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Chapter (6) AC Voltage Controller

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54 views5 pages

Chapter (6) AC Voltage Controller

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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1

Chapter (6)
AC Voltage Controllers

AC voltage controllers are thyristor based devices which convert fixed alternating
voltage directly to variable alternating voltage without changing in the frequency.

1. Principle of phase control

Here, switching devices is so operated that load gets connected to ac source for a part
of each half cycle of the input voltage.

Single-phase half-wave voltage controller shown in Fig.30 consists of one thyristor in


antiparallel with one diode. When SCR is forward biased during positive half cycle, it
is turned on firing angle α. Load voltage at once jumps to Vmsinα, likewise load
current becomes sinα. Thyristor get turned off at ωt = π for R load. After ωt = π,
negative half cycle forward biases diode Dl. therefore Dl conducts from ωt = π to 2π.
Note that only positive half cycle can be controlled, negai.ve half cycle cannot be
controlled. As such, single-phase half-wave voltage controller is also called single-
phase unidirectional voltage controller. Fig. 30 (b) reveals that positive half cycle is
not identical with negative half-cycle for both voltage and current waveforms. As a
result, de component is introduced in the supply and load circuits which is
undesirable.

From Fig 30 (b) r.m.s value of output voltage is given by


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Fig. 30. Single-phase half-wave ac voltage controller (a) Power-circuit diagram and
(b) voltage and current waveforms.

Power circuit diagram of single-phase full-wave voltage controller is shown in Fig. 31


(a). It consists of two SCRs connected in antiparallel. During positive half cycle Tl is
triggered at firing angle α, it conducts from ωt = α to π for R load. During negative
half cycle, T2 is triggered at ωt = π + α, it conducts from ωt = π + α to 2π.

Fig. 31 Single-phase full-wave ac voltage controller (a) Power-circuit diagram and (b)
voltage and current waveforms.

Voltage and current waveforms are sketched in Fig. 31 (b). This figure reveals that
positive half-cycle is identical with negative half cycle for both voltage and current
waveforms. The power circuit of Fig. 31 (a), therefore, introduces no direct
component in the supply and load circuit. This circuit is thus more suited to practical
circuits than single-phase half-wave circuit. Single phase full-wave ac voltage
controller is also called single phase bidirectional voltage-controller. Fig. 31(b) shows
that rms value of output voltage
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Average value of output voltage would be zero.

Example (1)

A single-phase half-wave ac voltage controller feeds a wad of R = 20 Ω with an input


voltage of 230V, 50 Hz. Firing angle of thyristor is 45°. Determine (a) rms value of
output voltage (b) power delivered to load.

Solution:

Example (2)

A single-phase full-wave ac voltage controller feeds a load of R = 20 Ω with an input


voltage of 230 V, 50 Hz. Firing angle for both the thyristors is 45°. Calculate (a) rms
value of output voltage (b) load power (c) average and rms current of thyristors.

Solutiom:

2. Principle of Integral Cycle Control

It is stated above that ae voltage controllers are phase-controlled devices. The


principle of phase control is illustrated in Figs. 30 and 31. In these figures, the phase
relationship between the start of load current and the supply voltage is controlled by
varying the firing angle. As the controlled output is ac, these are called phase-
4

controlled ac voltage controllers or ac voltage controllers. In industry, there are


several applications in which mechanical time constant or thermal time constant is of
the order of several seconds. For example, mechanical time constant for many of the
speed-control drives, or thermal time constant for most of the heating loads is usually
quite high. For such applications, almost no variation in speed or temperature will be
noticed if control is achieved by connecting the load to source for some on-cycles and
then disconnecting the load for some off-cycles. This form of power control is called
integral cycle control. So integral cycle control consists of switching on the supply to
load for an integral number of cycles and then switching off' the supply for a further
number of integral cycles, Fig.32.

Fig. 32 Waveforms pertaining to integral cycle control

In literature, integral cycle control is also known as on-off control, burst firing, zero-
voltage switching, cycle selection. For sinusoidal supply voltage, the rms value of
output voltage Vor can be obtained as under:
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3. Sequence Control of AC Voltage Controllers


Sequence control of ac voltage controller is employed for the improvement of system.
pf and for the reduction of harmonics in the input current and output voltage.
Sequence control of ac voltage controllers means the use of two or more stages of
voltage controllers in parallel for the regulation of output voltage. The term sequence
control' ""means that the stages of voltage controllers in parallel are triggered in a
proper sequence one after the other so as to obtain a variable output voltage with low
harmonic content.
Two-stage Sequence Control of Voltage Controllers: A two-stage sequence control of
ac voltage regulators employs two stages in parallel as shown in Fig.33 (a).
The load may be R or RL. For both types of loads, for obtaining output voltage control
from zero to rms value V, use only thyristor pair T3, T4 in Fig. 33 and keep T1 , T2 off.
For zero output voltage, α is 1800 for T3, T4 and for V, α is zero. For output voltage
control from V to 2V, α for thyristor pair T3, T4 is always zero and for thyristor pair
TI, T2 ; α is varied from zero to 180o •
The main advantage of two-stage sequence control of ac voltage controller over
single-phase full-wave ac voltage controller is the reduction of harmonics in the load
and supply currents.

Fig. 33. Two-stage sequence controlled ac voltage controller with R load

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