BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

DESCRIPTION STATISTICS AND HISTOGRAM

 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Following data is provided of a class group with names and their respective score in an excel
sheet:

 Objective: To find descriptive statistics (mean, mode, skewness, number etc.) of this
data.
 Process:

Step 1: Click on the “Data” tab.

Step 2: Click on the “Data Analysis” option.

Step 3: A dialogue box will open listing options of various data analytical tools.

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 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 4: Click on the “Descriptive statistics” option and click ok.

Step 5: A dialogue box will open, select the input range of all the scores and select the output
range either in the same worksheet or a new worksheet and tick the option of summary
statistics,

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 6: Click OK and there will be a summary of all statistical data.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

 HISTOGRAM
Following data is provided of a class group with names and their respective score in an excel
sheet:

 Objective: To find histogram by using scores and bin range.

 Process:
Step 1: First create a bin range as per you wish, here we are creating a bin from 20 to 100.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 2: Click on data tab, then data analysis and then histogram and click ok.

Step 3: A dialogue box will open up, then select all the scores as input range, bin value as
bin range , select empty cells as output range and tick all the checkboxes at the bottom of
the dialogue box.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 4: Click OK.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

CORRELATION

A correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the association between two or more
variables. A positive correlation means that both variables change in the same direction. A
negative correlation means that the variables change in opposite directions.

A. Positive correlation

What is the correlation between advertisement of a product in a month and its sales in crores.

Sales in
Advertisement in month crores
32 5
54 10
67 15
65 20
98 24
112 34
101 25
34 34

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 1: Go to data analysis and choose correlation

Step 2: select input range and output range and choose labels in the first row

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 3: Click ok and the system will show the desired output.

Inference:

Here, r=0.48 therefore there is positive correlation between advertisement in month and sales
in crores

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

B. negative correlation

What is the correlation between no of cigarettes in a week and life expectancy?

Cigarette Life
s expectancy
5 80
23 78
25 60
48 53
17 85
8 84
4 73
26 79
11 81
19 75
14 68
35 72
29 58
4 92
23 65

Step 1: Go to data analysis and choose correlation.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 2: Select input range and output range and choose labels in the first row.

Step 3: Click ok and the system will show the desired output.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Inference:

Here, r=-0.71 therefore there is negative correlation between Cigarettes and Life Expectancy.

C. Zero Correlation
What is the correlation between shoes size and IQ level?
Shoe
size IQ level
1 4
2 5
3 4
4 5
5 4
6 5
7 4

Step 1 Go to data analysis and choose correlation.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Step 2 Select input range and output range and choose labels in the first row.

Step 3 Click ok and the system will show the desired output.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Inference:

Here, r=-0 therefore there is no correlation between Shoe Size and IQ Level.

One sample tea test using one dummy (one tail)

Problem statement Suppose that we want to hypothesize that the mean number of TV hours
watched per week is greater than 28.5

Hours Dummy
25.7 0
38.5 0
29.3 0
25.1
30.6
34.6
30
39
33.7
31.6
25.9
34.4
26.9
23

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07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

31.1
29.3
34.5
31.2
33.2
30.2
36.5
37.5
27.6
24.6
23.9
27
29.5
30
29.6

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Null Hypothesis: The mean number of tv hours watched per week is not greater than 28.5
students.

Alternate Hypothesis: The mean number of tv hours watched per week is greater than 28.5
students

H0 : µ≤40

H1 : µ≥40

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

OUTPUT

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Dumm
Age y

Mean 62.33333 0

Variance 208.6333 0

Observations 21 3

Pooled Variance 189.6667

Hypothesized Mean
Difference 40

df 22

t Stat 2.627379

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.007691

t Critical one-tail 1.717144

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.015382

t Critical two-tail 2.073873

DECISION RULE

If t stat is greater than t critical, reject null hypothesis.

If p(t) is less than α, reject Null Hypothesis

INFERENCE

SINCE T STAT(0.77) IS LESSER THAN T CRITICAL(1.69) ACCEPT NULL

HYUPOTHESIS

Since p(0.22) is greater than ALPHA 0.05 ACCEPT NULL HYPOTHESIS

CONCLUSION

THE MEAN NUMBER OF TV HOURS IS NOT GReather than 28.5

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

One sample tea test using one dummy (two tail)

Problem statement Suppose that we want to hypothesize that the mean number of age
watched per week is greater than 28.5

Age Dummy

42 0

76 0

56 0

67

65

65

89

45

45

65

78

55

44

65

76

89

54

56

56

76

45

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Null Hypothesis: The mean number of tv hours watched per week is not greater than 40
students.

Alternate Hypothesis: The mean number of tv hours watched per week is greater than 28.5
students

H0 : µ≤40

H1 : µ≥40

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

OUTPUT

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Dum
HOURS my
30.482
Mean 76 0
19.133
Variance 62 0
Observations 29 3
17.858
Pooled Variance 05
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 28.5
df 30
0.7736
t Stat 38
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.2226
1.6972
t Critical one-tail 61
0.4451
P(T<=t) two-tail 99
2.0422
t Critical two-tail 72

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07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

DECISION RULE

If t stat is greater than t critical, reject null hypothesis.

If p(t) is less than α, reject Null Hypothesis

INFERENCE

SINCE T STAT(2.62) IS GREATER THAN T CRITICAL(2.07) REJECT NULL

HYUPOTHESIS

Since p(0.01) is greater than ALPHA 0.05 REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS

CONCLUSION

There is a significant difference between the mean age of population and estimated mean age
of population

Two sample t test (one tail)

Problem statement To analyse that the time spent by full time students

in studying statistics is more than the time spent by part time

students at α=0.05.

Full Part
time time

3.2 3.1

1.5 3.4

6.5 4.6

0.2 2.8

3.7 2.3

3.3 1.5

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07729801722
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 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

1.7 3.8

3.6 9.5

3.8 4.3

5.3 2.7

6.9 1.6

3.6 1.6

1.7 3.2

1.2 4.2

7.2 3.9

3.9 1.2

1.9 0

5.3 0

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Null Hypothesis: the time spent by full time students

in studying statistics is not more than the time spent by part time

students.

Alternate Hypothesis: the time spent by full time students

in studying statistics is more than the time spent by part time

students.

H0 : µ≤40

H1 : µ≥40

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

OUTPUT

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Part
Full time time

Mean 3.583333333 2.983333

Variance 4.133235294 4.566176

Observations 18 18

Pooled Variance 4.349705882

Hypothesized Mean Difference 0

df 34

t Stat 0.86306312

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.19707508

t Critical one-tail 1.690924255

P(T<=t) two-tail 0.394150159

t Critical two-tail 2.032244509

DECISION RULE

If t stat is greater than t critical, reject null hypothesis.

If p(t) is less than α, reject Null Hypothesis

INFERENCE

SINCE T STAT (0.86) IS less THAN T CRITICAL (2.03) ACCEPT NULL

HYUPOTHESIS

Since p(0.39) is less than ALPHA 0.05 REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS

CONCLUSION

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

There is a significant difference between the mean age of population and estimated mean age
of population

STEP 1-

STEP 2-

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

STEP 3-

OUTPUT

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
12.1428571
Mean 4 11
7.33333333
Variance 1.80952381 3
Observations 7 7
4.57142857
Pooled Variance 1
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 12
t Stat 1
0.16852452
P(T<=t) one-tail 9
1.78228755
t Critical one-tail 6
0.33704905
P(T<=t) two-tail 8
t Critical two-tail 2.17881283

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

3.2 3.1
3.5857 3.5285
Mean 14 71
4.9413 4.0360
Variance 19 44
Observations 14 14
-
0.0248
Pearson Correlation 8
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 13
0.0704
t Stat 92
0.4724
P(T<=t) one-tail 37
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 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

1.7709
t Critical one-tail 33
0.9448
P(T<=t) two-tail 75
2.1603
t Critical two-tail 69

HYPOTHESIS

H0 : µc= µd, µc-µd=0

H1 :µc≠µd; µc-µd≠0

DECISION RULE:

If t-stat is greater than t-critical, reject null hypothesis.

If p(1) is less than α, reject null hypothesis

INFERENCE:

Since, t-stat (0.079) is less than t-critical (2.14), we will accept null hypothesis

Since, p-value (0.937) is greater than α(0.05), we will accept null hypothesis.

CONCLUSION:

There is no significant difference between the time to finish the race when the race is completed
with local shoes and branded shoes α= 0.05.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

t-Test: Paired Two Sample

for Means

CARBOHYDRATE
CHOCOLAT REPLACEMENT
E MILK DRINK
Mean 41.79333 33.44777778
Variance 164.5313 160.9338194
Observations 9 9
Pearson Correlation 0.508406
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 8
t Stat 1.979281
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.041571
t Critical one-tail 1.859548
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.083141
t Critical two-tail 2.306004
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

Null Hypothesis: Mean time to exhaustion is not greater after chocolate milk than after
carbohydrate replacement drink

H0 = µcm ≤ µcd or µcm - µcd ≤ 0

Alternate Hypothesis: Mean time to exhaustion is greater after chocolate milk than after
carbohydrate replacement drink

H1 = µcm ≥ µcd or µcm - µcd ≥ 0

DECISION RULE:

If t-stat is greater than t-critical, reject null hypothesis. If p(t) is less than α, reject Null
hypothesis

INFERENCE:

Since t stat (1.97) is lesser than t Critical (1.39), reject Null hypothesis.

Since P (0.04) is lesser than α (0.1), reject Null hypothesis.

CONCLUSION:

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E
 BUSINESS RESEARCH LAB

Mean time to exhaustion is greater after chocolate milk than after carbohydrate replacement
drink.

Aryan Choudhary
07729801722
BBA 3E