EM Waves
EM Waves
EM Waves
Extra-Ordinarily Special
Be a blessing everyday!
In integral form, Faraday’s law becomes,
(Ampere-Maxwell’s Law)
Physical Significance of Maxwell’s
Equations:
• There are two ways of creating magnetic field: by electric current and by
changing electric field.
In integral form, Faraday’s law becomes,
(Ampere-Maxwell’s Law)
c = (ε0µ0)-1/2
ε0 = permittivity of vacuum = 8.85419 x 10-12 C²/N.m²
µ0 = permeability of vacuum = 4π x 10-7 T.m/A
c = speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum = 3 x 108 m/s
transverse wave
• wave in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of motion
All EM waves move through a vacuum at the same speed, and the
symbol c is used to denote its value. This speed is called the speed
of light in vacuum and is approximately equal to 3 x 108 m/s.
The energy is carried by electric and magnetic fields that comprise the wave.
In an EM wave propagating through a vacuum or air, the electric field and the
magnetic field carry equal amounts of energy per unit volume of space.
The fact that the two energy densities are equal means that the electric field E
is related to the magnetic field B through the relation:
E = cB
where:
E = electric field in N/C
c = 3 x 108 m/s
B = magnetic field in T)
An EM wave may also be considered as consisting of particles called
photons, and each photon carries an energy that is given by:
E = hf
where:
E = energy of the photon in J
h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J.s
f = frequency of the wave in Hz or s-1
EM spectrum
• entire range of EM waves that are grouped into seven categories according to wavelength,
frequency or energy:
• Gamma rays have the highest energies, the shortest wavelengths, and the highest
frequencies.
• Radio waves, on the other hand, have the lowest energies, longest wavelengths, and lowest
frequencies.
• Our eyes cover less than one octave of the electromagnetic spectrum (visible light).
• Astronomical observations from radio waves to gamma-rays cover more than 65 octaves.
octave: interval between one frequency and another having twice the frequency of the first