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3 - Unsteady Flow in Orifice

The document discusses unsteady flow in orifices under two cases: 1) where the inlet flow is zero and 2) where the inlet flow is not equal to the outlet flow. It provides the equations to calculate the time taken for the water level to drop based on the cross-sectional area and initial and final water levels. An example problem is also included where the time taken is calculated for a cylindrical vessel.

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Marshall james G. Ramirez
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373 views6 pages

3 - Unsteady Flow in Orifice

The document discusses unsteady flow in orifices under two cases: 1) where the inlet flow is zero and 2) where the inlet flow is not equal to the outlet flow. It provides the equations to calculate the time taken for the water level to drop based on the cross-sectional area and initial and final water levels. An example problem is also included where the time taken is calculated for a cylindrical vessel.

Uploaded by

Marshall james G. Ramirez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNSTEADY FLOW

IN ORIFICES
UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
Constant Qi

L.S. (t = 0) dh
Elem. Volume, d(Vol)

h1 L.S. (t = t)

h
h2

Qo

CASE 1: Qi = 0
1 h2 d(vol)

If the side of the tank are vertical, the area
t 1
CA o 2g h1 2 A at any point is constant, thus:
h
OR
t
2A
CA o 2g
h 1
1
2  h2
1
2 
1 h1 A dh
t
CA o 2g  h2
h
1
2

Where A= f(h) the cross sectional area of the


container at elevation h above the orifice
UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
Constant Qi

L.S. (t = 0) dh
Elem. Volume, d(Vol)

h1 L.S. (t = t)

h
h2

Qo

CASE 2: Qi ≠ Qo

a) Qi < Qo b) Qi > Qo
h1 A dh h2 A dh
t t
h2 h1
CA o 2gh - Qi Qi - CA o 2gh

Where A= f(h) the cross sectional area of the


container at elevation h above the orifice
Example: Prob#10/pp 323
A cylindrical vessel 1.20m in diameter and 2m high has a rounded
circular orifice 5 cm in diameter in the bottom with C=0.95. If the vessel is full of
water, how long will it take to lower the surface 1.50m?
1.20 m

1.50 m
2m

0.50 m

Solution:

t
2A
CA o 2g
 h1  h 2  Formula with vertical sides

h1 = 2 m ; h2 = 0.5 m

t
0.95(
2 (
4
(1.20) 2 )
(0.05) 2 2(9.81)
 2  0.5 
4

t = 193.58 sec
Board Exam
A hemispherical shell with base horizontal and uppermost, is filled
with water. If the radius is 2.5m, determine the time required to empty
through a sharp-edge orifice 150mm in diameter (C=0.60) located at the
lowest point. Y

(t = 0) C (0, 2.5)
r=x
d(Vol)
dh = dy
(x, y)
h1=2.50m

h=y

h 2= 0 X
O

The equation of the semicircular section is


(x- 0)2 + (y- 2.5)2 = 2.52
Or x2 = 5y – y2
Y

(t = 0) C (0, 2.5)
r=x
d(Vol)
dh = dy
(x, y)
h1=2.50m

h=y

h 2= 0 X
O

The equation of the semicircular section in the coordinate system, with


center C (0, 2.5) is
(x - 0)2 + (y - 2.5)2 = 2.52
Or x2 = 5y – y2
1 h1 d(Vol)
t
CA o 2g  h2
h
1
2
(head h = y)

where: d(Vol) = π x2 dy or π (5y – y2)dy


 2.5 (5y - y 2 )dy
t
CA o 2g 
0
y
1
2

 2.5
t
0.60(/4)(0.15) 2 2(9.81) 
0
(5 y1/ 2  y 3 / 2 ) dy

t = 620 sec

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