CHAPTER-6 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

DEFINITION: The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying

magnetic fields is appropriately called electromagnetic induction

FARADAY’S EXPERIMENTS:
COIL-MAGNET EXPERIMENT
• A coil C1 connected to a galvanometer G.
• When the North-pole of a bar magnet is pushed towards the coil, the pointer in the
galvanometer deflects, indicating the presence of electric current in the coil. The deflection
lasts as long as the bar magnet is in motion.
• The galvanometer does not show any deflection when the magnet is held stationary.
• When the magnet is pulled away from the coil, the
galvanometer shows deflection in the opposite
direction, which indicates reversal of the current’s
direction.
• When the South-pole of the bar magnet is moved
towards or away from the coil, the deflections in the
galvanometer are opposite to that observed with the North-pole for similar movements.
• Further, the deflection (and hence current) is found to be larger when the magnet is
pushed towards or pulled away from the coil faster.
• When the bar magnet is held fixed and the coil C1 is moved towards or away from the
magnet, the same effects are observed.
Conclusion : The relative motion between the magnet and the coil that is responsible for
generation (induction) of electric current in the coil

COIL-COIL EXPERIMENT
• Consider a coil C1 connected to a galvanometer.
• A second coil C2 connected to a battery. The steady
current in the coil C2 produces a steady magnetic field.
• As coil C2 is moved towards the coil C1, the galvanometer
shows a deflection. This indicates that electric current is
induced in coil C1.
• When C2 is moved away, the galvanometer shows a
deflection again, but this time in the opposite direction. The deflection lasts as long as coil
C2 is in motion.
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• When the coil C2 is held fixed and C1 is moved, the same effects are observed.
• As the speed of the coils are increased, the deflection in the galvanometer also increases
Conclusion: It is the relative motion between the coils that induces the electric current.

COIL-COIL EXPERIMENT WHEN BOTH THE COILS ARE STATIONARY

• Two coils C1 and C2 held stationary.

• Coil C1 is connected to galvanometer G while the
second coil C2 is connected to a battery through a
tapping key K.
• The galvanometer shows a momentary deflection
when the tapping key K is pressed. The pointer in
the galvanometer returns to zero immediately.
• If the key is held pressed continuously, there is no deflection in the galvanometer.
• When the key is released, a momentary deflection is observed again, but in the
opposite direction.
Conclusion: The rate of change in magnetic flux induces current
MAGNETIC FLUX:
The number of magnetic field lines passing through unit area normal to the surface.
⃗ . 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝜑=𝐵

FARADAY’S LAWS:
The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit.
𝑑𝜑
𝜀=−
𝑑𝑡
The negative sign indicates the direction of ε and hence the direction of current in a closed
loop.
For N number of turns,
𝑑𝜑
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
LENZ’S LAW
“The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the
change in magnetic flux that produced it ”.
The North-pole of a bar magnet is being pushed towards the closed coil. As the North-pole
of the bar magnet moves towards the coil, the magnetic flux through the coil increases.
The current is induced in the coil in such a direction that it opposes the increase in flux.

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This is possible only if the current in the coil is in a counter-clockwise direction with
respect to an observer situated on the side of the magnet.
MOTIONAL EMF

Consider a straight conductor moving in a

uniform magnetic field.
Consider a rectangular conductor PQRS in
which the conductor PQ is free to move.
The rod PQ is moved towards the left with a
constant velocity v
PQRS forms a closed circuit enclosing an area
that changes as PQ moves.
It is placed in a uniform magnetic field B which is perpendicular to the plane of this
system.
The magnetic flux induces in the loop is
𝜑 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥
The Induced emf is given by
𝑑𝜑
𝜀=−
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐵𝑙𝑥)
𝜀=−
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝜀 = −𝐵𝑙
𝑑𝑡
𝜀 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Where = −𝑣
𝑑𝑡

Note: A metallic rod rotated in an external magnetic field induces an emf between its ends
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given by 𝜀 = 2 𝐵𝜔2 𝑅. (A wheel the number of spokes is immaterial because the emf’s

across the spokes are in parallel.)

ENERGY CONSIDERATION OF MOTIONAL EMF
Let r be the resistance of movable arm PQ
The current through the loop is
𝜀 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝐼= =
𝑟 𝑟
The force experienced is given by
𝐵𝑙𝑣𝑙 𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 = 𝐵 =
𝑟 𝑟
The mechanical power required to push is

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 𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 2
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = … … … … (1)
𝑟
This power is dissipated as Joules heat

2
𝐵𝑙𝑣 2 𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 2
𝑃=𝐼 𝑟=( ) 𝑟= … … … . (2)
𝑟 𝑟
From 1 and 2 mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy

EDDY CURRENT
When bulk pieces of conductors are subjected to changing magnetic flux, induced currents
are produced in them flow which resemble swirling eddies in water. These currents are
called eddy currents.
Disadvantages:
They heat up the core and dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat. So laminations
are used between the tuns of the coils.
o The pendulum plate with holes or slots reduces electromagnetic damping and the plate
swings more freely. This reduces the area as m=IA
ADVANTAGES:
• Magnetic braking in trains: Strong electromagnets are situated above the rails in
some electrically powered trains. When the electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents
induced in the rails oppose the motion of the train. This acts as brake
• Electromagnetic damping: Galvanometers have a fixed core made of nonmagnetic
metallic material. When the coil oscillates, the eddy currents generated in the core oppose
the motion and bring the coil to rest quickly.
• Induction furnace: Induction furnace can be used to produce high temperatures and
can be utilised to prepare alloys, by melting the constituent metals. A high frequency
alternating current is passed through a coil which surrounds the metals to be melted. The
eddy currents generated in the metals produce high temperatures sufficient to melt it.
• Electric power meters: The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter (analogue
type) rotates due to the eddy currents. Electric currents are induced in the disc by magnetic
fields produced by sinusoidally varying currents in a coil.

SELF-INDUCTION

Experiment:
• Consider a coil connected to a battery through a key.
When the key is not pressed, no current in the coil. So no
magnetic flux linked with the coil.

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• When key is pressed, current grows from 0 to maximum. As the current increases, the
magnetic flux linked with the coil also increases. This sets up an induced emf which
opposes the raise in the current in the coil. This delays the growth of current.
• When the current reaches maximum, there is no change in magnetic flux. Hence there is
no induced emf.
• When the key is released, current decreases from maximum to zero. This again
increases the raise in current.
• As the self-induced emf always opposes the change in the current in the circuit, it is
called back emf.
Note: Self-inductance is called
“Inertia of Electricity”.
As mass is a measure of inertia which is responsible for slowing down the
objects, self-inductance slows down the growth of current.

CO-EFFICIENT OF SELF INDUCTANCE:

We know, as the current flows through the coil, the magnetic flux linked with the coil also
changes.
𝜙∝𝐼
𝜙 = 𝐿𝐼
Where L is called self Inductance
“It is defined as the magnetic flux induced per unit current in the coil”.
Unit: The SI unit of self inductance is Henry.
Self Inductance is said to be 1 Henry if 1 Tesla of magnetic field is linked with the coil
when a current of 1 Ampere flows through the coil.
We have,
𝑑𝜙 𝑑 (𝐿𝐼 ) 𝑑𝐼
𝜀=− =− = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
EXPRESSION FOR SELF-INDUCTANCE OF A SOLENOID
Consider a long solenoid of cross-sectional area A and length l having n number of turns
per unit length. The magnetic field due to current I flowing in the solenoid is
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼
The total magnetic flux linked with the coil is
𝜙 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 = 𝑛𝑙𝜇0 𝑛𝐼𝐴
𝐿𝐼 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑙𝐼𝐴
𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑙𝐴

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ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
An inductor is a device having self inductance. The induced emf always opposes any
change in current in the circuit. Hence it is called back emf. Works needs to be done
against this back emf in establishing the current. This work done is stored as magnetic
potential energy.
Let dW is the work done in establishing the current I in the coil in time dt.
𝑑𝑊
𝑃 = −𝜀𝐼 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊 = −𝜀 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
=𝐿 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
=𝐿𝐼𝑑𝐼
The total work done in establishing the current I is given by
𝐼 𝐿
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐿𝐼 𝑑𝐼 = 𝐿 ∫ 𝐼 𝑑𝐼
0 0
2
𝐼
𝑊=𝐿
2
Thus the magnetic Potential energy stored in the inductor is
1
𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
MUTUAL INDUCTION

It is the phenomenon in which an emf is induced in the

one coil due to the variation of current in the the other
coil
• Consider a coil C1 connected to a galvanometer
and coil C2 connected to a battery and plug key.
• When there is no current in C2,there is no flux induced in the coil. Hence no induced
current in C1.
• When the key is switched on, there is flux linked in C2 which produces an induced
current in C1.

Co-efficient of Mutual Inductance

We know, as the current flows through the coil, the magnetic flux linked with the coil also
changes.
𝜙1 ∝ 𝐼2
𝜙1 = 𝑀𝐼2
Where M is called mutual Inductance
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SI unit of mutual inductance is Henry.
We have,
𝑑𝜙1 𝑑 (𝑀𝐼1 ) 𝑑𝐼1
𝜀2 = − =− = −𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

EXPRESSION FOR MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Consider two long co-axial solenoids each of length l. Let the
radius of the inner solenoid S1 be r1 and the number of turns
per unit length by n1. The corresponding quantities for the
outer solenoid S2 are r2 and n2, respectively.
Let N1= n1l and N2 =n2l be the total number of
turns of coils S1 and S2, respectively.
Case 1:
When a current I 2 is set up through S2, it in turn sets
up a magnetic flux Φ1 through S1.Then
𝑁1 𝜙1 = 𝑀12 𝐼2 … … . (1)
Where, 𝑀12 is the Mutual Inductance of solenoid 1with respect to 2.
By definition,
𝑁1 𝜙1 = 𝑁1 𝐵2 𝐴1 = 𝑛1 𝑙 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐼2 𝜋𝑟12 . = (𝑛1 𝑙 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝜋𝑟12 )𝐼2 … . . (2)
From 1 and 2,
𝑀12 = 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑙 𝜇0 𝜋𝑟12

Case 2:
When a current I 1 is set up through S1, it in turn sets up a magnetic flux Φ2 through
S2.Then
𝑁2 𝜙2 = 𝑀21 𝐼1 … … . (3)
Where, 𝑀21 is the Mutual Inductance of solenoid 2 with respect to 1.
By definition,
𝑁2 𝜙2 = 𝑁2 𝐵1 𝐴1 = 𝑛2 𝑙 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝐼1 𝜋𝑟12 = (𝑛2 𝑙 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝜋𝑟12 )𝐼1 … . . (4)
From 3 and 4,
𝑀21 = 𝑛2 𝑙 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝜋𝑟12
Hence
𝑀12 = 𝑀21 = 𝑀
Is called Mutual Inductance

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AC GENERATOR
It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
Parts:
1. Magnet
2. Armature
3. Slip Rings
4. Brushes

WORKING
• When the armature rotates perpendicular to magnetic
field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil ABCD changes and
hence emf is induced in the coil. Therefore current flows in the
coil.
• As the side AB goes in the upward direction, using
Fleming’s Right hand rule the current flows in the clockwise
direction.
• After half rotation, arm AB goes in the downward direction making the current flow in
the anticlockwise direction.
• Thus during half the rotation, current flows in one direction and and in the next half of
the rotation, it flows in the opposite direction.
• This process repeats and alternating current is produced

THEORY
Consider a coil with N number of turns and cross sectional area A placed perpendicular to
the magnetic field B.
As the coil rotates about an axis, magnetic flux 𝜙 is induced in the coil. As the magnetic
flux linked with the coil changes continuously, an emf is induced in the coil.
Let the coil rotate with a constant angular velocity 𝜔. The angular displacement at any
instant of time is given by 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡.
The magnetic flux linked with the coil is given by
𝜙 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
From Faraday’s law,
𝑑𝜙 𝑑 (𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡) 𝑑 (cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜀=− =− = −𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
Taking 𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡

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 NUMERICALS:

1. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside the
solenoid normal to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 A
to 4.0 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced emf in the loop while the current is changing?
2. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving, out of a region
of uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf
developed across the cut if the velocity of the loop is 1 cm s -1 in a direction normal to the (a)
longer side, (b) shorter side of the loop? For how long does the induced voltage last in each
case?
3. A 1.0 m long metallic rod is rotated with an angular frequency of 400 rad s -1 about an axis
normal to the rod passing through its one end. The other end of the rod is in contact with a
circular metallic ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T parallel to the axis
exists everywhere. Calculate the emf developed between the centre and the ring.
4. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an
angular speed of 50 rad s_1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude
3.0 x 10-2 Obtain the maximum and average emf induced in the coil. If the coil forms a
closed loop of resistance 10 q, calculate the maximum value of current in the coil. Calculate
the average power loss due to Joule heating.
5. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 200 V induced,
give an estimate of the selfinductance of the circuit.
6. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes
from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?
7. A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is the voltage
difference developed between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the Earth’s
magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of 5 x 10-4 T and the dip angle is 30°?