CH 1

CHAPTER 1
METALLIC MATERIALS
PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 1

1. GENERAL OF ALLOYS

1.1. PURE METALS?
Metals that are not mixed with any other

materials are known as pure metals
 Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) …
Pure metals are rarely used in engineering

 Why?

1.2. ALLOYS (Hợp kim)?
Alloys are mixtures of one metal with other
elements to create new metals with
improved mechanical properties and other
properties of the base metal
 Brass (Copper and Zinc) (đồng thau, thau)
 Carbon steel (Iron and Carbon)
Alloy = metal A + other elements

1.3. FERROUS METALS &
NON-FERROUS METALS
Ferrous Metals (Ferrous Alloys) (Hợp kim đen) =
Alloy metals that primary base metal is iron
Non-ferrous Metals (Non-ferrous Alloys) (Hợp kim

màu) = Alloy metals that primary base metal is
not iron

1.4. COMMON ALLOYS
The ferrous alloys:

 Steels
 Cast irons (Gang đúc)
Aluminum alloys
Copper alloys

2. IRON-CARBON ALLOYS

2.1. THE IRON-CARBON
CONSTITUTIONAL DIAGRAM
2.1.1. Benefits of Diagram
Research the properties of cast irons and steels
Research the heat treatment (Nhiệt luyện) of steels

and cast irons

2.1.2. Iron
Mechanical Properties:
 b = 250 MPa ; 0.2 = 120 MPa; HB= 80; = 50%
  Strength of iron is higher than strength of
copper, aluminum but still does not meet the
requirement of the technical material
 Only iron-based alloys (cast irons and
steels)
2.1.2. Iron
Allotropic forms (dạng thù hình) of iron:

 1392 < T < 15390C: b.c.c Fe
 911 < T < 13920C: f.c.c Fe
 T < 9110C: b.c.c Fe

 b.c.c (Body-Centered Cubic): Lập phương thể tâm
f.c.c (Face-Centered Cubic): Lập phương diện tâm

2.1.3. Carbon
 Allotropic forms: graphite, diamond
 Amorphous (vô định hình): coal, charcoal

2.1.4. Interaction Between Iron With Carbon
In two ways:
Carbon dissolves in iron to form solid

solutions
Carbon combines with iron to form chemical

compounds

a. Solid Solutions Due To
Dissolved Carbon In The Iron
 dC =1.54 A << dFe
  C dissolves in iron lattice in the form of

interstitial solid solutions (DDR xen kẽ)

a. Solid Solutions Due To
Dissolved Carbon In The Iron
 For Fe:
 Diameter of biggest void: 0.221dFe = 0.62–0.74A ( dC)
  The solubility of C in Fe is negligible: max 0.02%
(7270C) & 0.006% (at Troom)
 For Fe:
 Diameter of biggest void : 0.41dFe= 1.02A
 The max solubility of C in Fe: 2.14% at 11470C

b. Chemical Compounds of Fe and C
Fe and C constitute 3 chemical compounds:
Fe3C (6.67%C), Fe2C (9.67%C), FeC (17.67%C)
In iron-carbon alloys (max 5%C): only Fe3C
(cementite) (Xêmentit)
Cementite:
 Interstitial phase (Pha trung gian)
 Very hard and brittle

2.1.5. The Constitutional Diagram Fe-C

2.1.6. Phases and Mixtures
a. Phases
 Liquid: exists above the liquidus line, is designated L

 Ferrite (Ferit):
 Can only slightly dissolve carbon, is designated as F, α
 Type of lattice: b.c.c
 Is the softest structure that appears on the diagram

a. Phases
Austenite (Ôstenit):
 A solid solution of carbon in -iron
 Is designated as A, . Type of lattice: f.c.c
 Solubility of carbon: 2.14% (11470C); 0.8% (7270C)
 High ductility
Cementite (Xêmentit):
 Fe3C, is designated as Cem, Ce
 Very high hardness and brittleness
b. Mixtures
Pearlite (Peclit):
At 727oC, a eutectoid (cùng tích) reaction takes
place: As → FP + Cem
It forms a eutectoid mixture of ferrite and
cementite called pearlite (P)
88% F + 12% Cem

b. Mixtures
Ledeburite (Lêđêburit):
 At 1147oC, a eutectic (cùng tinh) reaction takes place:
LC → AE + Cem
resulting in the formation of the eutectic mixture of
aus & cem which is called Ledeburite (Le)
 This reaction can occur in all alloys which contain >
2.14%C
 When cooling down 7270C:   P  Le: (P+Xe)
 Very high hardness and brittleness
2.2. STEELS
2.2.1. Overview
 Steel is the main product of ferrous metallurgy
 Products:
 Rolled steels (thép cán): (bar, sheet, strip, pipe, I, U, V …)
 Cast steels (thép đúc)
 Chemical composition:
 Carbon steels
 Alloy steels
2.2.2. Carbon Steels
a. Chemical Composition
C:  2.14%
Mn, Si:
 Are added to any grade of steel for deoxidation (khử
oxy)
 Mn  0.80%; Si  0.50%

a. Chemical composition
P, S:
 Iron ores, fuel, fluxes, furnace gases contain some
phosphorus, sulfur, which remain in manufactured
cast iron and then pass into steel
 Phosphorus causes cold brittleness (Dòn nguội) of
steel; sulfur – hot brittleness of steel
 P< 0.05%; S< 0.05%

Raw materials for metallurgy: a significant

amount of steel scrap → a number of
elements comes into steel:
 Cr, Ni, Cu  0.2%
 Mo, W, Ti  0.1%

b. Effect of Elements on Structure and
Properties of Steels
Carbon
Is the most important element, a strong

influence on structure and properties of steel
When increasing carbon content:
 Strength, hardness increase
 Ductility decreases

Manganese
Is added to any grade of steel for:

 Deoxidation by reaction: Mn + FeO  Fe + MnO
 Harm reduction of sulfur: FeS  MnS
 Increasing the strength of steel

Silicon
Is added to any grade of steel for:

 Deoxidation by reaction:
2FeO + Si  Fe + SiO2
 Increasing the strength of steel

c. Classification of Carbon Steels
By quality
1.Normal quality: < 0.06%S; < 0.07%P
2.Good quality: < 0.04%S; < 0.035%P
3.High quality: < 0.025%S; < 0.025%P
4.Very high quality: < 0.015%S; < 0.025%P
 The quality of steels is determined by metallurgical
method
 Carbon steels: the first three categories
 Alloy steels: the last three categories

By uses
1. Construction steels (Thép xây dựng): mainly for making
building structures (houses, bridges …)
2. Structural steels (Thép kết cấu): mainly for making
machine parts (Chi tiết máy)
3. Tool steels (Thép dụng cụ): mainly for tools (cutting,
forging …) (Cắt gọt, rèn dập)
4. Steels and alloys with special properties
 Carbon steels: the first three categories
34
d. Carbon Steel Grade
d1. Normal Quality Carbon Steels
(Hot-rolled steels)
 Are provided in the form of
hot-rolled, normalized (Thường
hóa), non-heat treated
 Shapes, plates, sheets, rods,
tubes …

Group A
 Is to be used for making products without hot

working (Gia công nóng)
 Warranted mechanical properties/Chemical
composition is not guaranteed
 Designation: CT and next number is minimum
tensile strength (kg/mm2) (Giới hạn bền)
 Grades: CT31, CT33, CT34, CT38, CT42, CT51, CT61

Group B
 Is to be subjected to hot working (forging (Rèn),
stamping (Dập) …)
 Warranted chemical composition/mechanical
properties is not guaranteed
 Designation: the same symbol of group A but add B to
ahead
 Grades: BCT31, BCT33, BCT34, BCT38, BCT42, BCT51,
BCT61

Group C
 For welded (Hàn) steel structures
 Is delivered with warranted composition and
mechanical properties
 Designation: the same symbol of group A but add C to
ahead
 Grades: CCT31, CCT33, CCT34, CCT38, CCT42, CCT51,
CCT61
 Mechanical properties  Group A
Chemical composition  Group B
d2. (Good Quality) Carbon Structural Steels
 S< 0,04%; P< 0,035%

 Is delivered with warranted chemical composition
and mechanical properties
 Mainly for making machine parts
 Viet Nam Standard (TCVN): The first letter C, the
next digit indicates the average content of carbon
in hundredths of a percent
 C8, C10, C15, …, C75, C80, C85
d3. Carbon Tool Steel
 Belongs to groups of good quality steels and high
quality steels
 TCVN: The first letters CD, the next digit indicates

the average content of carbon in hundredths of a
percent; if there is a letter A at the end: high
quality steels
 Grades: CD70, CD80, …, CD120, CD130, CD70A …

2.2.3. Alloy Steels
Besides Fe, C, impurities (P, S), alloy elements
are intentionally added into steels with a
certain amount to change microstructure and
properties of steels
Common alloy elements: Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, Mo, Ti,

W, V, Cu, B …

Content limits to distinguish between

impurities and alloy elements:
Mn: 0,8-1,0%; Si: 0,5-0,8%
Cr: 0,2-0,8 %; Ni: 0,2-0,6%
Mo: 0,05-0,20%; W: 0,1-0,5%;
Ti ≥ 0,1%; Cu ≥ 0,1% ;
B ≥ 0,002%
b. Properties of Alloy Steels
Mechanical Properties:
Alloy steel strength is usually higher than

carbon steel strength, especially after
quenching (Tôi) + tempering (Ram)
With increasing strength, ductility decreases

b. Properties of Alloy Steels
Special physical and chemical properties:
 Heat resistance
 Corrosion resistance
 Wear resistance
 Electric and magnetic properties
…

c. Classification of Alloy Steels
By Application
 Structural steels:
 Are used to make machine parts
 Low and medium carbon content, low-alloy steels
 Tool steels:
 Are used to make various cutting and measuring instruments,
forging and stamping dies …
 Medium and high carbon content; low, medium and high-
alloy steels
 Steels and alloys with special properties:
 High-alloy steels
d. Grading of Alloy Steels By TCVN
Includes a few letters and numbers:

 Alloying elements are designated by their chemical
symbol
 The first digit indicates the average content of
carbon in hundredths of a percent
 The digit following a letter indicates the approximate
content of a particular alloying element

d. Grading Of Alloy Steels By TCVN
 No digit is written if the content of an element is 

1 percent (Mn, Si, Cr, Ni), << 1 percent (other
elements)
 A letter “A” at the end of a designation relates to
high-quality steels
Examples:
18Cr2Ni4A, 30CrMoA, 40CrNi, 30Cr8W2 …

2.2.4. Structural Steels
a. General
For making:
 Machine parts: gears (Bánh răng), transmission shafts
(Trục truyền) …
 Building structures: bridges, ships, cranes …
Used with the largest volume in the industry

b. Chemical Composition
Carbon
 C is the most influential element to the mechanical
properties of carbon steels:
 Increases strength
 Lowers ductility
 Reduces weldability (Tính hàn), cutting machinability

(Gia công cắt gọt), deformation (Biến dạng) processing
 C= 0.10 – 0.60%
Alloying elements
Alloying is an effective means for improving

the mechanical characteristics of steels
Main alloying elements:

 Function: improve strength, hardenability (độ thấm
tôi)
 Cr, Ni, Mn, Si: 1 – 4%

Alloying elements
Auxiliary alloying elements:
 Are added to steel with low contents (0.05 – 0.50%)
to improve some disadvantages caused by the main
alloying elements
 Ti: is added to Cr-Mn steels to avoid the effect of
grain coarsening of Mn
 Mo, W: are added to Cr, Cr-Ni steel … to avoid
temper brittleness (Dòn ram), to refine the grain …
53
c. Classification of structural steel
Cementable (Thấm C) steels
(Steels for carburizing)
 Low carbon content ( 0.25%)  low strength,
high ductility
 Heat treatment: carburizing (Thấm C) – quenching
(Tôi) – low-temperature tempering (Ram thấp)
 Chains (xích), high speed gears …
 Grades: C10, C15, C20, C25, 15Cr, 20Cr, 15CrV,
18CrMnTi, 25CrMnTi, 25CrMnMo, 20CrNi, 12CrNi3A …

Improvable steels (Thép hóa tốt)
Medium-carbon content (0.30-0.50%)

Heat treatment:
 Quenching – high-temperature tempering (Ram
cao) or:
 Quenching – high-temperature tempering –
surface hardening – low-temperature tempering

Improvable steels
Production of parts with high loads, parts with
high strength and toughness (Độ dai va đập): gears,
transmission shafts ….
C40, C45, C50, 35Cr,40Cr, 40CrB, 45Cr,50Cr,
40CrNi, 45CrNi, 40CrNiMo …

Spring steels (Thép đàn hồi)
C= 0.50 – 0.70%

Heat treatment: quenching–medium-
temperature tempering (Ram trung bình)
Parts with high elasticity: springs and similar
elements
C65, C70, C75, 60Mn, 65Mn, 70Mn, 65Si2,
60SiMn …
2.2.5. Tool steels
Are used to make various cutting and

measuring instruments, forging (Rèn) and
stamping (Dập) dies (Khuôn) …
Volume of use is not much but have high
requirements for quality
a. Steels for making cutting tools
 High-carbon content: 0.70-

2.0%
 Alloying elements increase
hardenability: Cr, Si, Mn, W,
Mo …
“red hardness” (Độ cứng ở T cao)
(prevent the tempering): W,
Mo, Cr…

a. Steels for making cutting tools
Heat treatment: quenching – low-temperature
tempering
Carbon steels: CD70, …, CD130
Low-alloying steels: 100Cr, 70CrSi, 90CrSi …
High-speed steels (Thép gió):
- C= 0,70 – 1,50% - Cr= 3,8 – 4,6%
- W= 5,5 – 19% - V= 1 – 4% - Co= 0 – 10%

b. Steels for making cold-forming dies (Khuôn
dập nguội)
High-carbon content:  1%; dies with high

toughness: C= 0,4 – 0,6%
Alloying elements increase hardenability: Cr,
Mn, Si, W, Mo …
63
b. Steels for making cold-forming dies
Heat treatment: quenching – low-temperature

tempering
 CD100 – CD120
 90CrWSiMn, 90CrWMn …
 210Cr12, 210Cr12Mo …
 40CrSi, 40CrW2Si …

c. Steels for making hot-forming dies
 C= 0.30 – 0.60%
hardenability, “red hardness”: Cr,
Ni, W …
 Heat treatment: quenching –
medium (high)-temperature
tempering
 50CrNiMo, 50CrNiW, 50CrMnMo,
30Cr2W8V…
2.3. CAST IRON
2.3.1. The basic properties
 C> 2.14%; common: 2.5 – 4.0% C
 Mn, Si: 0.5 – 3.0%; adjust graphitization (Graphit hóa), and
therefore, structure and properties of cast iron
 P, S: 0.05 – 0.5%; impair mechanical properties of cast iron
 Alloying elements: Cr, Ni, Mo, Ti …
 Nodulizing (Cầu hóa) elements: Mg, Ce …

b. Microstructure
Classification by microstructure: white iron,
grey iron, ductile iron (Gang cầu)
 White iron: all the carbon in it is in the form of
cementite, graphitization is zero. It is very hard and
brittle
 Grey iron, ductile iron: contain graphite in the forms
of lamella, spheroid. Microstructure is not fit for Fe-
Fe3C diagram
Stable Fe-C phase diagram
(Fe-Cgraphit)

b. Microstructure
Cast Iron with graphite:
 Metallic matrix: F, F + P, P, P + Cem
 Non-metallic inclusions: graphite

c. Properties of cast iron
 Low tensile strength, high brittleness
 Cast iron has better antifriction properties owing to
the lubricating of graphite. Graphite can quickly
attenuate vibration and resonance oscillation (Dao động

cộng hưởng)
 Cast iron has better casting properties and
machinability (Tính gia công cắt) than those of steel

d. Uses
 Is used widely in the mechanical engineering, civil

 Production of parts with static and low impact loads
 Replacing steel (especially ductile iron) in some cases

2.3.2. Grey Iron
a. Graphite formation in grey iron
Graphite
Hexagonal lattice
Has a lamellar crystal structure
The strength and plasticity are rather low

a. The formation of graphite in grey iron
 The graphite formation from iron melting and
austenite is a very slow process
 There is no graphite in pure Fe-C alloys
 Si: enhances graphitization. To adjust the level of
creating graphite, the silicon content is 1.0-3.0%
 C: enhances graphitization. C= 2.5-4.0%
 Mn: prevents graphitization. However, Mn increases
mechanical properties of grey iron. Mn= 0.5-1.0%
a. The formation of graphite in grey iron
More cementite forms in areas cooled at a

higher rate and more graphite in those which
are cooled slowly

b. Mechanical properties
Because of lamellar graphite the mechanical

properties of grey iron is low
Very low ductility
Hardness: 150-250 HB: high machinability.

c. Grading of grey irons by TCVN
 Is designated by letter “GX” and two digits, the

first digit giving the minimum specified tensile
strength and the last, the minimum bending
strength (kg/mm2)
 GX00; GX12-28; GX15-32; GX18-36; GX21-40;
GX24-44; GX28-48; GX32-52; GX36-56; GX40-60;
GX44-64

2.3.3. Ductile Cast Iron
a. Microstructure
Graphite: spheroidal  Tensile strength of

ductile iron is very high compared to tensile
strength of grey iron
Metallic matrix: F, F+P, P

b. Chemical composition
 GX, but denaturant (Chất biến tính) (Mg, Ce) is
added with very small amount. Mg, Ce:
spheroidal effect on graphite
How to manufacture ductile iron: smelting
grey iron; adjusting chemical composition;
desulfurization; spheroidal modifying (Biến tính)
by Mg (Ce)
c. Mechanical properties
Quite high strength, ductility
Mechanical properties: slightly lower than

those of carbon steels

d. Grading of ductile irons by TCVN
Is designated by letter “GC” and two digits,

the first digit giving the minimum specified
tensile strength (kg/mm2) and the last, the
minimum elongation  (%)
GC 38-17; GC 42-12; GC 45-5; GC 50-2; GC 60-

2; GC 70-3; GC 80-3; GC 100-4; GC 120-4

3. ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS

Introduction
First particles of aluminum were obtained by
H. Oersted of Denmark in 1825
The method for making aluminum (by
electrolysis) was invented in 1886
Among light metals, aluminum is of the
highest importance owing to its low cost and
large production scale
3.1. PURE ALUMINUM
Low density: = 2.7 kg/dm3  Al and its alloys
were widely used
High corrosion resistance: thanks to a dense
film of Al2O3 on the surface
Al possesses high values of heat and electric
conductivity

3.1. PURE ALUMINUM
A low melting point: 6600C
Low strength: b= 60 N/mm2; low hardness:

25 HB
High ductility
Poor cutting machinability

3.2. CLASSIFICATION OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS
3.2.1. Casting Aluminum Alloys
(Hợp kim nhôm đúc)
 The main structure:

eutectic  good casting
properties
 Silumins (Al + Si) are the

most popular casting
aluminum alloys

Silumins
Grade Content of elements, % Uses
Si Mg Mn Cu Zn Ti Sn
AL2 10-13 - - - - - - Casting

parts
AL4 8-10,5 0,17-0,30 0,25-0,50 - - - -
AL9 6,0-8,0 0,2-0,4 - - - - -
AL10 4,0-6,0 0,25-0,55 0,30 5,0-7,5 0,5 - -
AL17 3,0-5,0 - 0,2-0,6 1,5-3,5 4,0-7,0 - -
AL25 11-13 0,8-1,3 0,3-0,6 1,5-3,0 0,5 0.05-0,2 0,02 Piston
AL26 20-22 0,4-0,7 0,4-0,8 1,5-2,5 0,3 - -
AL30 11-13 0,8-1,3 0,2 0,8-1,5 0,2 - 0,01

The other casting aluminum alloys
HK Al – Cu: 4 – 5% Cu
HK Al – Mg: 9.5 – 11.5% Mg

3.2.2. Deformable Aluminum Alloys
(Hợp kim nhôm biến dạng)
Main structure: solid solution and no eutectic

 Easy deformation

a. Deformable alloys which can not be
hardened by heat treatment
Relatively low strength and high values of

ductility and corrosion resistance
For deep stamping (Dập sâu)

Common alloys
Al-Mn alloys:
 Mn< 1.5%
 Excel pure aluminum both in strength and in
corrosion resistance
Al-Mg alloys:
 Mg < 1.4%
 Stronger, lighter and less corrosion resistant than
pure aluminum
b. Deformable Alloys which can be
 At room temperature: the solid
solution + the second phase
 During proper heating: the

second phase dissolved in the
solid solution
 During fast cooling: the solid

solution will be supersaturated

b. Deformable Alloys which can be
 It is unstable and may undergo certain
transformation resulting in the precipitation of
the second phase, so that the remaining solid
solution contains an equilibrium content
 This process is called “natural aging” (Hóa già tự nhiên) if it
occurs at room temperature
 “Artificial aging” if it takes place at high temperature

Hardening mechanism

b. Deformable alloys which can be
These are the most important aluminum alloys
As structural materials are widely used
Most popular: Al – 4% Cu alloys

Duralumin (Đuara)
 Is the most popular among the aluminum alloys
which are employed in deformed state and can be
strengthened by heat treatment
 Chemical composition:
 Al – 1%Mg – 4%Cu – Mn – Si – Fe
 Mg: increases the effectiveness of hardening - aging
 Mn (0.3-0.9%): increases corrosion resistance
 Mechanical properties after quenching + aging:
 b= 420-470 Mpa; = 15-25%
3.2.3. Sintered Aluminum Alloys
(HK nhôm thiêu kết)
 Made from powder  Pressing for shaping 

Sintering
 Fabrication process:
 Spraying liquid pure aluminum
 Crushing powder in the proper conditions  powder
size < 1m with the oxidized surface layer thickness 0.01-
0.1 m
 Pressing
 Sintering
3.2.3. Sintered Aluminum Alloys
 Products: aluminum matrix (Nền) with very small
evenly distributed Al2O3
 Properties: high strength; high heat resistance;
easy to hot and cold deform; good cutting
machinability; good weldability …
 Uses: used to make parts with high strength and
corrosion resistance which work at high
temperatures (300-500oC)
4. COPPER AND
COPPER ALLOYS

4.1. PURE COPPER
Like Al, Cu has no allotropic modifications

(lattice: f.c.c)
Density: = 8.94 kg/dm3
Cu possesses high values of heat and electric

conductivity

4.1. PURE COPPER
Melting point:  10830C
Its strength is low but it increases sharply

(nearly 3 times) when cold deformation
Good deformation; good weldability
Poor casting properties

4.2. CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER ALLOYS
Common alloying elements: Zn, Sn, Al, Mn, Ni,
Be … they serve to improve strength without
bad ductility
By chemical composition (common):
Brasses (Đồng thau): copper-zinc alloys
Bronzes (Đồng thanh): alloys of copper and other
elements except zinc
4.3. BRASSES
Cu – Zn binary alloys (Zn< 60%)
By GOST: are designated letter “L“ and a
number showing average content of Cu in an
alloy

4.3. BRASSES
-brasses (< 45% Zn):
 High ductility  are manufactured in the form of
thin sheets, strips and other types of semi-
product for further stamping or die-forging
 L96, L90, L85, L80 (resemble gold in its color),
L70, L68, L63

4.3. BRASSES
( + ) brasses:
 Contain 55-61% Cu
 Are rolled into rods from which various parts are

then made by machining
 They are stronger and less ductile than -brasses

4.4. BRONZES
Alloys of Cu with other elements except Zn
Cu-Sn: Tin bronzes
Cu-Al: Aluminum bronzes

4.4.1. Tin bronzes
Alloys of Cu with Sn (Sn< 15%)

Deformable tin bronzes:
 Sn< 8%
 There may be more: P, Zn, Pb
 Br.SnZn8-4: frames (Khung), pedestals (Bệ đỡ) … in
steam
 Br.SnZnPb4-4-4: linings (Bạc lót)
 Br.SnZnNi5-2-5: gears

4.4.1. Tin bronzes
Cast tin bronzes:

 Sn> 6-8%
 Br.Sn10, Br.SnP10-1, Br.SnZn10-2, Br.SnZnPb5-5-5

…: drive shafts, linings …

4.4.2. Aluminum Bronzes
 5 – 10%Al
 High strength, wear resistance, corrosion
resistance
 Can be hardened by heat treatment
 Br.Al5, Br.Al7: deformable; high strength. Parts
with corrosion resistance in sea water
 Br.Al10: good casting properties; high strength;
can be hardened by heat treatment
Lead bronzes
Silicon bronzes
Beryllium bronzes

CH 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 1

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 1

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 2

Metals that are not mixed with any other

Pure metals are rarely used in engineering

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 3

Alloy = metal A + other elements

Non-ferrous Metals (Non-ferrous Alloys) (Hợp kim

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 5

The ferrous alloys:

 Cast irons (Gang đúc)

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 6

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 7

Research the properties of cast irons and steels

Research the heat treatment (Nhiệt luyện) of steels

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 8

Allotropic forms (dạng thù hình) of iron:

 911 < T < 13920C: f.c.c Fe

 T < 9110C: b.c.c Fe

f.c.c (Face-Centered Cubic): Lập phương diện tâm

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 10

 Allotropic forms: graphite, diamond

 Amorphous (vô định hình): coal, charcoal

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 11

In two ways:

Carbon dissolves in iron to form solid

Carbon combines with iron to form chemical

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 12

 dC =1.54 A << dFe

  C dissolves in iron lattice in the form of

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 13

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 14

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 15

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 16

 Liquid: exists above the liquidus line, is designated L

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 18

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 21

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 26

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 27

Raw materials for metallurgy: a significant

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 28

Is the most important element, a strong

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 29

Is added to any grade of steel for:

 Harm reduction of sulfur: FeS  MnS

 Increasing the strength of steel

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 31

Is added to any grade of steel for:

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 32

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 33

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 35

 Is to be used for making products without hot

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 36

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 37

 S< 0,04%; P< 0,035%

 TCVN: The first letters CD, the next digit indicates

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 41

Common alloy elements: Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, Mo, Ti,

PGS.TS. NGUYỄN NGỌC HÀ 43

Content limits to distinguish between