INTERNET OF

THINGS
Assignment no. 2
Ankit Adiyodi
BE Mech B
Roll no. 01
Write A Short Note On Arduino Board And
Peripherals.
■ Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that consists of both hardware and
software components, designed to facilitate the creation of interactive electronic
projects. At the heart of the Arduino platform are the Arduino boards, which are
microcontroller-based development boards equipped with digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins, various communication interfaces, and onboard peripherals.
■ Arduino boards come in different form factors and specifications to suit different
project requirements. The most popular Arduino board is the Arduino Uno, which
features the ATmega328 microcontroller, USB connectivity, and a wide range of I/O
pins for connecting sensors, actuators, displays, and other peripherals.
■ Peripherals are external devices or components that can be connected to Arduino boards to
extend their capabilities and functionality. These peripherals include sensors, actuators,
communication modules, displays, input devices, and expansion shields.
■ Sensors allow Arduino projects to interact with the physical environment by measuring
parameters such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, motion, and distance.
■ Actuators enable Arduino projects to control physical devices and systems by producing
mechanical motion or electrical signals, such as LEDs, motors, relays, and solenoids.
■ Communication modules enable Arduino boards to communicate with other devices and
systems via wireless or wired connections, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, and
RFID/NFC. Displays provide visual output for Arduino projects, allowing users to view data,
messages, and graphics on screens such as LCDs, OLEDs, LED matrices, and TFT
touchscreens.
■ Input devices allow users to interact with Arduino projects by providing inputs such as
buttons, switches, potentiometers, keypads, touch sensors, and rotary encoders. Expansion
shields are add-on boards that extend the capabilities of Arduino boards by providing
additional features or components, such as motor driver shields, Ethernet shields, GPS
shields, and prototyping shields.
Different Components On The Arduino
Board With Their Functions
■ Power USB: Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection.
■ Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains
power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack.
■ Voltage Regulator: The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage
given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and
other elements.
■ Crystal Oscillator: The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues.
How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the
frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.
Different Components On The Arduino
Board With Their Functions
■ Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the
beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button on
the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled
RESET.
■ Analog pins: The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These
pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature
sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
■ Main microcontroller: Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller. You can assume
it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly
different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company.
You must know what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the
Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about
the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
Different Components On The Arduino
Board With Their Functions
■ ICSP pin: Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI
(Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output.
Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.
■ Power LED indicator: This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on,
then there is something wrong with the connection.
■ Digital I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital
pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like
LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
■ AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
Advantages of IOT

■ By automating activities, it saves us a lot of time.

■ It minimizes human effort because IoT devices connect and communicate with one
another and perform a variety of tasks without the need for human intervention.
■ Asset tracking, traffic or transportation tracking, inventory control, delivery,
surveillance, individual order tracking, and customer management can all be made
more cost-effective with the right tracking system.
■ It can assist in the smarter control of homes and cities via mobile phones. It
enhances security and offers personal protection.
■ Information is easily accessible, even if we are far away from our actual location,
and it is updated frequently in real time.
Disadvantages of IOT
■ Unskilled workers are at a high risk of losing their jobs, which could lead to
unemployment. Smart surveillance cameras, robots, smart ironing systems, smart
washing machines, and other facilities are replacing security guards, maids, ironmen,
and dry-cleaning services etc.
■ It is very difficult to plan, build, manage, and enable a broad technology to IoT
framework.
■ Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming.
■ Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information. Since we add
so many devices to the internet, there is a risk that our information as it can be
misused.
■ They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function effectively without it.