Part 1

CHEM3012
Separation Process (II)

Learning Materials-Topic 1-Week 1
Types of Evaporation
Course Learning Outcomes
Evaluate the basic fluid properties such as density, specific weight and viscosity and their
dimensions and units
Demonstrate the dimensional analysis for planning experiments and the techniques
involved.
Lecturer Name: Dr Mostafa Ghasemi Baboli

Academic Year: 2022-2023
Course Coordinator Name: Dr Mostafa Ghasemi Baboli
References:
1- Felder, R.M. & Rousseau, R.W., Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3th edition, J. Wiley & Sons,
New York, 2005.
2- Himmelblau, D, M, and Riggs, J, B. Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 7th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2004.
Evaporation
 Heat is added to a solution to vaporize the solvent, which is

usually water.
 Case of heat transfer to a boiling liquid.
 Vapor from a boiling liquid solution is removed and a more
concentrated solution remains.
 Refers to the removal of water from an aqueous solution.
 Example: concentration of aqueous solutions of sugar. In these
cases the crystal is the desired product and the evaporated water
is discarded.
2
Types of Evaporators
Batch Pan 3
Natural Circulation
• Evaporation by natural circulation
is achieved through the use of a
short tube bundle within the batch
pan or by having an external shell
STEAM
and tube heater outside of the main
vessel .
• The external heater has the
advantage that its size is not
dependent upon the size or shape of
the vessel itself. As a result, larger
evaporation capacities may be
obtained.
• The most common application for
this type of unit is as a reboiler at
the base of a distillation column.
4
Rising Film Tubular
• Liquid on the inside of the tube is

brought to a boil, with the vapor
generated forming a core in the
center of the tube.
• As the fluid moves up the tube,
more vapor is formed resulting in a
higher central core velocity that
forces the remaining liquid to the
tube wall.
• Higher vapor velocities, in turn,
result in thinner and more rapidly
moving liquid film. This provides
higher HTC's and shorter product
residence time.
5
Falling Film Tubular
• Provides the highest heat

transfer coefficients.
• Usually the mode chosen if the
product permits.
• Usually be the most economic.
• Not suitable for the evaporation
of products with viscosities
over 300cp.
• Not suitable for products that
foul heavily on heat transfer
surfaces during boiling.
6
Forced Circulation
• The forced circulation evaporator
was developed for processing
liquors which are susceptible to
scaling or crystallizing.
• The main applications for a forced

circulation evaporator are in the
concentration of inversely soluble
materials, crystallizing duties, and
in the concentration of thermally
degradable materials which result
in the deposition of solids.
7
Wiped Film
• The wiped or agitated thin film
evaporator has limited applications due
to the high cost and is confined mainly
to the concentration of very viscous
materials and the stripping of solvents
down to very low levels.
• Feed is introduced at the top of the
evaporator and is spread by wiper blades
on to the vertical cylindrical surface
inside the unit.
• Evaporation of the solvent takes place
as the thin film moves down the
evaporator wall.
•The heating medium normally is high
pressure steam or oil
8
Typical Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Various Evaporators
9
Processing Factors
Materials of construction Pressure and temperature
Foaming or frothing
Scale deposition
Processing Factors
solubility
Temperature sensitivity Concentration in

of materials the liquid
10
Processing Factors
• Concentration
dilute feed, viscosity , heat transfer coefficient, h
concentrated solution/products, , and h .
• Solubility
concentration , solubility  , crystal formed.
solubility  with temperature .
• Temperature.
heat sensitive material degrade at higher temperature & prolonged
heating.
11
Processing Factors
 Foaming/frothing.
caustic solutions, food solutions, fatty acid solutions form
foam/froth during boiling.
entrainment loss as foam accompany vapor.
 Pressure and Temperature

pressure , boiling point .
concentration , boiling point.
heat-sensitive material operate under vacuum.
 Material of construction
minimize corrosion.
12
Effect of Processing Variables on
Evaporator Operation.
 TF
TF < Tbp, some of latent heat of steam will be used to heat up the cold
feed, only the rest of the latent heat of steam will be used to vaporize
the feed.
Is the feed is under pressure & TF > Tbp, additional vaporization
obtained by flashing of feed.
 P1
desirable T  [Q = UA(TS – T1)],
A  & cost .
T1 depends on P1 will  T1.
13
Effect of Processing Variables on
Evaporator Operation.
 PS
 PS will  TS but high-pressure is costly.
optimum TS by overall economic balances.
 BPR (Boiling Point Rise)
The concentration of the solution are high enough so that the cP
and Tbp are quite different from water.
BPR can be predict from Duhring chart for each solution such as
NaOH and sugar solution.
 Enthalpy–concentration of solution.
for large heat of solution of the aqueous solution.
to get values for hF and hL.
14
Duhring Lines For Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide
15
Enthalpy Concentration Chart For The System NaOH-Water
Figure 8.4-3. Enthalpy-concentration chart for the system NaOH-water 16

Simplified Diagram of single-effect evaporator
vapor,V to condenser
T1 , yV , HV
feed, F heat-exchanger
P1
TF , xF , hF. tubes
T1
steam, S
TS , HS condensate, S
TS , hS
concentrated liquid, L
T1 , xL , hL
17

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CHEM3012

Separation Process (II)

Course Learning Outcomes

Lecturer Name: Dr Mostafa Ghasemi Baboli

 Heat is added to a solution to vaporize the solvent, which is

• Liquid on the inside of the tube is

• Provides the highest heat

• The main applications for a forced

Temperature sensitivity Concentration in

 Pressure and Temperature

Figure 8.4-3. Enthalpy-concentration chart for the system NaOH-water 16

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