

3. Water-based disease

4. Water-related disease
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Chapter Eight
1. Waterborne diseases

Waterborne diseases : transmitted through water contamination by

fecal matter.

Pathogens excreted in water by an infected person include all major

categories such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic warms.
Waterborne diseases
Caused by Bacteria

• Typhoid

• Cholera

• Bacillary dysentery
Waterborne diseases
Caused by virus

• Hepatitis A

• Polio militates

• Gastro interties
Waterborne diseases
Caused by Protozoa

• Amoebic dysentery

• Giardiasis

• Balanitis's
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Chapter Nine
Waterborne diseases
Caused by Helminthes
• Ascariasis

• Trichomonas's
Prevention Waterborne
diseases
❖To prevent the occurrence of waterborne diseases, water treatment is

very essential.

❖Also treatment of infected persons

Prevention Waterborne
diseases

❖To prevent the occurrence of waterborne diseases, water treatment is

very essential.

❖Also treatment of infected persons

 Cont..

• Use good environmental management

• Practice good personal hygiene

• Take food safety precautions to learn about the fundamentals of food

safety so that you can protect yourself, your friends, family and people
in your community.

• Drink properly treated water.

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Chapter Ten
Water-washed diseases

These comprise diseases linked to a lack of water for personal hygiene.

Examples of water -washed diseases are :-

➢ Dermatological disease such as scabies

➢ Ophthalmic disease such as trachoma and conjunctivitis

 Cont..

➢Louse-borne diseases such as louse borne typhus and relapsing fever.

Lack of good personal hygiene and un ability to wash clothes.

Prevention of water
washed diseases

To prevent this type of disease, provision of an ample amount of water

and personal hygiene are very essential.

Water-based diseases

• Ensure that the water you use is boiled, filtered and disinfected.

• Wash your hands properly

• Ensure that any stored water remains germ-free and clean using
chlorine disinfectants.
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Chapter Eleven
Water-based diseases

These are diseases caused by infectious agents that are spread by contact with

water.

The essential part of the life cycle of the infecting agent takes place from an aquatic

animal.
 Cont…

A number of diseases depend upon the pathogenic organisms spending

part of their life cycle in water or in an intermediate host which lives in

water.
Prevention water
based diseases
To prevent this group of diseases, the following methods may

be implemented:

❖Avoidance of contact with and ingestion of contaminated water.

 Cont…

❖Reduction of intermediate hosts (snail)

❖Storage of water from 24 to 72 hours to kill the cercaria.

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Chapter Twelve
Water-related diseases

These are diseases transmitted by insects that live close to water.

Infections are spread by mosquitoes, flies and other insects that breed in

water or near it.

Example

❖ Malaria

❖ sleeping sickness

❖ yellow fever

❖ onchocerciasis etc.
Prevention Water-related diseases

To prevent this type of disease, making the water unsuitable for

breeding of insects is essential.
 Cont..

• Use good environmental management. ...

• Practice good personal hygiene. ...

• Take food safety precautions to learn about the fundamentals of food

safety so that you can protect yourself, your friends, family and people
in your community.

• Drink properly treated water.

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Chapter Thirteen
the different water sources

1. Groundwater

2. Surface Water

3. Rainwater

4. Ocean Water
Groundwater

Groundwater is by far the most practical and safe in nature.

It is the most important source of supply for most rural communities of

the world.

Examples of groundwater are wells.

Advantages of groundwater

❖It is comparatively likely to be free from disease causing micro-

organism

❖it can be used without further treatment if properly protected

 Cont…

❖It is not exposed for evaporation and is used as natural storage in

underground.

❖It is most practical and economical to obtain and distribute.

❖Groundwater can be found near a family or a community.

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Chapter Fourteen
Disadvantages of groundwater

➢It needs pumping

➢It may contain excess amounts of dissolved minerals.

➢It is poor in oxygen content.

Groundwater may be tapped
by the following
❑Shallow wells : Are wells that have a depth of less than 30 meters.
 Cont..
Deep wells: Are wells that have a minimum depth of around 60 meters
 Surface Water

Surface water is found non-uniformly distributed over the earth’s

surface.

As the rain reaches the surface of the earth, it becomes surface water or
runoff.

Surface water includes rivers, lakes, etc

 Cont…

The quantity and quality of surface water depend upon the conditions of

the surface or catchment area over which it flows.

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Chapter Fifteen
Rainwater

In regions where rainfall is abundant and frequent, rainwater can be a

good source of water supply for individual families and for small
communities.

The storage of rainwater is particularly important in areas with a long

dry season.
Cont….

It can be stored in cisterns or ponds. In some rural sections of Somalia ,

cistern water is used for all domestic and farm purpose, including

drinking.
Advantages of Rainwater

❖It is a reliable source even if it rains once or twice a year only.

❖It is cheap and a safe means of water supply

Cont…

❖Its storage needs no fuel, no spare parts, but only very little skill to
construct and maintain.

❖Since rainwater is soft, little soap is needed for laundry purposes.

.
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Chapter Sixteen
Dis advantages of Rainwater

❖Regular maintain is required

❖Need technical skills collection rain water

❖It is easy contamination

 Ocean Water

Ocean water is unfit for human consumption even though it comprises

the largest portion of water on the earth's surface .

 Cont..

It is also too salty for irrigation and for domestic purposes.

To make the ocean water fit for these purposes;

 Cont…

it must pass through a process known as desalination (a process of

removal of salt from water).

However, it is too expensive to consider.

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Chapter Seventeen
Advantages of ocean water

• Provide foods

• Provide jobs

• Provide minerals

• Provide energy
Dis advantages of ocean water

• Not suitable for domestic

• Not suitable farming

• Not suitable drinking

• Needs desalination
Water Requirements

The availability of an adequate and safe supply of water is one of the

major requirements for the control of a large number of diseases, and to

advance the standard of good general health within a community.

 Cont..

One of the main duties of a health worker, water supply is available to

all segments of the community at a reasonable cost.

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Chapter Eighteen
Quantity of water

It is now an established fact that water is used for domestic, industrial,

agricultural, public use and firefighting.

Therefore, the requirement of water is of prime consideration for design

of all water supply units including treatment

Uses of water

1. Water consumption at home

2. Use of water by different establishments

3. Consumption by livestock

4. Municipal purpose
 Cont….

5. Industries

6. Irrigation purpose

7. Fire demand

8. Loss and wastage

Water consumption at home

Purpose

➢Drinking

➢Washing of utensils and houses

➢Bathing
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Chapter Nineteen
Use of water by different
establishments
Type of building
➢Hotels
➢Offices
➢Restaurant
➢Day school
➢Boarding school
Consumption by livestock

Type of livestock

➢Horse

➢Cow

➢Sheep

➢Goat
Irrigation purpose

Purpose

➢Road side trees

➢Public parks

➢Private garden
Water purification

It’s extremely important to confirm your water has been purified or

treated before drinking.

here are various water purification methods that are used today
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Chapter Twenty
Methods of water purification

There are different methods that are used purify water and include

1. Boiling

2. Filtration

3. Distillation

4. Chlorination
1. Boiling

Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification.

Water sources and or channels of distribution may render your water
unsafe.

For example, parasites and germs are things you may not see by bare
eyes, but their effects can be life threatening.
 Cont…

In this method, clean water should be brought to boil and left at rolling-

boil for 1-3 minutes

Boiled water should be covered and left to cool before drinking.

2. Filtration

Filtration is one of the effective ways of purifying water and when

using the right multimedia filters it’s effective in ridding water of the
compounds.

Filtration eliminates both large compounds and small, dangerous

contaminants that cause diseases
4 Chlorination

Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to

treat water for home consumption.

Chlorine is an effective water purification method that kills germs,

parasites and other disease-causing organisms

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