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Cell Cycl1

The document discusses the cell cycle, which consists of three main phases: G1, S, and G2. Mitosis occurs after G2. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases whose activity is controlled by varying levels of cyclins throughout the cycle. DNA damage checkpoints exist to arrest the cell cycle and allow for DNA repair if needed.

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39 views3 pages

Cell Cycl1

The document discusses the cell cycle, which consists of three main phases: G1, S, and G2. Mitosis occurs after G2. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases whose activity is controlled by varying levels of cyclins throughout the cycle. DNA damage checkpoints exist to arrest the cell cycle and allow for DNA repair if needed.

Uploaded by

Cric Freak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell cycle.

Saturday, 27 April 2024


5:59 pm

1) NINJA NERD
 Three phases. G1, S , G2

 Mitosis occurs after G2

 G0 phase called quiescent phase.

 M phase is when the cell is dividing and interphase is

when the cell isn't dividing.


 Interphase is when growth occurs, S phase is when

DNA replication occurs.


 G0 is complete resting phase.

 G1 phase is when synthesis of proteins, organelles. Its

length varies on conditions i.e. when the cells want to


grow rapidly or slowly
 Mitogens are extracellular signaling molecules,

usually proteins, stimulate cell division, function via


CDKS.
 GROWTH FACTOR stimulates the cell to grow in

size and mitogens stimulate growth via cell division.


Some molecules contains growth factors and
mitogens.
 S phase is the synthesis of DNA

 G2 phase is the preparation for mitosis.

 G0 phase is specialized non dividing state, it's when

the cell lacks mitogens. Most cells in our body are in


G0, G0 can be permanent or temporary.
 Permanent g0 is terminal differentiation.
 liver cells exit G0 only when they are stimulated such
as in case of liver damage.
 Lymphocytes enter and exit G0 many times in their
lifespan.
 Bone marrow cells, hair follicles are labile cells,
rapidly dividing, never actually enter G0.
 Mitosis is the shortest portion of cell cycle.
 G1 in interphase is the longest.
 Cells regulate progression through check points
 called restriction points.
 G1-S phase, in late g1, cell commits to cell cycle after
it has passed this checkpoint.
 G2-M
 M phase, prior to anaphase.
 Arrests cell if the conditions are not appropriate.
CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES.
 KINASE ENZYMES, ALWAYS PRESENT IN CELLS, INACTIVE, DEPEND ON CYCLINS TO GET ACTIVE.
 CYCLINS ARE REGULATORY PROTEINS WHICH ACTIVATE CDKS.
 CYCLIN-CDK COMPLEXES ALLOW CELLS TO PROGRESS THROUGH CELL CYCLE.

 CYCLINS LEVELS VARY DURING CELL


CYCLE, CDKS CONSTANT.
 MITOGENS ACTIVATE CDKS, BY INTERACTING WITH SURFACE RECEPTORS, INCREASE CYCLIN
LEVELS, WHICH THEN ACTIVATE CDKS.
 IN G1-S checkpoint, CDKs activate transcription factors E2F, bind to DNA promoter regions.
 E2F are normally inhibited by binding to retinoblastoma proteins Rb. When CDKS phosphorylates
them, this inhibition is released.
 Rb regulates cell growth, tumor suppressor proteins.

 DNA damage can arrest cell division, and allows for repair.
 Two pathways to get arrested if DNA damage has occurred. If there is single stranded or double
stranded break, phosphorylation of proteins leads to cell growth arrest. P53 protein is the major
target, it becomes phosphorylated during DNA damage, which prevents its breakdown, hence
increases its levels.
 P53 gets stable when there is DNA damage. P53 induces transcription of P21 which binds to CDKS
AND INHIBITS ITS ACTIVITY AND blocks cell progression through cell cycle.
 if there are mutations in the RB gene, which codes for RB protein, unregulated cell growth via
E2F pathway. That’s called retinoblastoma.
 If there is mutation in tumor suppressor gene P53, the cell cycle is not arrested to allow for DNA
repair, hence malignancy.

2. Slides and book.


 Cyclin-cdk complexes are activated at various cell stages

depending on the varying levels of Cyclins. Cyclins are different


from checkpoints.
 Three check points. G1-S CHCKPOINT, G2 CHECKPOINT, M CHECKPOINT
 CYCLINS ARE G1-S CYCLINS, S CYCLINS, M CYCLINS.
 S SCYLINS trigger DNA replication, form at the start of S phase.
 M cyclins trigger entry into mitosis at the G2-M checkpoint.
 A seperate regulatory protein complex APC AND SCF.

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