PROGRAM : OPTOMETRY

SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO OPTOMETRY

CODE : OPI 00Y1
SEMESTER TEST : 1
DATE : 11 APRIL 2016
DURATION : 1 HOUR
TOTAL MARKS : 70
EXAMINERS : Deanne Nicholas

INSTRUCTIONS :
 Read and understand questions carefully before answering
 Write only that which is applicable to the question
 Please ensure that your test script comprises 10 pages
 Please answer all questions on the test script and write legibly

NAME:
STUDENT NUMBER:

SECTION MARK

1 /25
2 /25
3 /20

TOTAL /70 %
Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

SECTION 1: ANATOMY OF THE EYE (25 MARKS)

1.1 Write detailed, descriptive notes on the aqueous layer of the tear film
(½ mark each = 3 marks)
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1.2 Once light has been focused at the surface of the retina, detail the path
that is followed in order for us to perceive and interpret the image received
by the brain (½ mark each = 3 marks)
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1.3 List the important characteristics of a normal cornea

(½ mark each = 2½ marks)
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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

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1.4 Complete the following questions regarding the extra-ocular muscles

1.4.1 Which 2 extra-ocular muscles are NOT supplied by the oculomotor

nerve? (1 mark)
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1.4.2 List the primary, secondary and tertiary movements of the superior
oblique muscle (1½ marks)
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1.4.3 What movement is caused by the medial rectus muscle? (1 mark)
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1.5 List the 4 important layers of the choroid (½ mark each = 2 marks)
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1.6 The missing words in the following statements must be filled in

(½ mark each = 3 marks)

1.6.1 The composition of the cornea consists of 78% water, 15% collagen,
5% other parts as well as 1%_________________________________
1.6.2 The third layer of the retina is known as
the______________________________________________________
1.6.3 The glands found within the eyelids include the meibomian glands,
Moll’s glands and__________________________________________

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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

1.6.4 The optic nerve is covered by 3 embryonic layers namely the dura
mater, arachnoid layer and___________________________________
1.6.5 The innermost layer of the tear film is known as
the______________________________________________________
1.6.6 The ciliary body is responsible for the process
of_______________________________________________________

1.7 Detail the functions performed by the sclera (4 marks)

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1.8 Where is the lacrimal gland located? What structures does the lacrimal
drainage system consist of? (½ mark each = 4 marks)
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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

SECTION 2: OPTOMETRIC TERMS (25 MARKS)

2.1 Astigmatism can be broken up into various types, detail the types of
astigmatism that a practitioner may encounter and an explanation for each
(7 marks)
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2.2 What are the common symptoms described by patients with presbyopia?
(½ mark each = 1½ marks)
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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

2.3 List the 4 different types of vergence (½ mark each = 2 marks)

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2.4 Detail the main treatment methods used to treat amblyopia and specify
which eye the treatment would be commenced on (2 marks)
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2.5 Detail the classification of myopia according to the degree (3 marks)

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2.6 Give the definition of fusion and a brief description of the two different
types of fusion (4 marks)
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2.7 What are the anatomical reasons for the development of hyperopia and
where do the axial light rays focus in this refractive error?
(½ mark each = 1½ marks)
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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

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2.8 State whether the following statements are true/false in terms of the
process of accommodation (½ mark each = 2 marks)

2.8.1 Accommodation refers to the ability of the iris to change shape

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2.8.2 When the eye is relaxed, viewing objects at distance, the lens is in its
roundest form
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2.8.3 When viewing objects at near, there is a reduction in the tension of the
lens zonules
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2.8.4 The lens is pliable and therefore when the zonules tighten, the lens
becomes more convex in shape (curved)
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2.9 Give 2 causes of monocular diplopia (2 marks)

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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

SECTION 3: OPTOMETRY WITHIN THE HEALTH CARE TEAM

(20 MARKS)

3.1 List 4 possible routes of HIV infection (½ mark each = 2 marks)

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3.2 Detail the appearance of Molluscum Contagiosum and what is this

condition caused by? (½ mark each = 2 marks)
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3.3 Give 4 symptoms of herpes zoster as well as the name of a distinct sign
which indicates ocular involvement (½ mark each = 2½ marks)
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3.4 Give 2 disadvantages of the scientific health system

(½ mark each = 1 mark)
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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

3.5 Give 2 factors of transmission risk for HIV (2 marks)

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3.6 The following paragraph gives various details regarding ocular infections
in HIV, fill in the missing words (1 mark each = 6 marks)

CMV retinitis generally occurs within the 3.6.1 _________________ stages of

HIV and is caused by a DNA virus in the 3.6.2 _________________ group of
viruses. The retinal dots seen in CMV retinitis differ from cotton wool spots in
that they can 3.6.3 ______________ and tend to 3.6.4 __________________
over time.
Syphilis tends to result in popular eruptions on the 3.6.5 _______________,
soles of the feet, genitals and mucous membranes. Toxoplasmosis is an
infection caused by the protozoan known as 3.6.6
_____________________________________.

3.7 Detail the appearance of Kaposi sarcoma lesions (2 marks) and where
can some of these tumours be found (2 marks)? (4 marks)
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3.8 Is the structure of HIV mostly composed of carbohydrates or proteins?

(½ mark)

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Name: ___________________________________
Student Number: ___________________________________

THE END 

TOTAL (70 MARKS)

10