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Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically
learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of
computer programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves . Machine learning (ML) is the scientific study
of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use in order to perform a specific task effectively without
using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead. It is seen as a subset of artificial intelligence.
Machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model based on sample data, known as training data in order
to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform the task. Machine learning algorithms
are used in a wide variety of applications, such as email filtering, and computer vision, where it is infeasible to develop an
algorithm of specific instructions for performing the task. Machine learning is closely related to computational statistics,
which focuses on making predictions using computers . The study of mathematical optimization delivers methods,
theory and application domains to the field of machine learning. Data mining is a field of study within machine
learning, and focuses on exploratory data analysis through unsupervised learning. Machine learning and artificial
intelligence share the same definition in the minds of many however, there are some distinct differences readers
should recognize as well. In its application across business problems, machine learning is also referred to as predictive
analytics.

Machine learning is a field of computer science which gives computers an ability to learn without being explicitly
programmed. Machine learning is used in a variety of computational tasks where designing and programming explicit
algorithms with good performance is not easy. Applications include email filtering, recognition of network intruders or malicious
insiders working towards a data breach. One of the foundation objectives of machine learning is to train computers to
utilize data to solve a specified problem. A good number of applications of machine learning like classifier training on email
messages in order to differentiate between spam and non-spam messages, fraud detection etc . In this article we will focus
on basics of machine learning, machine learning tasks and problems and various machine learning algorithms .

Machine Learning (ML) has evolved from the endeavour of few computer enthusiasts exploiting the possibility of
computers learning to play games, and apart of Mathematics (Statistics) that seldom considered computational approaches, to
an independent research discipline that has not only provided the necessary base for statistical-computational principles
of learning procedures, but also has developed various algorithms that are regularly used for text interpretation, pattern
recognition, and a many other commercial purposes and has led to a separate research interest in data mining to identify
hidden regularities or irregularities in social data that growing by second. This paper focuses on explaining the concept and
evolution of Machine Learning, some of the popular Machine Learning algorithms and tries to compare three most popular
algorithms based on some basic notions . Sentiment140 dataset was used and performance of each algorithm in terms
of training time, prediction time and accuracy of prediction have been documented and compared.

The Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques used for representation of information
and what classification algorithms are suitable for identifying & classifying relevant medical information in short text.
This paper is present healthcare diagnosis treatment & prevention of disease, illness, injury in human. The domain is
automatically learn some task of healthcare information, medical management, Patient health information etc . The
proposed technique can be integrated with any medical management system to make better medical decision and
in patient management system can automatically mining biomedical information from digital repositories.

Machine Learning is getting computers to program themselves . If programming is automation, then machine
learning is automating the process of automation. writing software is the bottleneck, we don’t have enough good developers
. Let the data do the work instead of people . Machine learning is the way to make programming scalable.

. : Data and program is run on the computer to produce the output.

. : Data and output is run on the computer to create a program. This program can be used in
traditional programming.
 Machine learning is like farming or gardening. Seeds is the algorithms, nutrients is the data, the gardner is you and
plants is the programs .

Traditional Programming vs Machine Learning

Today, machine learning is different from what it used to be in the past, due to the emergence of advanced
computing technologies . Initially, it had gained momentum due to pattern recognition and the fact that computers did
not have to be programed to execute certain tasks to learn. Many researchers who were interested in Artificial Intelligence
(AI) investigated this area further to find out whether computers could really learn from data or not.

The focus here is on iterative learning. Machines begin to adapt to new data that they are exposed to, over a period.
Based on the patterns and computations that are previously created, machines learn to repeat decisions made in the past, in
similar situations. This aspect of machines' ability to learn from the existing patterns, is now gaining huge momentum.

Today, people are sitting up and taking notice of the fact that machines are now able to apply complicated
mathematical calculations to areas, such as big data, at a much faster rate. Consider Google Car for instance, which is
primarily built on the crux of machine learning. Another important use of machine learning can be found in regular
recommendations that are rolled out by companies like Netflix and Amazon - an example of machine learning in everyday life
. Next, ML can also be combined with linguistic rules creation. This application is implemented by Twitter, where you will
know what customers say about you. And not to forget, machine learning is significantly being used to detect fraud in
various industry sectors .

To get the maximum value from big data, businesses must know exactly how to pair the right algorithm with a
particular tool or process and build machine learning models based on iterative learning processes . Some of the key
machines learning algorithms are

. Random forests

. Neural networks

. Discovery of sequence and associations

 . Decision trees

. Mapping of nearest neighbor

. Supporting vector machines

. Boosting and bagging gradient

. Self organizing maps

. Multivariate adaptive regression

. SEO

. Analysis of principal components

As mentioned above, the secret to successfully harnessing the applications of ML lies in not just knowing the
algorithms, but in pairing them accurately with the right tools and processes, which include

. Data exploration followed by visualization of model results

. Overall data quality and management

. Easy model deployment to quickly get reliable and repeatable results

. Developing graphical user interface for creating process flows and building models

. Comparing various machine learning models and identifying the best

. Identify best performers through automated ensemble model evaluation

. Automated data-to-decision process

The days are gone when programmers would tell a machine how to solve a problem at hand. We are in the era of
machine learning where machines are left to solve problems, on their own, by identifying the patterns in each data set.
Analyzing hidden trends and patterns makes it easy to predict future problems and prevent them from occurring.

A machine learning algorithm usually follows a certain type of data and then uses the patterns hidden in that data to
answer more questions . For example showing a computer a series of photographs, some of which say that "this is a horse"
and some of which say "this is not a horse ." After this exercise, if you show some more photographs to the same computer,
it will be on a mission to identify which of those photographs are of a horse and which of those are not that of a horse .
Every correct and incorrect guess of the computer is added to its memory, which makes it smarter in the longer run and
enriches its learning over a period.

There are tens of thousands of machine learning algorithms and hundreds of new algorithms are developed every

year.

Every machine learning algorithm has three components:

. : how to represent knowledge . Examples include decision trees, sets of rules, instances, graphical
models, neural networks, support vector machines, model ensembles and others.

. : the way to evaluate candidate programs (hypotheses). Examples include accuracy, prediction and
recall, squared error, likelihood, posterior probability, cost, margin, entropy k-L divergence and others.

. : the way candidate programs are generated known as the search process . For example combinatorial
optimization, convex optimization, constrained optimization.

Although supervised and unsupervised learning are two of the most widely accepted machine learning methods
by businesses today, there are various other machine learning techniques . Following is an overview of some of the most
accepted ML methods
 These algorithms are trained using labeled examples, in different scenarios, as an input where the desired
outcome is already known. An equipment, for instance, could have data points such as " F " and " R " where " F " represents "
failed" and " R " represents " runs" .

A learning algorithm will receive a set of input instructions along with the corresponding accurate outcomes
. The learning algorithm will then compare the actual outcome with the accurate outcome and flag an error, if there is
any discrepancy. Using different methods, such as regression, classification, gradient boosting, and prediction,
supervised learning uses different patterns to proactively predict the values of a label on extra unlabeled data. This method
is commonly used in areas where historical data is used to predict events that are likely to occur in the future . For
instance, anticipate when a credit card transaction is likely to be fraudulent or predict which insurance customers are likely to
file their claims.

This method of ML finds its application in areas were data has no historical labels. Here, the system will not be
provided with the "right answer" and the algorithm should identify what is being shown. The main aim here is to analyze the
data and identify a pattern and structure within the available data set. Transactional data serves as a good source of data set
for unsupervised learning.

For instance, this type of learning identifies customer segments with similar attributes and then lets the business
to treat them similarly in marketing campaigns . Similarly, it can also identify attributes that differentiate customer
segments from one another. Either ways, it is about identifying a similar structure in the available data set. Besides, these
algorithms can also identify outliers in the available data sets.

Some of the widely used techniques of unsupervised learning are -

. k-means clustering
. self-organizing maps

. value decomposition

. mapping of nearest neighbor

This kind of learning is used and applied to the same kind of scenarios where supervised learning is applicable.
However, one must note that this technique uses both unlabeled and labeled data for training. Ideally, a small set of
labeled data, along with a large volume of unlabeled data is used, as it takes less time, money and efforts to acquire
unlabeled data. This type of machine learning is often used with methods, such as regression, classification and prediction.
Companies that usually find it challenging to meet the high costs associated with labeled training process opt for semi-
supervised learning.
 This is mainly used in navigation, robotics and gaming. Actions that yield the best rewards are identified by
algorithms that use trial and error methods . There are three major components in reinforcement learning, namely, the
agent, the actions and the environment. The agent in this case is the decision maker, the actions are what an agent does,
and the environment is anything that an agent interacts with. The main aim in this kind of learning is to select the
actions that maximize the reward, within a specified time . By following a good policy, the agent can achieve the goal faster.

Hence, the primary idea of reinforcement learning is to identify the best policy or the method that helps businesses
in achieving the goals faster . While humans can create a few good models in a week, machine learning is capable
of developing thousands of such models in a week.

Setting up an architecture for machine learning systems and applications requires a good insight in the various
processes that play a crucial role. So to develop a good architecture you should have a solid insight in:

. The business process in which your machine learning system or application is used.

. The way humans interact or act (or not) with the machine learning system.

. The development and maintenance process needed for the machine learning system.

. Crucial quality aspects, e.g. security, privacy and safety aspects.

In its core a machine learning process exist of a number of typical steps . These steps are:

. Determine the problem you want to solve using machine learning technology
. Search and collect training data for your machine learning development process.

. Select a machine learning model

. Prepare the collected data to train the machine learning model

. Test your machine learning system using test data

. Validate and improve the machine learning model. Most of the time you will need to search for more training data
within this iterative loop.
1.

Malware is a huge and growing problem . In 2014, Kaspersky Labsaid it had detected 325,000 new
malware files every day. But, institutional intelligence companyDeep Instinctsays that each piece of new malware
tends to have almost the same code as previous versions only between 2 and 10% of the files change from
iteration to iteration. Their learning model has no problem with the 2 – 10% variations, and can predict which files
are malware with great accuracy. In other situations, machine learning algorithms can look for patterns in how data
in the cloud is accessed, and report anomalies that could predict security breaches.

2.

If you’ve flown on an airplane or attended a big public event lately, you almost certainly had to wait in long
security screening lines . But machine learning is proving that it can be an asset to help eliminate false alarms
and spot things human screeners might miss in security screenings at airports, stadiums, concerts, and other
venues . That can speed up the process significantly and ensure safer events.

3.

Many people are eager to be able to predict what the stock markets will do on any given day — for obvious
reasons. But machine learning algorithms are getting closer all the time . Many prestigious trading firms
use proprietary systems to predict and execute trades at high speeds and high volume . Many of these
rely on probabilities, but even a trade with a relatively low probability, at a high enough volume or speed, can
turn huge profits for the firms. And humans can’t possibly compete with machines when it comes to consuming vast
quantities of data or the speed with which they can execute a trade.

4.

Machine learning algorithms can process more information and spot more patterns than their human
counterparts . One study used computer assisted diagnosis (CAD)when to review the early mammography scans
of women who later developed breast cancer, and the computer spotted 52% of the cancers as much as a
year before the women were officially diagnosed. Additionally, machine learning can be used to understand risk
factors for disease in large populations . The company Medec ision developed an algorithm that was able to
identify eight variables to predict avoidable hospitalizations in diabetes patients.
5.

The more you can understand about your customers, the better you can serve them, and the more you will sell.
That’s the foundation behind marketing personalization . Perhaps you’ve had the experience in which you visit
an online store and look at a product but don’t buy it and then see digital ads across the web for that exact product
for days afterward. That kind of marketing personalization is just the tip of the iceberg. Companies can personalize
which emails

a customer receives, which direct mailings or coupons, which offers they see, which products show up as
“recommended” and so on, all designed to lead the consumer more reliably towards a sale.

6.

Machine learning is getting better and better at spotting potential cases of fraud across many different fields
. PayPal , for example, is using machine learning to fight money laundering. The company has tools that
compare millions of transactions and can precisely distinguish between legitimate and fraudulent transactions
between buyers and sellers .

7.

You’re probably familiar with this use if you use services like Amazon or Netflix. Intelligent machine
learning algorithms analyze your activity and compare it to the millions of other users to determine what you might
like to buy or binge watch next. These recommendations are getting smarter all the time, recognizing, for example,
that you might purchase certain things as gifts (and not want the item yourself) or that there might be
different family members who have different TV preferences .

8.

arch engine understands . Everytime you execute a search on Google, the program watches how you
respond to the results . If you click the top result and stay on that web page, we can assume you got the
information you were looking for and the search was a success . If, on the other hand, you click to the second
page of results, or type in a new search string without clicking any of the results, we can surmise that the search
engine didn’t serve up the results you wanted and the program can learn from that mistake to deliver a better result in
the future.

9.

NLP is being used in all sorts of exciting applications across disciplines. Machine learning algorithms with
natural language can stand in for customer service agents and more quickly route customers to the information they
need. It’s being used to translate obscure legalese in contracts into plain language and help attorneys sort
through large volumes of information to prepare for a case.
10.

IBM recentlysurveyed top auto executives, and 74% expected that we would see smart carson the road by
2025. A smart car would not only integrate into the Internet of Things, but also learn about its owner and its
environment. It might adjust the internal settings — temperature, audio, seat position, etc . — automatically based
on the driver, report and even fix problems itself, drive itself, and offer realtime advice about traffic and road
conditions .

. ranking page based on what you are most likely to click on.

. rational design drugs in the computer based on past experiments .

. decide who to send what credit card offers to. Evaluation of risk on credit offers. How to decide where to
invest money.

. Predicting customer churn . Whether or not a transaction is fraudulent.

. space probes and radio astronomy.

. : how to handle uncertainty in new environments . Autonomous . Self-driving car.

. Ask questions over databases across the web.

. : Data on relationships and preferences . Machine learning to extract value from data.

. Use in computer science problems like debugging. Labor intensive process . Could suggest where the bug
could be.

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns that would not
be apparent to humans . For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves to understand the
browsing
behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to
them. It uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements to them.

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving machines the
ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on their own. A common example
of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing
spam.
As gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets them make better
 decisions . Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of data you have keeps growing,
your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-variety, and they
can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments .

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does apply, it holds the
capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers while also targeting the right customers .

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be inclusive/unbiased, and of good
quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose with a
considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function . This can mean
additional requirements of computer power for you.

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the algorithms. You must
also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose .

is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors . Suppose you train an algorithm with data sets
small

enough to not be inclusive . You end up with biased predictions coming from a biased training set. This leads
to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to customers . In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of
errors that can go undetected for long periods of time . And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some
time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.
 Machine learning scientists prefer Python over other languages like Java as it is better suited for tasks like
sentiment analysis and data mining. Python is hugely popular even among programmers – this is no secret. It is arguably
the best programming language at the moment. It’s not surprising then that even machine learning professionals like this
language.

Python is extensive. And, it is easily adaptable to the tasks on hand as a general-purpose language .
Hence, it is highly convenient. App developers prefer this language especially.Developers

of Instagram and Pinterest used Python to realize their vision. Python is accurate and precise . It is efficient
and convenient. These reasons make Python a top machine learning language.

R is a graphic-based machine learning language for statistical computing. It is used in data science for
modelling and uncovering hidden patterns in voluminous data . It is a functional programming language unlike
Python which is object-oriented. Data scientists at Facebook, Google, etc ., use R for a variety of purposes . It is useful in
exploring and understanding data. Moreover, it has several machine learning algorithms . R is better than Python at
data analysis and statistical tasks as it was designed specifically for this purpose .

Java is generally used with Big Data tools like MapR and Kafka and several data management programs.
Although Python and R are more popular, Java is established and manages to stay relevant with updates.

The newest version – Java 11 – is out. It potentially has enough to offer aspiring machine learning experts
for them to learn it.

Despite being a propriety language, which requires you to purchase a license for use (Python and R are open-
source and free), Matlab has over a million users. It is a popular numerical computing language for
professionals from engineering,

economics and related backgrounds as it is rooted in mathematics. It also lays a solid foundation for
you to learn Python as it is rooted in C, C++ and Java.

Scala is increasingly used in data science. According to one survey, this machine learning language has seen
an increase of 10% in usage every year. This is hardly surprising as Scala is a general-purpose language, which
supports functional and object-oriented programming. It is scalable .

It runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) but can compete with both Java and Python. Scala is useful in
writing apps and compiling web scripts.

C is one of the oldest and popular languages. It is the “mother” of languages like C++, Java, Java Script, etc.
C is great for building predictive models and is a machine learning language you should consider learning.

It is popular among data analysts and data scientists because it can easily compute data from NOSQL and
advanced databases .

SQL is a good resource to have for the ETL (extract, transform, load) process.
 To sum up, Python is arguably the best programming language for machine learning, as it is a

general-purpose language that is suited for a variety of machine learning tasks . R is better suited for

data analysis and statistical tasks as it is specifically designed for statistical computing.

Java and C are popular, established machine learning programming languages that are always good to know.
Matlab is great because it is rooted in mathematics. SQL is useful for querying large data sets.
Scala is another general-purpose machine learning language that potentially has a lot to offer for

aspiring machine learning engineers or anyone taking a machine learning course.

Few things compare to trying out a new restaurant then going online to complain about it afterwards . This
is among the many reasons why Yelp is so popular (and useful).

While Yelp might not seem to be a tech company at first glance, Yelp is leveraging machine learning to improve users ’

experience .this is whyYelp turned to machine learning a couple of years agowhen it first implemented its picture
classification

technology.
– no small feat when you’re dealing with tens of millions of photos.

Whether you’re a hardcore pinner or have never used the site before, Pinterest occupies a curious place in the social
media

ecosystem. Since Pinterest’s primary function is to curate existing content, it makes sense that investing in technologies that
can make this process more effective would be a priority and that’s definitely the case at Pinterest.

In 2015, Pinterest acquired Kosei, a machine learning company that specialized in the commercial applications of
machine learning tech (specifically, content discovery and recommendation algorithms).

Today machine learning touches virtually every aspect of Pinterest’s business operations, from spam moderation and
content discovery to advertising monetization and reducing churn of email newsletter subscribers

Facebook’s Messenger service is still a little contentious (people have very s trong feelings about messaging apps, it
seems), it’s one of the most exciting aspects of the world’s largest social media platform. That’s because Messenger has
become something of an

experimental testing laboratory for chatbots

Any developer can create and submit a chatbot for inclusion in Facebook Messenger. This means that companies with
a strong

emphasis on customer service and retention can leveragechatbots , even if they’re a tiny startup with limited
engineering resources.

Of course, that’s not the only application of machine learning that Facebook is interested in.

, and the company is also researchingcomputer vision algorithms

that can “read”

images to visually impaired people .

Twitter has been at the center of numerous controversies of late (not least of which were the much-derided
decisions to round out
everyone’s avatars and changes to the way people are tagged in @ replies), but one of the more contentious changes we’ve
seen on Twitter

wasthe move toward an algorithmic feed.

Whether you prefer to have Twitter show you “the best tweets first” (whatever that means) or as a reasonably
chronological

timeline, these changes are being driven by Twitter’s machine learning technology.
.
Ultimately, Twitter’s algorithms then display tweets that are likely to drive the most engagement. This is determined on an
individual basis; , resulting in
the algorithmically curated feeds, which kinda suck if we’re being completely honest.

These days, it’s probably easier to list areas of scientific R&D that Google or, rather, parent company Alphabet - isn’t
working on, rather than trying to summarize Google’s technological ambition.

Needless to say, Google has been very busy in recent years, having diversified into such fields as anti-aging
technology, medical devices, and – perhaps most exciting for tech nerds – neural networks.

The most visible developments in Google’s neural network research has been

It’s the same network that producedthose psychedelic images everybody was talking abouta while back.

According to Google, the company is researching “ virtually all aspects of machine learning,” which will lead to exciting

developments in what Google calls “classical algorithms” as well as other applications including natural language processing,
speech

translation, andsearch rankingand prediction systems .

Anyone who is familiar with HubSpot probably already knows that the company has long been an early adopter of
emerging technologies, and the company proved this again earlier this month when it announced the acquisition of
machine learning firm Kemvi.
 Predictive lead scoring is just one of the many potential applications of AI and machine learning. HubSpot plans to
use Kemvi’s technology in a range of applications – most notably, integrating Kemvi’s DeepGraph machine learning and
natural language processing tech in its internal content management system. This,according to HubSpot’s Chief Strategy
Officer Bradford Coffey, – changes to a company’s structure,
management, or anything else that affects day-to-day operations – to allow HubSpot to more effectively pitch prospective
clients and serve existing customers .

The inclusion of IBM might seem a little strange, given that IBM is one of the largest and oldest of the
legacy technology

companies, but IBM has managed to transition from older business models to newer revenue streams remarkably well.
None of IBM’s products demonstrate this better than its renowned AI, Watson.

An example of how IBM’s Watson can be used to test and validate self-learning behavioral modelsWatson may be a
Jeopardy! champion, but it boasts a considerably more impressive track record than besting human contestants in televised
game shows . , where it
demonstrated its aptitude for making highly accurate recommendations in the treatment of certain types of cancers .

,
as well as the hospitality industry. As such, IBM is now offering its Watson machine learning technologyon a license
basis – one of the first examples of an AI application being packaged in such a manner.
 Machine Learning is a technique of training machines to perform the activities a human brain
can do, albeit bit faster and better than an average human-being. Today we have seen that the
machines can beat human champions in games such as Chess, AlphaGO, which are considered very
complex . You have seen that machines can be trained to perform human activities in several areas
and can aid humans in living better lives . Machine Learning can be a Supervised or Unsupervised.
If you have lesser amount of data and clearly labelled data for training, opt for Supervised
Learning. Unsupervised Learning would generally give better performance and results for large data
sets . If you have a huge data set easily available, go for deep learning techniques. You also
have learned Reinforcement Learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning. You now know what Neural
Networks are, their applications and limitations.

1. Diksha Sharma Neeraj Kumar A Review on Machine Learning Algorithms, Tasks and Applications,
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology ( IJARCET) Volume 6 , Issue 10 ,
October 2017 , ISSN: 2278 – 1323

2. SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES: A SURVEY Iqbal Muhammad1 and Zhu

Yan2 School of Information Sciences and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, China.
DOI:
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8. A Survey on Machine Learning: Concept, Algorithms and Applications Kajaree Das1 , Rabi Narayan
Behera 2 International
Journal of I nnovat ive Research in Comput er and Communicat ion E ngineering (A n I S O 3297: 2007
Certif ied O rganizat ion)

Website: www.ijircce.com Vol. 5, Issue 2, February 2017 Copyright to IJIRCCE

DOI: 10 .15680/IJIRCCE.2017 . 0502001 1301