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This (slides) lecture is prepared and delivered only
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 Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this material, you should be able to:

▪ Understand the definition of information security

▪ Comprehend the history of computer security and how it
evolved into information security
▪ Understand the key terms and critical concepts of
information security as presented in the chapter
▪ Outline the phases of the security systems development
life cycle
▪ Understand the roles of professionals involved in
information security within an organization

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 4

 Introduction

▪ Information security: a “well-informed sense of

assurance that the information risks and controls are in
balance.” —Jim Anderson, Inovant (2002)

▪ Necessary to review the origins of this field and its

impact on our understanding of information security
today

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 5

 The History of Information Security

▪ Began immediately after the first mainframes were

developed
▪ Created to aid code-breaking computations during World
War II
▪ Physical controls to limit access to sensitive military
locations to authorized personnel: badges, keys, and
facial recognition
▪ Rudimentary in defending against physical theft,
espionage, and sabotage

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 6

 The History of Information Security

▪ One of 1st documented problems

▪ Early 1960s
▪ Not physical
▪ Accidental file switch
▪ Entire password file
▪ printed on every output file

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 7

 The 1960s

▪ Additional mainframes online

▪ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) began to

examine feasibility of redundant networked
communications

▪ Larry Roberts developed ARPANET from its inception

▪ ARPANET is the first Internet

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 8

 The 1970s and 80s

▪ ARPANET grew in popularity as did its potential for misuse

▪ Fundamental problems with ARPANET security were

identified
▪ No safety procedures for dial-up connections to ARPANET

▪ Non-existent user identification and authorization to system

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 9

 R-609

▪ Information security began with Rand Report R-609 (paper

that started the study of computer security)
▪ Scope of computer security grew from physical security to
include:
▪ Safety of data
▪ Limiting unauthorized access to data
▪ Involvement of personnel from multiple levels of an
organization
▪ First identified role of management and policy

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 10

 The History of Information Security
▪ Multics: Multiplexed Information and Computing Services
▪ Operating System
▪ Security primary goal
▪ Didn’t go very far
▪ Several developers created Unix
▪ Late 1970s: microprocessor expanded computing
capabilities and security threats
▪ From mainframe to PC
▪ Decentralized computing
▪ Need for sharing resources increased
▪ Majorly changed computing

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 11

 The 1990s

▪ Networks of computers became more common; so too

did the need to interconnect networks

▪ Internet became first manifestation of a global network of

networks

▪ In early Internet deployments, security was treated as a

low priority
▪ Many of the problems that plague e-mail on the Internet are the
result to this early lack of security

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 12

 The Present

▪ The Internet brings millions of computer networks into

communication with each other—many of them
unsecured

▪ Ability to secure a computer’s data influenced by the

security of every computer to which it is connected

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 13

 What is Security?

▪ “The quality or state of being secure—to be free from

danger”
▪ A successful organization should have multiple layers of
security in place:
▪ Physical security
▪ Personal security
▪ Operations security
▪ Communications security
▪ Network security
▪ Information security

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 14

 What is Information Security?

▪ The protection of information and its critical elements,

including systems and hardware that use, store, and
transmit that information
▪ Necessary tools: policy, awareness, training, education,
technology
▪ C.I.A. triangle was standard based on confidentiality,
integrity, and availability
▪ C.I.A. triangle now expanded into list of critical
characteristics of information

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 15

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 16
Critical Characteristics of Information
▪ The value of information comes from the characteristics it
possesses:
▪ Timeliness
▪ No value if it is too late
▪ Availability
▪ No interference or obstruction
▪ Required format
▪ Accuracy
▪ Free from mistakes
▪ Authenticity
▪ Quality or state of being genuine, i.e., sender of an email
▪ Confidentiality
▪ Disclosure or exposure to unauthorized individuals or system is prevented

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 Critical Characteristics of Information
▪ Integrity
▪ Whole, completed, uncorrupted
▪ Cornerstone
▪ Size of the file, hash values, error-correcting codes,
retransmission
▪ Utility
▪ Having value for some purpose
▪ Possession
▪ Ownership
▪ Breach of confidentiality results in the breach of possession

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 18

 Figure 1-4 – NSTISSC Security
NSTISSC Security Model
Model

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 19

 Components of an Information System

▪ Information System (IS) is entire set of software, hardware, data,

people, procedures, and networks necessary to use information as
a resource in the organization
▪ Software
▪ Perhaps most difficult to secure
▪ Easy target
▪ Exploitation involves substantial portion of attacks on information
▪ Hardware
▪ Physical security policies
▪ Securing physical location is important
▪ Laptops
▪ Flash memory

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 20

 Components of an Information System
▪ Data
▪ Often most valuable asset
▪ Main target of intentional attacks
▪ People
▪ Weakest link
▪ Social engineering
▪ Must be well trained and informed
▪ Procedures
▪ Threat to integrity of data
▪ Networks
▪ Locks and keys won’t work

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 21

 Securing Components
▪ Computer can be subject of an attack and/or the object
of an attack
▪ When the subject of an attack, computer is used as an
active tool to conduct attack

▪ When the object of an attack, computer is the entity being

attacked
▪ 2 types of attack
▪ Direct
▪ Hacker uses their computer to break into a system
▪ Indirect
▪ System is compromised and used to attack other systems

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 22

 Figure 1-5 – Subject and Object of
Attack

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 23

 Balancing Information Security and Access

▪ Impossible to obtain perfect security—it is a process, not

an absolute

▪ Security should be considered in balance between

protection and availability

▪ To achieve balance, level of security must allow

reasonable access, yet protect against threats

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 24

 Figure 1-6 – Balancing Security and
Access

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 25

 Approaches to Information Security
Implementation: Bottom-Up Approach
▪ Grassroots effort: systems administrators attempt to
improve security of their systems

▪ Key advantage: technical expertise of individual

administrators

▪ Seldom works, as it lacks a number of critical features:

▪ Participant support

▪ Organizational staying power

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 26

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 27
 Approaches to Information Security
Implementation: Top-Down Approach

▪ Initiated by upper management

▪ Issue policy, procedures and processes

▪ Dictate goals and expected outcomes of project

▪ Determine accountability for each required action

▪ The most successful also involve formal development

strategy referred to as systems development life cycle

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 28

 The Systems Development Life Cycle
▪ Systems development life cycle (SDLC) is methodology
and design for implementation of information security within
an organization
▪ Methodology is formal approach to problem-solving based
on structured sequence of procedures
▪ Using a methodology
▪ ensures a rigorous process
▪ avoids missing steps
▪ Goal is creating a comprehensive security posture/program
▪ Traditional SDLC consists of six general phases
Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 29
Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 30
 The Security Systems Development Life Cycle

▪ The same phases used in traditional SDLC may be

adapted to support specialized implementation of an IS
project

▪ Identification of specific threats and creating controls to

counter them

▪ SecSDLC is a coherent program rather than a series of

random, seemingly unconnected actions

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 31

 The Security Systems Development Life Cycle

▪ Investigation
▪ Identifies process, outcomes, goals, and constraints of the
project

▪ Begins with enterprise information security policy

▪ Analysis

▪ Existing security policies, legal issues,

▪ Perform risk analysis

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 32

 The Security Systems Development Life Cycle

▪ Logical Design
▪ Creates and develops blueprints for information security

▪ Incident response actions: Continuity planning, Incident

response, Disaster recovery
▪ Feasibility analysis to determine whether project should
continue or be outsourced

▪ Physical Design
▪ Needed security technology is evaluated, alternatives
generated, and final design selected

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 33

 The Security Systems Development Life Cycle
▪ Implementation
▪ Security solutions are acquired, tested, implemented, and
tested again
▪ Personnel issues evaluated; specific training and education
programs conducted
▪ Entire tested package is presented to management for final
approval
▪ Maintenance and Change
▪ Most important
▪ Constant changing threats
▪ Constant monitoring, testing updating and implementing change

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 34

 Security Professionals and the Organization

▪ Wide range of professionals required to support a diverse

information security program

▪ Senior management is key component; also, additional

administrative support and technical expertise required to
implement details of IS program

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 35

 Senior Management

▪ Chief Information Officer (CIO)

▪ Senior technology officer
▪ Primarily responsible for advising senior executives on
strategic planning
▪ Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)
▪ Primarily responsible for assessment, management, and
implementation of IS in the organization
▪ Usually reports directly to the CIO

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 36

 Information Security Project Team

▪ A number of individuals who are experienced in one or

more aspects of technical and non-technical areas:
▪ Champion: Senior executive who promotes the project
▪ Team leader: project manager, departmental level
manager
▪ Security policy developers
▪ Risk assessment specialists
▪ Security professionals
▪ Systems administrators
▪ End users

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 37

 Data Ownership

▪ Data Owner: responsible for the security and use of a

particular set of information

▪ Data Custodian: responsible for storage, maintenance,

and protection of information

▪ Data Users: end users who work with information to

perform their daily jobs supporting the mission of the
organization

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 38

 Communities Of Interest

▪ Group of individuals united by similar interest/values in an

organization

▪ Information Security Management and Professionals

▪ Information Technology Management and Professionals

▪ Organizational Management and Professionals

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 39

 Key Terms
▪ Access: a subject or object’s ability to use, manipulate, modify, or
affect another subject or object.
▪ Asset: the organizational resource that is being protected
▪ Attack: an act that is an intentional or unintentional attempt to cause
damage or compromise to the information and/or the systems that
support it.
▪ Control, Safeguard or Countermeasure: security mechanisms,
policies or procedures that can successfully counter attacks, reduce
risk, resolve vulnerabilities, and otherwise improve the security within
an organization.
▪ Exploit: to take advantage of weaknesses or vulnerability in a system.
▪ Exposure: a single instance of being open to damage.
▪ Hack - Good: to use computers or systems for enjoyment; Bad: to
illegally gain access to a computer or system.

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 40

 Key Terms
▪ Object: a passive entity in the information system that receives or
contains information.
▪ Risk: the probability that something can happen.
▪ Security Blueprint: the plan for the implementation of new security
measures in the organization.
▪ Security Model: a collection of specific security rules that represents
the implementation of a security policy.
▪ Security Posture or Security Profile: a general label for the
combination of all policy, procedures, technology, and programs that
make up the total security effort currently in place.
▪ Subject: an active entity that interacts with an information system
and causes information to move through the system for a specific end
purpose

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 41

 Key Terms
▪ Threats: a category of objects, persons, or other entities that
represents a potential danger to an asset.
▪ Threat Agent: a specific instance or component of a more general
threat.
▪ Vulnerability: weaknesses or faults in a system or protection
mechanism that expose information to attack or damage.

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 42

 Summary

▪ Information security is a “well-informed sense of

assurance that the information risks and controls are in
balance.”

▪ Computer security began immediately after first

mainframes were developed

▪ Successful organizations have multiple layers of security

in place: physical, personal, operations, communications,
network, and information.

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 43

 Summary

▪ Security should be considered a balance between

protection and availability

▪ Information security must be managed similar to any

major system implemented in an organization using a
methodology like SecSDLC

▪ Implementation of information security often described as

a combination of art and science

Principles of Information Security, 2nd Edition 44