MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
1

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic
year 2021-2022. Hence if the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in
Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the
answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.

Q. Sub Answers Markin

No. Q. g
N. Scheme

1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10-

Total
Marks

(a) Define following terms: 2M

i) bit rate
ii) baud rate

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
2

Ans: i) bit rate : It is the transmission of number of bits per second. 1M

ii) baud rate : It is defined as the number of signal units per second.
1M

(b) Classify networks on the basis of transmission technologies. 2M

Ans: Classification of networks on the basis of transmission technologies 1M

Each
1. Broadcast Network
2. Point-to-Point Network

(c) Compare TCP/IP and OSI reference model (any two points). 2M

Ans: Sr.no TCP/IP Model OSI Model Any 2

correct
1. It stands for Transmission It stands for Open System
answers
Control Protocol Interconnection.
1M each
2. It was developed by OSI model has been developed
ARPANET (Advanced by ISO (International Standard
Research Project Agency Organization).
Network)

3. This model is based on a This model is based on a vertical

horizontal approach approach.

4. It consists of 5 or 4 layers. It consists of 7 layers.

5. This model is highly used. The usage of this model is very

low.

6. It is an implemented model It is also known as a reference

model through which various

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
3

of an OSI model. networks are built. For example,

the TCP/IP model is built from
the OSI model. It is also referred
to as a guidance tool

(d) Name the layer of the OSI model at which the mechanical, electrical , functional and 2M
procedural characteristics are defined. State its function.

Ans: Physical layer of the OSI model at which the mechanical, electrical , functional and Name of
procedural characteristics are defined. layer
1m
Functions of the physical layer are
Any two
1. It defines the physical characteristics and functions of the physical devices and function
interfaces so that transmission can occur. 1M
2. It defines the procedure of encoding of the bits.
3. It states the data transmission rate and the duration of a bit.
4. It defines the topology.
5. It also states the direction of transmission.

e) State two advantages of coaxial cable. 2M

Ans: Advantages of coaxial cable Any 2

1. The cost of a coaxial cable is less. correct
2. Highly resistant to physical damage. answer
1M each
3. Highly resistant to EMI.
4. The transmission rate is high.
5. It allows a high transfer rate with coaxial cable having better shielding materials.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
4

f) List four network connecting devices. 2M

Ans: Network connecting devices Any 4

correct
1. Hub.
answer
2. Switch.
1M each
3. Router.
4. Bridge.
5. Gateway.
6. Modem.
7. Repeater.
8. Access Point.

g) State the need for IPv6. 2M

Ans: Need for IPv6 2M

The primary function of IPv6 is to allow for more unique TCP/IP address identifiers to
be created, now that we’ve run out of the 4.3 billion created with IPv4. This is one of the
main reasons why IPv6 is such an important innovation for the Internet of Things (IoT).
Internet-connected products are becoming increasingly popular, and while IPv4
addresses couldn’t meet the demand for IoT products, IPv6 gives IoT products a
platform to operate on for a very long time.

Q. Sub Answers Markin

No. Q. g

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
5

N. Scheme

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-Total

Marks

a) Draw the block diagram of data communication system and state the function of each 4M
block.

Ans: 1.5M
for
block
diagram
and 1/2
M for
each
Block diagram of data communication system
function
Function of each block.

1. Protocol : it is sets of rules which governs data communication. The actual

communication between transmitter and receiver which takes place with the help
of protocol.
2. Sender: it is a device which sends the message for example, computer system,
cameras or telephone.
3. Medium: it is a physical path over which the message travel from sender to the
receiver. Medium can be a co-axial cable , twisted pair wire , fiber optic cables or
radio waves.
4. Message : it is information or data which is to be send from one point to other. It
can be in the form of sound , text , number or picture.
5. Receiver: it is a device which receives the message. for example computer system
, picture tube.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
6

b) Compare Peer-to-Peer and Client – Server architecture on the basis of – 4M

i) Cost
ii) Performance
iii) Backup
iv) Security

Ans: Sr Parameter Peer-to-Peer Client-Server Each

no. point
1M
i. Cost less more

ii. Performance In case of a large peer-to- The performance remains

peer network, unaffected with the
performance is likely to increase in clients because
reduce because the the server does the heavy
resources are shared lifting

iii. Backup the users need to manage It is easier to take backups

their own backups.

iv. Security It is less secure It is more secure

c) Explain different functions of datalink layer of OSI reference model. 4M

Ans: functions of datalink layer of OSI reference model 1

function
1. Framing: Data-link layer takes packets from Network Layer and encapsulates
1M
them into Frames. Then, it sends each frame bit-by-bit on the hardware. At
receiver’ end, data link layer picks up signals from hardware and assembles

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
7

them into frames.

2. Addressing: Data-link layer provides layer-2 hardware addressing mechanism.
Hardware address is assumed to be unique on the link. It is encoded into
hardware at the time of manufacturing.
3. Synchronization: When data frames are sent on the link, both machines must be
synchronized in order to transfer to take place.
4. Error Control: Sometimes signals may have encountered problem in transition
and the bits are flipped .These errors are detected and attempted to recover
actual data bits.
5. Flow Control: Stations on same link may have different speed or capacity. Data-
link layer ensures flow control that enables both machine to exchange data on
same speed.
6. Multi-Access: When host on the shared link tries to transfer the data, it has a
high probability of collision. Data-link layer provides mechanism such as
CSMA/CD to equip capability of accessing a shared media among multiple
Systems.

d) Describe hamming code error correction technique with the help of example. 4M

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
8

Ans: Hamming code error correction technique 1 M for

descript
1. At the receiver transmitted hamming code is decoded to get the data back
ion and
2. The bits (1,3,5,7) , (2,3,6,7) and (4,5,6,7) are checked for even parity.
3M for
3. If all the 4-bit groups mentioned above possess the even parity then the received
any
code word is correct.
correctl
4. But if parity is not even then error exists .such an error can be located by
y solved
forming a 3-bit number out of three parity checks.
example
Example of Detection and correction of a single bit error : or 4M
for the
If received 7-bit Hamming code word is 10 1 1 0 1 1. Assuming even parity. By using
solved
following method we can detect and correct error .
example
if steps
are
included

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
9

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
10

Q. Sub Answers Markin

No. Q. g
N. Scheme

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-

Total
Marks

a) State the names of the layers that perform the following functions – 4M

i) Data Encryption
ii) File transfer
iii) Error Correction
iv) Data Encoding

Ans: i) Data Encryption:-Presentation Layer 1M each

ii) File Transfer:-Application Layer for
iii) Error Correction:-Data Link Layer and Transport Layer correct
iv) Data Encoding:-Data Link Layer name of
layer
for
function
given

b) Summarize the frame format of PPP protocol. 4M

Ans: PPP Frame Format:

The PPP frame is shown in Fig.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
11

The description of the fields in the PPP frame are as follows:

1. Flag Field (1 Byte): The flag field identifies the boundaries of PPP frame i.e. each
frame begins and ends with flag field. This field is 1 byte in length.

2. Address Field (1 Byte): This field contains a value indicating that the packet is
addressed to all recipients. Address field indicates the address of destination. Address
field is 1 byte (8 bits).

When the address field contains all 1’s i.e. 11111111, this indicates that all stations are to
accept the frames (broadcast).

3.Control Field (1 Byte): PPP normally runs in connectionless mode therefore control
field is set to 11000000. This indicates unnumbered frames i.e. frame does not contain
sequence numbers and there is no flow or error control.

4. Protocol Field (2 Bytes): Protocol field defines the information of data field. The
protocol field is 1 or 2 byte long.

5. Data Field: The data field contains the actual data to transmit, plus padding if
necessary. The length of this field is variable.

6. Frame Check Sequence (FCS): The FCS field is 24 byte long and contains CRC code.
It checks length of all fields in frame.

PPP Frame Format

c) Draw a diagram to establish a network for a computer laboratory with 5 computer 4M

having internet facility using the following devices.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
12

i) Switch
ii) Router

Ans: 4M for
correct
diagram

d) Compare IPv4 and IPv6 on the basis of – 4M

i) Address
ii) Packet Size

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
13

iii) Configuration
iv) IP Security

Ans: Parameter IPv4 IPv6 1M each

for
i) Address length IPv4 has 32-bit address IPv6 has 128-bit
correct
length address length
compari
ii) Packet size Packet size 576 bytes 1208 bytes required son
required, fragmentation without fragmentation point
optional

iii) Configuration It Supports Manual and It supports Auto and

DHCP address renumbering address
configuration configuration

OR OR

You have to configure a In IPv6, the

newly installed system configuration is
before it can optional, depending
communicate with upon on functions
other systems. needed.

iv) IP Security Security feature is IPSEC is inbuilt

dependent on security feature in the
application IPv6 protocol

OR OR

Internet Protocol Internet Protocol

Security (IP Sec) Security (IP Sec)
concerning network Concerning network

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
14

security is optional security is mandatory

Q. Sub Answers Markin

No. Q. g
N. Scheme

4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-

Total
Marks

(a) State the need of multiplexing and switching. Summarize the situations for the 4M
implementations of TDM, FDM, Circuit Switched Network & Packet Switched Network.

Ans: Need of multiplexing (1M) for

need of
 In a communication systems there are large numbers of users involved
multiple
 It is not possible to lay a separate pair of wires between each source and destination
xing
this is very expensive and practically impossible.
 Instead we can use a communication medium such as coaxial cable or
optical fiber cable to carry many telephone signals from different sources
together
 Multiplexing is a technique that allows simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals over common transmission path
 Multiplexing is used to send multiple signals simultaneously ,
reduce the cost of Transmission and to make effective use of available bandwidth (1M) for

Need of switching Need of

switching
 Switching is needed to establish connections between all the nodes on a
network without the need for single connections between each pair of nodes.
Therefore, we require switching technology that provides a mechanism to establish

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
15

connectivity as and when required. Once a connection has been made, information can
be sent and received
(1/2M)
TDM is implemented in
each for
 Satellite Communication system.
any one
 Cellular Radio.
implent
 Public Switched Telephone Network or PSTN system.
ation/ap
 digital audio mixing system.
plicatio
 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) transmission system. n of
FDM is implemented in TDM,F
 Television and Radio Broadcasting. DM,
 Satellite Communication system. Circuit
 First generation cellular systems switchin
 Analog telephone systems g,
Circuit switching is implemented in Packet
 Analog telephone network switchin
 Optical mesh network g
 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Any
 ISDN is a circuit switched telephone network
other
Packet switching is implemented in
valid
 Internet and most local area networks.
applicat
 Ethernet and frame relay
ion
 Newer mobile phone technologies (e.g., GSM, LTE)
should
 Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols be
consider
ed

(b) Explain a one bit sliding window protocol under normal condition and with damaged 4M

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
16

frame with suitable diagram.

Ans: 1. One bit sliding window protocol is used for delivery of data frames.
2. The sender and receiver’s windows size is 1. (2m)
3. One bit sliding window protocol uses Stop and Wait concept.
Diagra
4. Its bidirectional protocol. (full duplex communication)
m

OR

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
17

(1M)

Normal Operation : In normal operation the sender sends a frame and waits for Normal
acknowledgement from receiver .The acknowledgement should be received operatio
before the timer for the frame expires. The sequence
of n number
acknowledgement should match the sequence number of next frame to be
transmitted .If it matches the next frame is transmitted otherwise previous frame
is transmitted (1M)

Damaged frame : .When the receiver receives a damaged frame it discards it Damage
which means the frame is lost .The receiver remains silent about the lost frame d frame
.After the timer expires for that frame the sender retransmits the same frame .

(c) Draw structural diagram of fiber optic cable and write its functions. 4M

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
18

Ans:

2M

diagram

(2M)

explaina
tion

Structural diagram of Fibre Optic Cable

 Core − The core is innermost part of fibre optic cable . It is made up of glass or
plastic
Function : The core has a higher refractive index w.r.t cladding. This ensures that
light is confined within the core and propagates by total internal reflection.

Cladding − The core is surrounded by cladding which is also made up of glass

or plastic. The refractive index of outer cladding is slightly less than that of the
core. Functions :
1) Cladding reduces light scattering.
2) Cladding reduces loss of light from the core to outside.
3) Cladding protects the Glass core from outside contaminants.
 Outer Coating or Jacket − The outer jacket is a thin plastic sheath or coating
that is opaque to light.

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
19

Function :
1) It prevents light rays from outside to enter the optical fiber.
2) prevents the fibers from physical damage.
3) It adds strength to the fiber.

(d) On which layer of OSI reference model following protocol works – 4M

i) UDP
ii) IP
iii) FTP
iv) SCTP

Ans: i) UDP – Transport layer 1M each

ii) IP - Network Layer for
iii) FTP – Application Layer writing
iv) SCTP – Transport Layer correct
layer of
OSI
model

(e) Explain datagram approach for packet switching. 4M

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
20

Ans:

2M for

Diagra
m

 In a datagram network, each packet is treated independently of all others.

 . Datagram switching is normally done at the network layer.
 . Figure shows how the datagram approach is used to deliver four packets from 2M for
station A to station X. explaina
 The switches in a datagram network are traditionally referred to as routers. tion
 In this example, all four packets (or datagrams) belong to the same message, may
travel different paths to reach their destination. This is so because the links may
be involved in carrying packets from other sources and do not have the necessary
bandwidth available to carry all the packets from A to X.
 This approach can cause the datagrams of a transmission to arrive at their
destination out of order with different delays between the packets.
 . In most protocols, it is the responsibility of an upper-layer protocol to reorder
the datagrams or ask for lost datagrams before passing them on to the
application.
 The datagram networks are sometimes referred to as connectionless networks.
The term connectionless here means that the switch (packet switch) does not keep
information about the connection state. There are no setup or teardown phases.

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
21

 Datagrams can contain the full destination address rather than using some
number.

 There is no set up phase required for the datagram circuits. This means that no
resources are consumed.

 If any fault or loss occurs on a communication line, the datagrams circuits are
capable of compensating for it.

Q. Sub Answers Markin

No. Q. g
N. Scheme

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12-

Total
Marks

a) With a suitable diagram, explain the following topologies. 6M

i) Bus topology
ii) Ring topology

Ans: I.Bus Topology: 3M each

In networking, a topology that allows all network nodes to receive the same message 1M
through the network cable at the same time is called as bus topology. Diagra
m of
In this type of network topology, all the nodes of a network are connected to a common
Bus
transmission medium having two endpoints.
topology
All the data that travels over the network is transmitted through a common

Page 21/
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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
22

transmission medium known as the bus or the backbone of the network. and 2M
explanat
Working of Bus Topology:
ion
Fig. shows bus topology. The central cable is the backbone of the network and is known
as Bus (thus the name). Every workstation or node communicates with the other device
through this Bus.

A signal from the source is broadcasted and it travels to all workstations connected to
bus cable. Although the message is broadcasted but only the intended recipient, whose
MAC address or IP address matches, accepts it.

If the MAC/IP address of machine does not match with the intended address, machine
discards the signal. A terminator is added at ends of the central cable, to prevent
bouncing of signals. A barrel connector can be used to extend it.

II.Ring Topology:

Ring topology is a network topology that is set-up in circular fashion. The data and the
signals that pass over the network travel in a single direction. It is called ring topology
because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last
one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.

Each node in this topology contains repeater. A signal passes node to node, until it
reaches its destination. If a node receives a signal intended for another node its repeater

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Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
23

regenerates the signal and passes it.

Token is a special three byte frame that travels around the ring network. It can flow
clockwise or anticlockwise. Ring topology is a point to point network.

A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because
if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes,
then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to
prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.

Fig. shows a ring topology. The token travels along the ring until it reaches its
destination. Once, token reaches destination, receiving computer acknowledges receipt
with a return message to the sender. The sender then releases the token for the token for
use by another computer.

1M
Diagra
m of
Ring
topology
and 2M
explanat
ion

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SUMMER – 2022 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
24

b) Draw layered architecture of the OSI model. State the functions of various layers. 6M

Ans: Layered Architecture of ISO-OSI Model: 2.5 M

for
diagram
and
1/2M
for
explanat
ion of
each
layer

7 Layers of OSI reference Model

ISO-OSI model has 7 layered architecture.

Functions of each layer are given below

Layer1 :Physical Layer

1. It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.

2. It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured
raw data over network.
3. Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the
physical layer.

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Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
25

4. It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical

signals.
5. Data encoding is also done in this layer.

Layer2: Data Link Layer

1. Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be

transmitted over the physical layer.

2. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is

error free from one node to another, over the physical layer.

3. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by

this layer.

4. This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames

received and sent respectively. Resending of non acknowledgement

received frames is also handled by this layer.

Layer3:The Network Layer

1. Network Layer routes the signal through different channels from

one node to other.

2. It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.

3. It decides by which route data should take.

4. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the

incoming packets into messages for higher levels.

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Subject Name: Computer Networking and Data Comm. Subject Code: 22634
Model Answer
26

Layer 4: Transport Layer

1. Transport Layer decides if data transmission should be on parallel

path or single path.

2. Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the

data are done by this layer

3. It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the

message into smaller units and passes it on to the Network layer.

4. Transport layer can be very complex, depending upon the

network requirements.

Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they

are handled more efficiently by the network layer.

Layer 5: The Session Layer

1. Session Layer manages and synchronize the conversation

between two different applications.

2. Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams

of data are marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the

ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is

avoided.

Layer 6: The Presentation Layer

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1. Presentation Layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way

that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will

be able to use the data.

2. While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to

be ready for the application layer.

3. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating

systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role of

translator.

4. It performs Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion

etc.

Layer 7: Application Layer

1. Application Layer is the topmost layer.

2. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done

in this layer. Mail services, directory services, network resource

etc are services provided by application layer.

3. This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the

received and to be sent data.

c) Explain microwave transmission with its advantages and disadvantages. 6M

Ans: Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are called 3M for
diagram

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microwaves. Microwaves are unidirectional. and 3M

for
• When an antenna transmits microwaves they can be narrowly focused. This means explanat
ion
that the sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned.

• Microwave communication is widely used for long distance telephone communication,

cellular telephones, television distribution and other uses that a severe shortage of
spectrum has developed.

• Electromagnetic radiation beyond the frequency range of radio and television can be
used to transport information. Microwave transmission is usually point-to-point using
directional antennae with a clear path between transmitter and receiver.

Fig. shows typical example of microwave link using dish antenna and satellite.

• A parabolic dish antenna can be used to focus the transmitted power into a narrow
beam to give a high signal to noise ratio, and before the advent of optical fiber, some
long distance telephone transmission systems were heavily dependent on the use of a
series of microwave towers.

Because microwaves travel in a straight line, the curvature of the earth limits the
maximum distance over which microwave towers can transmit, so repeaters are needed
to compensate for this limitation.

Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission. The Transmitter station must be in

visible contact with the receiver station. This sets a limit on the distance between stations
depending on the local geography.

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Fig:Other example of Microwave Transmission

Typically the line of sight due to the Earth's curvature is only 50 km to the horizon.
Repeater stations must be placed so the data signal can hop, skip and jump across the
country.

• Microwaves operate at high operating frequencies of 3 to 10 GHz. This allows them to

carry large quantities of data due to the large bandwidth.

Advantages of Microwave:

1. They require no right of way acquisition between towers.

2. They can carry high quantities of information due to their high operating frequencies.

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3. Low cost land purchase: each tower occupies small area.

4. High frequency/short wavelength signals require small antenna.

Disadvantages of Microwave:

1. Attenuation by solid objects: birds, rain, snow and fog.

2. Reflected from flat surfaces like water and metal.

3. Diffracted (split) around solid objects.

4. Refracted by atmosphere, thus causing beam to be projected away from receiver.

There are two types of microwave data communication systems namely, Terrestrial
Microwave Transmission and Satellite Microwave Transmission.

(I) Terrestrial Microwave Transmission:

• Terrestrial microwave transmission systems transmit tightly focused beams of radio

frequencies from one ground-based microwave antenna to another.

• Terrestrial microwave systems typically use directional parabolic antennas to send and
receive signals in the lower gigahertz (GHz) range.

• The signals are highly focused and the physical path must be line-of-sight. Relay
towers are used to extend signals. Terrestrial microwave systems are typically used
when using cabling is costprohibitive.

Advantages:

1. High data rates.

2. Low cost land purchase for towers.

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3. High frequency or short wavelengths require short distant antennas.

Disadvantages:

1. Attenuation.

2. Reflected from flat surface, metal etc.

3. Line of sight is required.

Fig. : Typical Example of Terrestrial and Satellite Microwave Links

(II) Satellite Microwave Transmission:

• In satellite microwave, the signals are transmitted from a ground station to a satellite
and then after amplifying, from the satellite to some other ground station.

• It covers large geographical areas than terrestrial microwaves.

Q. Sub Answers Markin

Q. g

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No. N. Scheme

6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12-

Total
Marks

a) Draw and explain architecture for network using tree topology for an office in 3 – Storey 6M
building.

Ans:

3M
diagram

1) The tree topology is a combination of star and bus topology

2) In tree topology the star network are connected using bus (backbone cable)
3) The main (backbone) cable acts as the stem of the tree and star network as
branches
For connecting three floors a bus (backbone cable) is used .hubs and switches will
be used for connecting devices on each floor 3M
4) This is also called as expanded star topology . explaina

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5) Ethernet is a common protocol used in this topology tion

6) It combines the characteristics of linear bus and star topology
7) In this topology for star connection a hub or switch can be used
8) A switch is preferred over hub because switch delivers the data directly to the
destination device hence privacy and security is maintained
9) The hub works on broadcasting principle .The hub based networks are less
secured as all the devices connected to the hub can listen to the message.
10) It allows the expansion of existing network enables a campus to configure
network to meet their needs
11) The failure of one hub/switch will affect only that part of network
12) The failure of bus(backbone cable) will bring entire network down

b) Explain stop and wait ARQ with example. 6M

Ans: Stop and wait ARQ :

 In this method after sending the data, the sender stops and waits till an
acknowledgment is received from the receiver. It is a data-link layer protocol
 In stop and wait ARQ the frames and acknowledgements are alternately
numbered
 A frame 0 is acknowledged using ACK1 and frame 1 with ACK0
 The acknowledgement number indicates the next expected frame

3M

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Diagra
m

3M
explaina
tion
1) Normal Operation : In normal operation the sender sends a frame and waits for
acknowledgement from receiver .The acknowledgement should be received
before the timer for each frame expires

2) Lost or Damaged frame : .When the receiver receives a damaged frame it

discards it which means the frame is lost .The receiver remains silent about the
lost frame .After the timer expires for that frame the sender retransmits the
same frame .

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3) Lost or Delayed acknowledgement: In case of lost or delayed acknowledgement

after the timer for the frame expires the sender retransmits the frame .The
receiver takes care of discarding duplicate copy

c) Explain the addressing scheme in IPv4 and IPv6, when IPv6 protocol is introduced, does 6M
the ARP protocol have to be changed? Explain in details.

Ans:

Addressing schemes in IPv4

The 32 bit IPV4 address is divided into five sub-classes. These are: 3M for
Class A 2)Class B 3) Class C 4) Class D 5)Class E (any 3)
IPv4 address is divided into two parts: IPV4
Network ID Host ID addressi
ng
Class A: schemes
 IP address belonging to class A are assigned to the networks that contain a
large number of hosts. Either
 The Network ID is 1 byte long and Host host ID is 3 byte long diagram
 The most significant bit of class A is always set to 0. OR
explaina
tion
should
Class B: be

 IP address belonging to class B are assigned to the networks that ranges consider
from medium-sized to large-sized networks. ed

 The Network ID is 2 byte long and Host ID is 2 byte long

 The most significant bits of class B are always set to 10. The remaining 14

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bits are used to determine network ID.

Class C:
 IP address belonging to class C are assigned to small-sized networks.
 The Network ID is 3 byte long and Host ID is 1 byte long
 The most significant bits of the class C are always set to 110 The
remaining 21 bits are used to determine network ID.

Class D:
 IP address belonging to class D are reserved for multi-casting.
 The most significant bits of class D are always set to 1110.

Class E:
 IP addresses belonging to class E are reserved for experimental and
research purposes.
 The most significant bits of class E are always set to 1111.

Addressing schemes in IPv6 :

In IPv6 representation, we have three addressing methods :
Unicast

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unicast IP address acts as a Identifier for a single interface (computer router)

An IPv6 packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by
that address
Multicast
Identifies a group of interfaces, usually on different nodes. Packets that are sent
to the multicast address go to all members of the multicast group. 2M for
Anycast (any 2)
Identifies a group of interfaces, usually on different nodes. Packets that are sent IPv6
to the anycast address go to the anycast group member node that is physically addressi
closest to the sender. ng
schemes

ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) is used by IPv4 to find a physical address,

such as the MAC or link address, associated with an IPv4 address.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is an important protocol in IPv6. Neighbor
Discovery Protocol (NDP) is based on ICMPv6 and is used to identify the
relationships between different neighboring devices in an IPv6 network. Many
important functions of IPv6 like resolving MAC address of an IPv6 Address
(in IPv4, ARP is used for this), Router Discovery etc., are now performed using
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP).
1M
Besides replacing these functions of IPv4, it also provides a lot of additional
functionalities that simplify network administration and management. Hence
there was no need to change ARP protocol when IPV6 was intoduced

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