Contents

S.No. Topic Page No.

1. Function Key Concept 1–9

2. Function Lecture Notes 10 – 89

3. Function Solved Example, 90 – 139

Exercise -I to V

4. Answer key 140 – 145

5. Revision Planner 146

6. Function Concept building Solution (1 to 3) 147 – 161

7. Function (Domain & Range) Solution 162 – 198

8. Function Solved Exercise - I 199 – 224

9. Function Solved Exercise - II 225 – 238

10. Function Solved Exercise - III 239 – 279

11. Function Solved Exercise - IV 280 – 315

12. Function Solved Exercise - V 316– 320

13. Brahmastra (Final Revision) 320 – 339

It's Time To kickstart your Journey for Cracking JEE

 KEY CONCEPTS (FUNCTIONS)
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. GENERAL DEFINITION
If to every value (Considered as real unless other wise stated) of a variable x, which
belongs to some collection (Set) E, there corresponds one and only one finite value of
the quantity y, then y is said to be a function (Single valued) of x or a dependent variable
defined on the set E ; x is the argument or independent variable .
If to every value of x belonging to some set E there corresponds one or several values of
the variable y, then y is called a multiple valued function of x defined on E.
Conventionally the word "FUNCTION” is used only as the meaning of a single
valued function, if not otherwise stated.
x f ( x)  y
Pictorially :   f  , y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y
input output
under f.
Every function from A  B satisfies the following conditions .
(i) f AxB (ii)  a  A  (a, f(a))  f and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c

2. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :

Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known ssas
co-domain of f . The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f .
Thus:
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain . If only the rule of function is
given then the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers, where function is
defined. For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a
function gives the range.

3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS :

(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a
non negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a
polynomial function of degree n .
NOTE :
(a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) . They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1  xn, where n is a positive integer.
Proof : Consider f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + anxn.
Equate f (x) × f (1/x) = f (x) + f (1/x) & equate coefficients.

(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the
form P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn1 + ....... + Pn1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 Where n is a positive integer
and P0 (x), P1 (x) ........... are Polynomials in x. e.g. x3 + y3 – 3xy = 0 or
y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y²  x² = 0.

Page 1
Your target is to secure good rank in JEE
 Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is
not algebraic is called TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTION

(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION

g ( x)
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where
h( x )
g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h (x)  0.

(IV) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. The
inverse of the exponential function is called the logarithmic function .
i.e. g(x) = loga x.
For f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.
1
For f (x) = e x domain is R – {0} and range is R+ – {1}.
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown.

(v) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolut e value function or Modulus function.
 x if x  0
It is defined as : y = x  
  x if x  0
 For f (x) = | x |, domain is R and range is R+  {0}.
1
For f (x) = , domain is R – {0} and range is R+.
|x|

(vi) SIGNUM FUNCTION

A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows :
1 for x0

y = f (x) =  0 for x0
 1 for x0

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ;

x  0 ; f (0) = 0
(vii) GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes
the greatest integer less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2
and so on .

Page 2
Believe you can & you are halfway there
 Properties of greatest integer function
(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and
x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer .
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer
=  1 otherwise .
(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION
It is defined as :
g (x) = {x} = x  [x] .
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7
is 0.3. The period of this function is 1 and
graph of this function is as shown .

4. DOMAINS AND RANGES OF COMMON FUNCTION

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f
(x) )
A. Algebraic Functions

(i) xn , (n  N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd

R  {0} , if n is even
+

1
(ii) , (n  N) R – {0} R – {0} , if n is odd
xn
R+ , if n is even

(iii) x1/n , (n  N) R , if n is odd R, if n is odd

R+  {0} , if n is even R  {0} , if n is even
+

1
(iv) , (n  N) R – {0} , if n is odd R – {0} , if n is odd
x1/ n
R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is even
B. Trigonometric Functions
(i) sin x R [–1, + 1]
(ii) cos x R [–1, + 1]

(iii) tan x R – (2k + 1) , k I R
2

(iv) sec x R – (2k + 1) , k I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
2
(v) cosec x R – k , k  I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
(vi) cot x R – k , k  I R

Page 3
It’s time to be serious, so stop saying & start doing
C. Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught )
   
(i) sin–1 x [–1, + 1]   2 , 2 
(ii) cos–1 x [–1, + 1] [ 0, ]
  
(iii) tan–1 x R  , 
 2 2
   
(iv) cosec –1x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )   2 , 2  – { 0 }
 
(v) sec–1 x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  ) [ 0, ] –  
2 
(vi) cot –1 x R ( 0, )

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f
(x) )

D. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
(ii) e1/x R–{0} R+ – { 1 }
(iii) ax , a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x , a > 0 R –{0} R+ – { 1 }

E. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logax , (a > 0 ) (a 1) R+ R
1
(ii) logxa = R+ – { 1 } R–{0}
log a x
(a > 0 ) (a  1)

F. Integral Part Functions Functions

(i) [x] R I
1 1 
(ii) R – [0, 1 )  , n  I  {0} 
[ x] n 

G. Fractional Part Functions

(i) {x} R [0, 1)
1
(ii) R–I (1, )
{x}
H. Modulus Functions
(i) |x| R R+  { 0 }
1
(ii) R–{0} R+
| x|

Page 4
You get what you Focus, so Focus on what you want
I. Signum Function
| x|
sgn (x) = , x  0 R {–1, 0 , 1}
x
=0,x=0

J. Constant Function

say f (x) = c R {c}

5. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION

Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain. eg.
1 x
f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions .
x x
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
One  One Function (Injective mapping) :
A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if
different elements of A have different f images in B . Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1) ,
f(x2)  B , f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2) .

Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR
Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is oneone .
(ii) If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is oneone .
Many–one function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of
A have the same f image in B . Thus f : A  B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A ,
f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2 .
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR

Page 5
Wake up with determination. Go to bed with satisfaction
Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum,
then f(x) is manyone . In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the
graph of the function atleast at two points, then f is manyone .
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa .
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of
atleast one element in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A  B is
surjective iff  b  B,  some a  A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR
Note that : if range = codomain, then f(x) is onto.
Into function :
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the
image of any element in domain, then f(x) is into .

Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR
Note that : If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree
even will always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :
(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

Page 6
Never will you have this day again , so make it count
Note : (i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non-singular or
biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions
defined from AA is nn & out of it n ! are one one.
Identity function :
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is
denoted by IA.It is easy to observe that identity function is a bijection .
Constant function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the
same f image in B . Thus f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function.
Note that the range of a constant function is a singleton and a constant function may be
one-one or many-one, onto or into .

7. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS :

If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, then both f & g
are defined in A  B. Now we define f + g , f  g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows :
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)

(ii) (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)

 f  f ( x)
(iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x  A  B s . t g(x)  0} .
g g ( x)
8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS :
Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the function gof : A  C defined
by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g .
x f ( x)
Diagramatically    g (f(x)) .
Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage
of x .
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that
we can take its g-image. Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f
must be a subset of the domain of g.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such
that fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh .
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections
such that gof is defined, then gof is also a bijection.
9. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when
each of its terms is of the same degree with respect to those variables .
For example 5 x2 + 3 y2  xy is homogeneous in x & y . Symbolically if ,
f (tx , ty) = tn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function of degree n .

10. BOUNDED FUNCTION :

A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity .

Page 7

Every champion was once a contender that refused to give up

11. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
IMPLICIT FUNCTION . For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function.
If y has been expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION.
12. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B . Then g is said to be
inverse of f . Thus g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f} .
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique .
(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection & g : B  A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x ',y ' ) corresponding to
y = x2 (x >0) changes to (y ',x ' ) corresponding to y   x , the changed form of
x= y.

(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection .

(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C then the inverse of gof exists
and(gof)1 = f1 o g1 .
13. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3 .
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .
NOTE :(a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is
symmetric about the origin.
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x)  f (  x) f ( x)  f (  x)
e.g. f ( x)  
2 2

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at
the same time is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if
any one of them is odd then f.g will be odd .

Page 8
Every champion was once a contender that refused to give up
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION :
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the
period of the function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain
of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
NOTE :(a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period .
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist .
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean
that f (x) + g (x) must have a period T . e.g. f (x) = sinx+ cosx.
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f ( x) also has a period p.
f ( x)
(f) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).
15. GENERAL :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn, n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

Page 9
The struggle you’re in today is developing the strength you need for tomorrow
 Function

Definition of Set:
A set is a collection of distinct objects, considered
as an object in its own right.
Ex.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {a, e, i, o, u}.

Note:
1. A set is generally represented by a capital Know the facts
letter.
2. The elements of set are written within the
There is no set like {1, 2, 1}.
braces.
3. The numbers 2, 4 and 6 are distinct objects
when considered separately, but when they
are considered collectively, they form a single
set of size three, written {2, 4, 6}.
4. No element in the set is repeated.
5. Set is a collection in which order of elements
is not important.

Ex. {1, 2, 3} ≡ {3, 2, 1} .

Roster form
Representation of a set that lists all the elements in
the set, separated by commas, within braces.
Ex. {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

Set Builder form

Mathematical notation for describing a set by
enumerating its elements or stating the properties
Function

that its members must satisfy.

Ex. {x | – 4 ≤ x < 3, x ∈ R}
10.
 Note:
1. Here ‘|’ means ‘‘such that’’ and after ‘‘|’’, the
property or definition is written.
2. We can also use ‘:’ instead of ‘‘|’’.

Ex.
{x|x is a vowel} → Set Builder form
{a, e, i, o, u} → Roster form.
Both sets are same.

Ordered Pair
An ordered pair (a, b) is a pair of objects. The
order in which the objects appear in the pair is
significant.

Note:
1. The ordered pair (a, b) is different from the ordered
pair (b, a) unless a = b.
2. It can be understood if the pair is taken as a point.
3. Here, (1, 2) and (2, 1) represent different points, so
cannot be considered equal.

Know the facts

Point to Remember!!!
Cartesian product
It is product of 2 sets. (
n A ×B
 =
) n (A)

× n (B)

no of elements no of elements no of elements
A
 × B = {( a,b ) | a  A and b  B} in set A ×B in set A in set B

new set 

element of new set
Using this 2C1 × 3C1 = 2 × 3 = 6

Ex. A = {a, b} and B = {1, 2, 3}

A × B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3)}
B × A = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
Function

11.
 Note:
It can be seen that all elements of
A × B and B × A are not equal.
∴ A×B ≠ B×A

A brief introduction to ‘‘Relation’’

Any subset of A × B is a ‘‘Relation’’, from A → B Point to Remember!!!
(pronounced A to B).
If possible, n(A) = p; n(B) = q, then
Ex.
number of possible relations in
If n (A× B) = 45 , then number of possible relations
A → B is 2pq.
in A → B is
45
C0 + 45C1 + ... + 45C45 = 245

Function
Definition:
A relation from a set A to a set B is called a function if
(i) Each element of set ‘A’ is associated with some
element in set ‘B’.
(ii) Each element of set ‘A’ has unique image in set ‘B’.
Ex.
∴ f ≡ {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c)}
So, it can be said that f ⊂ A × B.

Image and Pre-image

If an element (a ∈ A) is associated with an element
(1 ∈ B), then ‘1’ is called, the

“f image of a” or “image of a under f”

or
“the value of the function f at a”
or
“argument of a under the function f”.
Function

12.
 Ex.
f = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3), (d, 4)}
A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
f: A → B

Ex.

A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

f: A → B

(i) is a function.
Every element in A has a unique image in B.

(ii) is a function.
Every element in A has a unique image in B.

(iii) is not a function.

(‘d’ has no image in B)

(iv) is not a function.

(‘d’ does not have a unique image in B)
Function

13.
Domain, Codomain and Range
A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Domain ® {a, b, c, d}
Codomain ® {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range ® {1, 2, 3, 4}
If

Range can be said to be the collection of

functional outputs.

Ex.
Domain → {a, b, c, d}
Codomain → {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range → {1, 2, 3}

Note: Range ⊆ Codomain

Note:
When only ‘‘rule of function’’ is given
(i) It is called ‘‘Real valued function’’.
(ii) Domain ≡ Set of real ‘x’ for which y is real
(Input values).
(iii) Range ≡ Set of all real y values obtained
after putting real x in domain
(All output values).

Find domain of
Q. (i) y = x

Here, it can be seen that all the values

A. in (- ∞ , ∞ ) can be used as input as we
move from left to right of graph.
At the same time, y achieves all values
in (- ∞ , ∞ ) as we move from bottom to
top of graph.
∴ Domain ≡ x ∈ R
Range ≡ y ∈ R
Function

14.
 Q. (ii) y = 2x – 1

A. Domain ≡ x ∈ R
M-1: For range, it can be seen from graph
∴ Range ≡ y ∈ R
M-2: y = 2x – 1
Since x ∈ (–∞, ∞)
y = 2(–∞, ∞) – 1
= (–∞, ∞) –1
= (–∞, ∞).
∴ y ∈ R.

Q. (iii) y = 3x + 4

A. Similarly,
Domain ≡ x ∈ R
Range ≡ y ∈ R
So, In general, for y = ax + b
(linear, a ≠ 0) ,
Domain ≡ x ∈ R
Range ≡ y ∈ R.

Solving Trick (for domain):

Try to think of values of x for which real
value of y does not exist.

Q. Find the domain of

1
(i) y =
x

A. Domain: x ∈ (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

(at x = 0, y does not exit)
For range, draw the graph and check
especially for endpoints of intervals.
f(-∞) ≈ 0¯
f(0¯) = –∞
f(0+) = +∞
f(∞) ≈ 0+
Function

y≠0

15.
 ∴ Range: y ∈ R – {0}
1
Alternate Method: x = ⇒y≠0
y
So, graph of xy = 1 or xy = c2 is given:

Q. (ii) y =
1
2x − 1

A. Domain: 2x − 1 ≠ 0
1
or x  R −  
2
For range,

 1 1 1  1
y x −  = ⇒ YX =  Y = y; X = x − 
 2 2 2  2
So, using shifting of origin, it can be seen that
function is similar to xy = c2
∴ Range: y ∈ R – {0}

1
Q. (iii) y =
3x + 4

A. 3x + 4 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠
−4
3
Point to Remember!!!
 −4 
∴ Domain: x  R −  
3  1
Range of f ( x ) = , (a ≠ 0)
ax + b
Similarly, range: y ∈ R – {0}
will always be R– {0}.

Q. (iv) y = x

A. Since square root of a negative value is not real,

in case of y = f ( x ) , to find domain, make f(x)
≥ 0.
Using concept, Domain of y = x is x ∈ [0, ∞).
From graph
Range: y ∈ [0, ∞)
Function

16.
 Point to Remember!!!

y2 = x is curve not function.

For x ≥ 0
⇒y=± x
 o, for same value of x, there is two
S

values of y. So, it cannot be a function.

Point to Remember!!!

If any vertical line cuts a curve at at

least two different points, then the
curve cannot be a function.

Q. (v) y = 2x − 1

A. 2x − 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥
1
2
1 
Domain: x   , ∞ 
 2 
1 
Trick for range: 2  , ∞ − 1
2 
= 1, ∞ ) − 1 = 0, ∞ ) = 0, ∞ )
So, range ≡ [0, ∞)

Q. (vi) y = 3x + 4

A.  −4 
Domain: x   , ∞ 
3 
Range: y  0, ∞ )
Function

17.
 Point to Remember!!!

ax + b , a ≠ 0 has its range

[0, ∞)

1
Q. (vii) y =
x

A. Here, it is similar to
1
.
ax + b
So ax + b > 0
∴ Domain: x ∈ (0, ∞)
 1 1 
Range: y ∈ (0, ∞)  → → ( 0, ∞ ) 
 (0, ∞ ) (0, ∞ ) 

1
Q. (viii) y =
3x − 4

A. 4 
Similarly, Domain: x   , ∞ 
3  1
Range: y ∈ (0, ∞) or R+ 3x–4

Algebraic operations on functions

(i) Let f and g be functions with domain D1 and D2
then the function f + g, is defined as
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x); Domain: D1 ∩ D2
In this case, both functions f(x) and g(x) must be
real simultaneously. Only then, the overall function
will be real.
(ii) Let f and g be function with domain D1 and D2,
then the function f– g is defined as
(f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x); Domain: D1 ∩ D2
Function

18.
 Again, both functions should be real at the same time. So, the domain
is set of all the values of x common to both of their domain.
f
(iii) Let f and g be functions with domain D1 and D2, then the function   ( x )
g
f (x) f f (x)
is defined as i.e.,   ( x ) =
g (x) g
  g (x)
Domain:
D1 ∩ D2 : {x | g ( x ) ≠ 0} or

D1 ∩ D2 − {x | g ( x ) = 0}

In this case, Denominator, i.e., g(x) must not be zero.

Ex.
f(x) = x; g(x) = x2-1
Df = R; Dg = R
f x
  (x) = 2
g
  x −1
x2 – 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 1, –1.
f
∴ Domain of   ( x ) is x ∈ R – {1, –1}.
g

(iv) Let f and g be functions with domain D1 and D2, then the function fg is
defined as
( fg ) ( x ) = f ( x ) .g ( x ) ; Domain: D1 ∩ D2

Q. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 and g(x) = 3x2 – 1. Find domain of f ± g,fg and f/g.

A. Df = R; Dg = R
D f ∩ Dg = R
(i) f ± g : Df ∩ Dg ⇒ Domain = R ∩ R = R
(ii) fg : Df ∩ Dg ⇒ Domain = R ∩ R = R
(iii) f/g : Df ∩ Dg ⇒ Denominator ≠ 0
1
⇒x≠±
3
 1 
∴ Domain: R − ± 
 3
Function

19.
Continuous Functions
If graph of a function can be drawn without taking up the pen, then function
is continuous.

Ex.
(i) Graph of sin x is continuous ∀ x ∈ R

π
(ii) Graph of tan x, is discontinuous at ( 2n + 1) ,n∈I
2

sinx π
tanx = ⇒ cosx ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ( 2n + 1) , n ∈ I
cosx 2
Function

20.
 Domain, Range and Graph of Trigonometric Functions
(i) y = sin x
Domain : x ∈ R; Range ∈ [–1, 1]

Point to Remember!!!

y
sinθ =
r

π
Maximum value of y = sin x is 1 at x = .
2
3π
Minimum value of y = sin x is –1 at x = .
2
Domain: x ∈ R
Range: y ∈ [–1, 1]

(ii) y = cos x

Point to Remember!!!

x
cosθ =
r

Domain : x ∈ R ; Range : [–1, 1]

Function

21.
(iii) y= tan x

π
Domain: x ∈ R − ( 2n + 1) ; n∈I
2

Range: R

(iv) y = cot x
cosx
cotx =
sinx
⇒ sin x ≠ 0

⇒ x ≠ nπ, n ∈ I

∴ Domain: x ∈ R – nπ, n ∈ I

Range: R

(v) y = cosec x
Graph can be constructed by observing the
graph of y = sin x.

1
Since cosecx = , sin x ≠ 0
sinx
∴ x ≠ nπ
Domain: R – nπ
From graph it can be seen that
range ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)
Function

22.
 (vi) y = sec x

Similarly, like cosec x, graph of sec x can be drawn by the help from
graph of cosx.
1 π
Since secx = , cosx ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ( 2n + 1) , n ∈ I
cosx 2
π
∴ Domain: x ∈ R − ( 2n + 1) ,nI
2
Range: (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)

Q. Find range of y :
(i) y = sin (2x)

A. x ∈ (- ∞ , ∞ )

⇒ 2x ∈ (- ∞ , ∞ )
As different values of x are used in sin(2x), input moves from (- ∞ , ∞ ).
So, sin(x) ∈ [-1, 1]
Function

23.
Q. (ii) y = sin (x2)

A. x ∈ (- ∞ , ∞ )

⇒ x2 ∈ [0, ∞ )

So, range is [-1, 1]

Q. (iii) y = sin ( x )

A. x ∈ [0, ∞ )
Input for sin x is [0, ∞ )
∴ Range is [–1, 1]

x x
Q. (iv) y = cos4
2
− sin4
2

A.  x x x x
y =  cos2 − sin2   cos2 + sin2 
 2 2 2 2
 x x
=  cos2 − sin2 
 2 2
 x
= cos  2·  = cos x.
 2
Range of cos x is [–1, 1]
So, y ∈ [–1, 1]

Q. (v) y = (sin x + 2)2 + 1

A. sin x ∈ [–1, 1]
sin x + 2 ∈ [1, 3]
(sin x + 2)2 ∈ [1,9]
y = (sin x + 2)2 +1 ∈ [2, 10]
Function

24.
 Q. (vi) y = 4 tan x cos x

A. There is loss of domain because of presence of tanx.

Due to presence of tanx, cos x ≠ 0
sinx
y = 4 tanx cosx = 4 .cosx ; (cosx ≠ 0)
cosx
y = 4 sinx (cosx ≠ 0 so sinx ≠ -1 and 1)
∴ y ∈ (–4, 4) (⸪ sin x ∈ (-1, 1)) Point to Remember!!!

a0 is called leading coefficient.

Definition of Polynomial Function
an is called constant term.
If a function f is defined by f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + f(0) = an.
a2xn-2 + … + an-1x + an, where n is a non-negative
integer and a0, a1, a2, …, an are real numbers and
a0 ≠ 0, then f is called a polynomial function of Points to Remember!!!
degree n.
Ex. f(x) = 2 is zero degree polynomial (i) A
 polynomial function is always
continuous.
Ex. (ii) 
A polynomial of degree one is
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c … Quadratic Polynomial called a linear function.
f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d … Cubic Polynomial (iii) A polynomial of degree one with
Similarly, polynomial of degree 4 is called no constant term is called an
‘Biquadratic’. odd linear function. y = mx is an
odd linear function.
(iv) A polynomial of degree odd has
its range ‘R’ but a polynomial of
degree even has a range which
is always a subset of R.
In case of polynomial, the term
with highest degree is always
dominant when compared to
other terms, whenever x=± ∞
(other terms are negligible
compared to it at x = ± ∞ ).
So, in case of odd degree
polynomial, its range is R.
In case of even degree polynomial,
the range is only a subset of R.
Function

25.
Ex. y = x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 3
as x → ∞ ; y → ∞ Point to Remember!!!
as x → −∞ ; y → - ∞
 D 
Range of parabola (a > 0):  − , ∞
Since, polynomial is continuous, the range is  4a 
(- ∞ , ∞ )
y = ax2 + bx + c
 D
If a < 0, than range is  −∞, − 
 4a

Ex. y = 2x100 + 76
x → + ∞ ;y → + ∞
x → - ∞ ;y → + ∞
Here, since leading coefficient is positive, y
can not assume the value of ‘– ∞ ‘. Hence, its
graph will be:
This graph has a minima. so, range is subset
of R.

Definition of Algebraic functions

A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using
algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication or division
or taking radical sign (Starting with polynomial).
Here radian sign refers to operations like:
−2/3
x1/3 ; ( 2x − 1) ; x + 2 etc.
Function

26.
 Ex. f ( x ) = x2 + 1
Domain : x2 + 1 ≥ 0
Since x2 ∈ [0, ∞ ), x2 + 1 ∈ [1, ∞ ) So, x2 + 1 ≥ 0 is true for all real x.
∴ Domain: (– ∞ , ∞ )
Range: [1, ∞ )

Q. f(x) = x2 + ax + 4
(a) Find ‘a’ if range is [2, ∞).
(b) Find ‘a’ if domain is all real.

A. (a) Since, x2 + ax + 4 ∈ [2, ∞ ).

x2 + ax + 4 ∈ [4, ∞ ).
∴ Minimum value of x2 + ax + 4 = 4
−D
⇒ =4
4a
16 − a2
=4 ⇒ a=0
4
(b) Domain is all real.
it means x2 + ax + 4 ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R.
∴ D ≤ 0
a2 – 16 ≤ 0
a ∈ [–4, 4]

Definition of Fractional / Rational Function

g (x)
A fractional function is of the form y = f(x) = ,
h (x)

where g(x) and h(x) are polynomial and h(x) ≠ 0.

The domain of f(x) is set of real x such that h(x) ≠ 0.

Ex.
2x4 − x2 + 1
f(x)= ; D = {x|x ≠ ± 2}
x2 − 4
Here, denominator ≠ 0
x2 – 4 ≠ 0
x ≠ 2, -2
Function

27.
Definition of Exponential Function
A function f(x) = ax (a > 0, a ≠ 1, x ∈ R) is
called an exponential function.

Ex.
Point to Remember!!!
y = 2x
Graph of ax
x -∞ -2 -1 0 1 2 ∞
base a > 1
1 1 Domain: x ∈ (- ∞ , ∞ )
y 0+ 1 2 4 ∞
4 2

As x increases, y increases.
As x decreases, y decreases.
1 1 1
as x → - ∞ , y = × × ×…=O+
2 2 2
So, if ax > ay ⇒ x > y

Ex.
x
1 Point to Remember!!!
y=  
2
Graph of ax :
X -∞ -2 -1 0 2 ∞
base 0 < a < 1
Y ∞ 4 2 1 1/4 0+

As x increase, y decreases
So, if ax > ay ⇒ x < y
Domain: (–∞, ∞)
Range: (0, ∞ )
Function

28.
 Ex.

x -2 -1 0 1 2

2x 1/4 1/2 1 2 4

3x 1/9 1/3 1 3 9

10x 1/100 1/10 1 10 100

Plotting these points on graph we can see

that:
(i) At x > 0, if a > b, then ax > bx (a, b> 1)
(ii) At x < 0, if a > b,
then ax < bx (a, b > 1)

Ex.

x -2 -1 0 1 2

2–x 4 2 1 1/2 1/4

3–x 9 3 1 1/3 1/9

10–x 100 10 1 1/10 1/100

Plotting these points on graph, it can be seen

that:
(i) At x > 0, if a > b, then ax > bx (a, b ∈ (0, 1))
(ii) At x < 0, if a > b, then ax < bx (a, b ∈ (0, 1))

Ex.
(i) y = 2 x

Domain: x ≥ 0
x ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 x
≥ 1
Range: [1, ∞ )

2
(ii) y = 2x +1

Domain: x ∈ R
x2 +1 ∈ [1, ∞ )
∴ Range: [2, ∞ )
Function

29.
Definition of Logarithmic function
Point to Remember!!!
y = logax; x > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1
y = log a x ⇒ a y = x Graph of y = logax

+ ve base a > 1
∴ a > 0 and x > 0 Domain: (0, ∞ )
If a = 1 and x = 1, then log11 has more than Range: (- ∞ , + ∞ )
one value.
So, it will not be a function.
If a = 1 and x ≠ 1, then logax will have no
solution.
∴ a ≠ 1.

Ex.
y = log2x

x 0+ 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 ∞

y –∞ -2 -1 0 1 2 ∞

For base (a) > 1, the graph is increasing.

Ex.
y = lnx, it is also written as y = logex
dy 1
= > 0 ∀ x ∈ R+
dx x

d2 y −1
= 2 < 0 ∀ x ∈ R+
dx 2
x
So, graph is always increasing as well as
concave down.

Point to Remember!!!

Graph of y = logax
base 0 < a < 1
Domain: x ∈ ( 0, ∞ )
Range: (- ∞ , ∞ )
Function

30.
 Q.1 Find the domain and range of y = lnx

A. x > 0 (Rule of logax)

ln x ≥ 0 (in f ( x ) , f(x) ≥ 0)

ln x ≥ ln1
Since base is greater than 1, graph is increasing.
∴ x ≥ 1
∴ Domain: [1, ∞ )
Since ln x ≥ 0, lnx ≥ 0
∴ Range: [0, ∞ )

Q.2 Find domain and range:

(i) y = log 1/3 ( x − 1)

A. Domain conditions:
(i) x-1 > 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( 1, ∞ )
(ii) log 1/3 ( x − 1) ≥ 0
⇒ log 1/3 ( x − 1) ≥ log 1/3 1
⇒ x–1≤1
(from graph of logax, 0 < a < 1)
⇒ x≤2
∴ from (i) and (ii), domain: (1,2]
Range: x ∈ (1,2] ⇒ (x -1) ∈ (0, 1]
⇒ log 1/3 ( x − 1) ∈ [0, ∞ )
∴ Range: [0, ∞ )

Q. (ii) y = log 3 ( cos ( sinx ) )

A. Domain:
log3(cos(sinx)) ≥ 0
⇒ log3(cos(sinx)) ≥ 0 = log31
⇒ cos(sinx) ≥ 1
Since cos θ ∈ [–1, 1], there is only one case
where above situation is possible, i.e, cos
Function

(sinx) = 1

31.
 ⇒ sinx = 2n π , n ∈ I.
sinx= 0, ±2 π , ±4 π , ± 6 π , …
But sin x ∈ [-1, 1]. So, sinx = 0 is only
solution.
∴ x = n π , n ∈ I.
Range:
sinx = 0 ⇒ cos(sinx) = 1
⇒ log3cos(sinx) = log 1 = 0
∴ Range: {0}
This function can also be called many-one
function.

Q. (iii) y =
1
lnx

A. Domain:
Condition are:
(i) x > 0
(ii) lnx ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 1
∴ Domain: x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞ ).
Range:
lnx ∈ (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
1
∴ ∈ (- ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞ )
ln x
1
(Similar to function y = )
x

Q.
1
(iv) y = e x

A. Domain: x ≠ 0
⇒ x ∈ (– ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞ )
Range:
1
∈ ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
x
⇒ e1/x ∈ ( 0, 1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )
∴ Range: (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞).
Function

or (0, ∞ ) – {1}

32.
 Q. (v) y = log10 (log10(1+x3))

A. Domain:
log 10 ( 1 + x3 ) > 0

⇒ 1 + x3 > 1
⇒ x3 > 0 ⇒ x > 0
∴ Domain: x ∈ (0, ∞ )
Range:

(
log10 log 10 ( 1 + x3 )

)
( 0, ∞)

⇒ y ∈ ( −∞, ∞ )
(∴ log(0+) = –∞ and log(∞) = ∞)

1− x  2x 
Q.3 If f(x) = log e   , x < 1 , then f 
1+ x
2 
1+ x 
is equal to:

(A) 2f(x) (B) 2f(x2) (C) (f(x))2 (D) –2f(x)

 2x 
1−
A. 
f
2x 
2 

= log e  1 + x2 

1+ x   1 + 2x 2 
 1+x 
 ( 1 − x )2 
= loge  
 ( 1 + x )2 
 
1− x
= 2 loge  
1+ x
= 2f(x)

Definition of Absolute value function/ Modulus function

 x if x ≥ 0
y= x =
−x if x < 0
Domain: R; Range: [0, ∞)

Ex. |-2| = 2
|+2| = 2
|0| = 0
Function

33.
Ex. Know the facts
y – 2 = |x – 3|
Shifting of origin:
+ ( x − 3 ) ; x ≥ 3 y – b = f(x – α)
y–2 =  Take (0, 0) point of graph to ( α, β ).
 − ( x − 3 ) ; x < 3
In this case, draw the graph y = f(x)
x − 1 x ≥ 3 where X = x – α and Y = y - β
⇒ y=
5 − x x < 3 At x = α , X = 0 and at y = β , Y = 0
So, at ( α , β ), X = 0 and Y = 0.
So, draw the graph Y = f(X) at ( α, β )
Now, if graph of both functions,

y = |x| and y-2=|x-3| is compared, then it as if ( α, β ) was origin.
appears as if graph is shifted from origin
to (3, 2).

Ex.
y + 2 = |x-1|
b = –2
α=1
Sol. y-(-2) = |x-1|
∴ α = 1 and b = –2
So, shift the graph of y = |x| to (1, –2).
Function

34.
 Ex.
 ( x − 1) , x ≥ 1
y = |x–1|= 
− ( x − 1) , x < 1
( α =1; β =0)
So, graph shifted to (1, 0)

Ex. Draw the graph of

(i) y = 1 + |x|
Point to Remember!!!
(ii) y = 2 + |x|
(iii) y = – 1 + |x| Graph of f(x- α ) can be drawn by
Upshift shifting the graph of f(x) to left or
(i) y = 1 + |x| right.
y-1 = |x|; α = 0 and β = 1 So, there is no difference in the
range of f(x) and f(x- α ).
So, graph shifted to (0, 1).

(ii) Similarly, in case of y = 2 + |x|

y – 2 = |x|
graph shifted to (0, 2)

(iii) y = -1+|x|
y-(-1) = |x|
graph shifted to (0, -1)

Q. Find domain, range and graph of y =|x – 1| + 1

A. y – 1 = |x – 1|; α = 1 and β = 1
Graph shifted to (1, 1)
Domain: R
Range: [1, ∞ )
Function

35.
 1
Q. Which of the following graph represents y =
x
?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

A. Domain: |x| ≠ 0
∴ x≠0
∴ Domain: R – {0}
Range:
x = 0+ y = ∞.
x = 0– y= ∞
x = –∞ y = 0+
x=+∞ y = 0+
|x| ∈ (0, ∞), (|x| ≠ 0)
1
∴ ∈ ( 0, ∞ )
x
∴ Range: (0, ∞)
So, from domain, graphs (A) and (D) are eliminated.
from Range, graph (B) can be eliminated. Graph (C) is the correct answer.
Function

36.
 Definition of Signum Function
A function y = f(x) = sgn(x) is defined as follows:
 1 for x > 0

y = f ( x ) =  0 for x = 0
−1 for x < 0

Domain: R
Range: {–1, 0, 1}

Note:
Hollow circle at (0, 1) and (0, –1) indicates that
these points are excluded.
Know the facts
Solid circle at (0, 0) show that this point is
included. x
 , x≠0
sgn(x) =  x
 0, x = 0


Q. Find domain, range of:

(i) y = sgn(x2 –1)

A.  1 ; x2 − 1 > 0

y =  0 ; x2 − 1 = 0
−1 ; x2 − 1 < 0

 1 ; x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )

y = 0 ; x = 1, −1
−1 ; x ∈ ( −1, 1)

Domain: x ∈ R
Range: {-1, 0, 1}

Q. (ii) y = log10 sgn(x)

A. sgn(x) > 0 (it is inside logarithm).

∴ sgnx can only be ‘1’.
∴ x>0
∴ Domain: x ∈ (0, ∞ )
Since sgn(x) = 1, log 10 ( sgnx ) = 0
Function

∴ Range: y = {0}

37.
 Q. y = sgn (ln(x2 – x + 2))

 −D 
A. Range for quadratic: 
 4a
, ∞

7 
∴ x2 – x + 2 ∈  , ∞ 
 4 
7
∴ minimum value of ln (x2–x+2) is ln
4
7
ln > ln1 which is 0.
4
7
ln is positive
4
So, sgn (ln(x2 – x + 2)) will always give the value ‘1’.
∴ Range: y = {1}
Domain: x ∈ R.

Know the facts

Any real number can be broken

into two parts: integral parts and
fractional parts.
Integral parts is an integer and
fractional parts belongs to [0, 1).
Ex.

(i) 3.2 = 3 + 0.2 (ii) –2.2 = -3 + (0.8)

3 = 3+ 0 –7.2 = –8 + (0.8)
0.9 = 0 + (0.9) – π = –4 + (4 – π )
π = 3 + ( π –3)
e = 2 + (e -2)
Function

38.
 Definition of Greatest integer function
The function y = f(x) = [x] is called the
greatest integer function, where [x] denotes
the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
R = I + f, here I is [R].

Ex. [7.6] = 7
7.6 is not an integer. The integers less than
7.6 are {7, 6, 5, 4, …}. Among these integers,
greatest integer is 7. So, [7.6] = 7.

Ex.

-1 ≤ x < 0 ⇒ [x] = - 1
0 ≤ x<1 ⇒ [x] = 0
1 ≤ x<2 ⇒ [x] = 1
2 ≤ x<3 ⇒ [x] = 2

and so on.
For f(x) = [x], domain is R and range is I.
Here, [0.1] = 0
[0.3] = 0
[0.7] = 0
or y = [x] = 0 ∀ x ∈ [0, 1)

Ex.
1
For f ( x ) = , find the domain and range.
[x]
(where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
Sol. Domain of [x] is R.
1
In case of y = , f(x) ≠ 0.
f (x)
So, in above example, [x] ≠ 0.
⇒ x ∉ [0,1)
∴ Domain: x ∈ R – [0, 1)
1 1 1 1 1
Range: y = …, , , , , , … and so on.
−2 −1 1 2 3
1 
∴ Range: =  : I is an integer, I ≠ 0 
Function

I 

39.
Property:
(a) [x] ≤ x < [x] + 1
(b) x – 1 < [x] ≤ x

Proof:
(a) 0 ≤ x – [x] < 1
⇒ [x] ≤ x < [x] + 1
(b) x–[x] < 1
⇒ x – 1 < [x]
x – [x] ≥ 0
⇒ x ≥ [x]

Property:
(c) [x + m] = [x] + m, where m is an integer.

From the number line, it can be seen that greatest integer on the left
side of x + m is I + m, i.e., [x] + m.

Ex.
[10.7] = 10
[10.7 + 2] = [12.7] = 12 = 10 + 2 = [10.7] + 2.

Property:
 0 if x is an integer
(d) [x] + [ −x ] = 
−1 otherwise

Proof:
Case-I: x = integer.
[x] = x, [–x] = -x
∴ L.H.S = x – x = 0 = R.H.S.
Case-II: x = I + f; f ∈ (0, 1), I is an integer.
LHS = [I + f] + [–I – f]
= I + [(–I – 1) + (1 – f)], 1 – f ∈ (0, 1)
= I + (–I – 1)
= –1 = RHS
Ex. [2.3] + [–2.3] = 2 + (–3) = –1
Function

40.
 Q.1 Let [x] represents the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If all the values of
 1  1
x, such that the product x −  x +  is prime, belongs to the set [x1, x2) ∪
 2  2
[x3, x4), find the value of x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 .

1 1
A. Let x -
2
= R. Then x + = R + 1.
2
 1  1  1
∴ x −  x +  = [R] [R +1] = I (I+1); where [R] = x − =I
 2  2   2 
I (I + 1) is prime.
It is only possible in 2 cases.
Case I: I (I + 1) = 1·2; I =1
Case II: I (I + 1) = (–2)·(–1); I = – 2
1 1
∴ 1 ≤ x– < 2 or –2 ≤ x – <–1
2 2
 3 1  3 5 
⇒ x ∈ − , −  ∪  , 
 2 2  2 2 
3 1 3 5
∴ x 1 = − ; x2 = − ; x3 = ; x4 =
2 2 2 2
44
So, x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 = = 11.
4

Let [t] denotes the greatest integer ≤ t. Then the equation in x,

Q.2
[x]2 + 2[x + 2] - 7 = 0 has:
(A) exactly four integral solutions. (B) infinitely many solutions.
(C) no integral solution. (D) exactly two solutions.

A. Let [x] = I.
∴ I2 + 2 (I + 2) –7 = 0 (  [x + I] = [x] + I)
I2 + 2I –3 = 0
I = 1 or –3
∴ x ∈ [1, 2) ∪ [–3, -2)
So, equation has infinite solutions.
So, (B) is the correct option.
Function

41.
Definition of Fractional part function
It is defined as:
Know the facts
g(x) = {x} = x – [x]
or x = [ x ] + {x} y = x – [x] = {x} The period of this function is 1. For
 
I f
f(x) = {x}, domain is R and range is
x − 0 ; x ∈ [0, 1)  [0, 1).
 
 x − 1 ; x ∈ [ 1, 2 ) 

y = x − 2 ; x ∈ [2, 3) 
x + 1 ; x ∈ [ −1, 0 ) 
 
   
The graph will have parallel lines and it will be discontinuous at all
integers.

Ex.
Know the facts
(i) The fractional part of the number 2.1 is
2.1 – 2 = 0.1
Graph of y={x} is periodic with
(ii) The fractional part of –3.7 is 0.3.
length of period 1.
Property:
(i) {x + n} = {x} ; n∈ I
Proof:
{x + n} = (x +n) – [x + n]
= x + n – ([x] + n)
= x – [x] = {x}
Ex. {–1.5} = {–0.5} = {0.5} = 0.5
Function

42.
 0 , x∈ I
(ii) {x} + {−x} = 
1 , x ∉I
Proof:
Case-I: x is an integer
{x} + {-x} = 0 + 0 = 0.
Case-II: x is not an integer
Let x = I + f ; f ≠ 0, f∈ (0, 1)
{x} + {-x} = {I + f} + {-I + (-f)}
= f + {(-I-1) + (1-f)}
=f+1–f
= 1 Hence proved.

Ex.
{2.8} + {–2.8}
= 0.8 + 0.2 = 1

(iii) {[x]} = 0 Know the facts

Proof: {[x]} = {Integer} = 0
Greatest integer function of any
{∴ [x] is always an integer}
number in this interval is always
zero.
(iv) [{x}] = 0
Proof: {x} ∈ [0, 1)
[[0, 1)] = 0

Find domain and range of:

Q.1 1
(i) f ( x ) = , ({.} denotes fractional part function)
{x}
A. {x} ≠ 0 (  {x} is in denominator)
So, x can not be an integer.
∴ Domain: R – {x | x ∈ I}
or
R – I, where I is an integer.
For range, the denominator has the values in interval (0, 1)
1 1
= ∞; − = 1+
O +
1
∴ Range: (1, ∞ )
Function

43.
Q. (ii) f(x) = log10 {x}, ({.} denotes fractional part function)

A. {x} > 0 as {x} is inside logarithm.

∴ {x} ≠ 0
⇒ x ≠ I, where I is an integer.
∴ Domain: x ∈ R – I.
{x} ∈ (0, 1)
So, log10{x} ∈ (log 10 0+ , log 10 1− )

So, Range is (–∞, 0)

Q. (iii) y = [sin{x}]
(where [.] denotes greatest integer function and {.} denotes
fractional part function)

A. Domain: x ∈ R
{x} ∈ [0, 1)
∴ sin {x} ∈ [sin 0, sin1) = [0, sin1)
1 C ≈ 57 ° . So, 0 < sin1 < 1.

 o, it can be seen that sin{x} has the minimum value 0 and it is

S
always less than 1.
Since, [x] = 0 ∀ x ∈ [0,1), [sin {x}] = 0 ∀ x ∈ R.
So, Range is {0}, a single element.

Q.2 Find domain, range and graph of: y = [x] − 1 + 4 − [x]

(where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

A. [x]–1 ≥ 0 ⇒ [x] ≥ 1
4–[x] ≥ 0 ⇒ [x] ≤ 4
So, 1 ≤ [x] ≤ 4
So, domain: x ∈ [1, 5)
(  [x] = 4 for x ∈ [4 ,5))
For range, firstly [x] = 1, 2, 3 or 4
Putting these values in y,
we get 3 , 1+ 2 , 1+ 2 and 3
respectively.
∴ Range contains only two values, 3 and 1+ 2.
y ∈ { 3,1 + 2 }.
Function

44.
 Q.3 Find domain of y = − 2 [ x ] − x − {x}

(where [.] denotes greatest integer function and {.} denotes fractional part function)

A. |f(x)| ≥ 0 ⇒ – |f(x)| ≤ 0

∴ If we have − f ( x ) , it will give real values only

if |f(x)| = 0
So, in above question, 2[x] -x – {x} = 0
⇒ Range is {0}.
Let x = I + f, [x] = I and {x} = f, f∈ [0,1)
∴ 2I – (I + f) – f = 0
I
⇒ I = 2f ⇒ f =
2
0 1
Since f∈[0, 1), f can only be or .
2 2
∴ If I =0, f = 0 ⇒ I +f = x = 0
1 3
If I = 1, f = ⇒ I +f = x =
2 2
 3 
So, x = 0,  (Domain)
 2

Q.4 Find the sum of the given series.

3 3 1  3 2   3 99   3 234 
 8  +  8 + 100  +  8 + 100  + ...  8 + 100  + ...  8 + 100 
(where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

A. Sum = [0.375] + [0.385] + [0.395] + … +[2.715]

3 63
From observation, + = 1.005
8 100
3 163
+ = 2.005
8 100
∴ sum = [0.375] + … + [0.995] + [ 1.005] + … + [ 1.995] + [2.005] +  + [2.715]

  72 terms
63 terms 100 terms

= 0 × 63 + 1 × 100 + 2 × 72
= 0 + 100 + 144 = 244
Function

45.
Q.5 Find the range:
  x    x    x 
f ( x ) = [ 1 + sinx ] + 2 + sin    + 3 + sin  3   + ... + n + sin  n   ;
  2       
x ∈ [0, π] (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

A.   x 
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +…n) + [sinx] + sin    +
  x 
sin  3   + ... +
  x 
sin  n  
  2       
x  π
Since x ∈ [0, π ], ∈ 0, 
3  3
x  3
So, sin   ∈ 0, 
3  2 
 x
∴ sin  = 0 only.
 3 
 x  x  x
Similarly, value of sin  , sin  , … and sin  will always be 0.
 4  5  n
n + 1  x
So, f(x) = n   + [sinx ] + sin 
 2   2 
 x n + 1
At x = π , [sinx]=0 and sin  = 1 ⇒ f(x) = n  +1
 2  2 
π  x n + 1
At x = , [sinx]=1 and sin  = 0 ⇒ f(x) = n  +1
2  2  2 
 x n + 1
At all other values in (0, π ), [sin x] = 0 and sin  = 0 ⇒ f(x) = n  
 2  2 
n2 + n + 2 n2 + n
So, f(x) can assume only two values, and .
2 2
n2 + n n2 + n + 2 
∴ Range =  , 
 2 2 

Point to Remember!!!

1 2 n − 1
[x] + x + +

x + n  + ... +

x + n  = [nx ]
 n 
We can also use it to solve the previous question.
Function

46.
 Definition of Constant function
Constant function is a function whose (output)
value is the same for every input value.
Ex.
For example, the function given is a constant
function because the value is 4 regardless of the
input value (see diagram)
In this type of function, domain is (-∞, ∞), while
range contains only a single value. In above
example, range is {4}

Definition of Identity function

An identity function, also called an identity relation
or identity map or identity transformation, is a
function that always returns the same value that
was used as its argument.

Ex. f(x) = x
Domain = R
Range is (- ∞, ∞ )
This is an increasing function.
it is also represented by Ix.

Q.1 Find domain:

(i) ( (
log 5 log 3 log 2 ( 2x3 + 5x2 − 14x ) ))
A. ( (
log 5 log 3 log 2 ( 2x3 + 5x2 − 14x ) )) ≥ 0 = log51

⇒ log3(log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x)) ≥ 1 = log33

⇒ log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x) ≥ 3 = log28
⇒ 2x3 + 5x2 – 14x - 8 ≥ 0
Now, we can guess one root through hit
and trial method. Here, it is x = 2.
∴ (x – 2) (2x2 + 9x + 4) ≥ 0
(x – 2) (x +4) (2x +1) ≥ 0
 −1 
⇒ x ∈  −4,  ∪ [2, ∞ )
 2
Function

47.
Q.
4 − 3x x ( x + 8)
(ii) (0.625) − ( 1.6 )

A.
4 − 3x x ( x + 8)
5 8
  ≥ 
8 5
3x − 4 x2 + 8x
8 8
  ≥ 
5 5
⇒ 3x – 4 ≥ x2 + 8x (  ax, a > 1 is an increasing
function)
⇒ x2 + 5x + 4 ≤ 0
⇒ (x + 1) (x + 4) ≤ 0
x ∈ [-4, -1] (domain)

Q. (
(iii) f ( x ) = log x − 1 − x )
A. x− 1−x ≥0 and 1–x ≥ 0
⇒ x ≤ 1 and x ≥ 1−x
Case I: x ≤ 0
LHS = Negative, RHS = Positive
∴ Not possible
Case II: x > 0
Square both sides
x2 ≥ 1 – x
x2 + x – 1 ≥ 0
−1 ± 5
Roots are
2
  −1 − 5     −1 + 5  
x −    x −  ≥0
  2    
 2  
 −1 − 5   −1 + 5 
⇒ x ∈  −∞, ∪ , ∞
 2   2 

But x > 0 and also x ≤ 1

 −1 + 5 
⇒ x∈  , 1
 2 
Function

48.
 Q. (iv) f ( x ) = sinx + 16 − x2

A. sin x ≥ 0 and 16 – x2 ≥ 0
x2 ≤ 16
x ∈ [–4, 4]
(from 2nd condition)
by graph, y = sinx
Since sinx ≥ 0,
x ∈ [-4, - π ] ∪ [0, π ]

x−2
Q. (v) f ( x ) =
x−3

A. x−2
≥ 0 and x –2 ≥ 0
x−3
Case I: x − 2 =0
x = 2, x – 3 = – 1
0
⇒ =0≥0 So, no problem.
−1
x = {2}
Case II: x−2 > 0
⇒ x>2
in this case, x – 3 must be positive.
So, x>3
∴ x ∈ {2} ∪ (3, ∞ )

Q. (vi) f(x) = (x 2
− 3x − 10 ) ln2 ( x − 3 )

A. (x - 5) (x + 2) ln2 (x-3) ≥ 0 and x – 3 > 0

ln2 (x-3) ≥ 0 wherever defined
Case I: ln2 (x-3) = 0 ⇒ x = 4
f(4) = 0 = 0 so, true.
Case II: x ≠ 4, x > 3
(x – 5) (x + 2) ≥ 0
x ∈ (- ∞ , - 2] ∪ [5, ∞ )
But since x > 3, ∴ x ∈ [5, ∞ )
Case I ∪ Case II
Function

⇒ x ∈ {4} ∪ [5, ∞ )

49.
 1 1 1
Q. (vii) f ( x ) =
[ ]
x
+ log 1−{x} ( x2 − 3x + 10 ) +
2− x
+
sec ( sinx )
, where [·] denotes

greatest integer function and {·} denotes fractional part function.

1
A. Domain of
[x]
→ x ∈ R − [0, 1)

Domain of 2nd function → 1 – {x} > 0

1 – {x} ≠ 1
x2 – 3x + 10 > 0
∴ x ∈R −I
Domain of 3rd function: 2 – |x| > 0
⇒ x ∈ ( −2, 2) Domain of 4th function: sec (sinx) > 0
⇒ cos ( sinx ) > 0
sinx ∈ [-1, 1] and cos θ > 0 for θ ∈ [-1,1]
So, x ∈ R
Taking intersection of all cases, x∈ (-2,-1) ∪ (-1,0) ∪ (1, 2)

Q. (viii) f(x) = 7x − 1

A. 7x – 1 ≥ 0
⇒ 7x ≥ 1
⇒ 7x ≥ 7°
⇒ x ≥ 0 (  increasing function as base > 1)
Domain: x ∈ [0, ∞)

Q. (ix) f(x) = 7x + 1 − 1

A. 7x + 1 ≥ 1
x+1≥0
x≥-1
Domain: x ∈ [-1, ∞)

Q. (x) f(x) :
1 − 5x
7−x − 7

A. 1 − 5x
≥0
7−x − 7

⇒ 7x
(5 x
− 1)
≥0
Function

7 x+1
−1

50.
 7x is always positive.
5x – 1 ≥ 0 ∀x≥0
7x + 1 – 1 ≥ 0 ∀ x + 1 ≥ 0
∴ Sign scheme of ‘5x-1’ and ‘x’ is same. Same is true for ‘7x+1 -1’ and ‘x+1’
∴ We can write the inequality as
x
≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ (-∞, - 1) ∪ [0, ∞)
x+1

Cr as a function
n

n!
n
Cr is the number of combinations function, defined as nCr = r! n − r ! ,
( )
where n and r are non-negative integer. (n ≥ r)

Q.2 Find range of the following functions:

x x
(i) f(x) = cos4 –sin4
5 5

A. Simplifying, we get
 x x x x
f(x) =  cos2 − sin2   cos2 + sin2 
 5 5  5 5 
2x
= cos · 1
5
∴ Range ∈ [-1, 1]

Q. (ii) f(x) = sin x

A. Range: [-1, 1]

Q. (iii) f(x) = 3 – 2x

A. y = 3 – 2x
2x ∈ (0, ∞)
3-2x ∈ (3 - ∞, 3 – 0)
∴ y ∈ (–∞, 3)
Function

51.
Q. (iv) f(x) = sin (log2x)

A. log2x ∈ (-∞, ∞)
∴ sin(log2x) ∈ [–1, 1]

Q. (v) f(x) = cos 2x – sin 2x

A. Range of a cos θ + b sin θ is  − a2 + b2 , a 2 + b2 

 
∴ Range of cos 2x – sin 2x is  − 12 + ( −1) , 12 + ( −1) 
2 2

 
⇒ Range:  − 2, 2 

Q. (vi) y = 2|cosx| – |sin x|

A. y is continuous function. |cosx| is maximum at the same time when |sin x| is

minimum.
Also, |cosx| is minimum when |sinx| is maximum.
∴ In such a case, ymax = 2 × (1) – (0) = 2
ymin = 2 × 0 – 1 = -1
∴ Range: [-1, 2] (⸪ y is a continuous function)

tan ( π [ x − π])
Q. (vii) f ( x ) =
x2 − 3x + 4
where [·] denotes greatest integer function.

A. [x – p] will always be integer.

∴ Numerator is always 0.
∴ Range is {0}.

Q.  π
(viii) f ( x ) = cot 2  x − 
4


A.  π
cot  x −  ∈ (-∞, ∞)
 4
 π
∴ cot2  x −  ∈ [0, ∞)
 4 
Function

52.
 x2 − x + 1
Q. (ix) f ( x ) =
x2 + x + 1
=y

A. ⇒ x2 – x + 1 = x2y + xy + y
⇒ x2 (1-y) – x (1+y) + 1 -y = 0
If y is a value in range, then this equation contains solution.
So, D ≥ 0, y ≠ 1 (for y = 1, check separately)
∴ (y + 1)2 ≥ 4(1 – y)2
⇒ (3 – y) (3y – 1) ≥ 0
1
⇒ ( y – 3)  y – ≤0
 3
1 
⇒ y ∈  , 3
3 

Now, for y = 1, x2 – x + 1 = x2 + x + 1 ⇒ x = 0, so value of x exist

1 
Hence y ∈  , 3
3 

x − [x ]
Q. (x) y =
1 + x − [x ]
, where [·] denotes greatest integer function.

1 + x − [x ] 1
A. y= −
1 + x − [x ] 1 + x − [x ]
1
⇒ y = 1-
1 + {x}
{x} ∈ [0, 1) ⇒ 1 + {x} ∈ [1, 2)
1 1   1
⇒ ∈  , 1 ⇒ y ∈ 0, 
1 + {x}  2   2

 π
(xi) f ( x ) = tan  {x} ×  , where {·} denotes fractional part function.
Q.  4 

π  π
{x} × ∈ 0, 
A. 4  4 
∴ Range: [0, 1)

π 
Q. (xii) f(x)= tan  sgn ( x2 − 1) 
4 

sgn(x2-1) ∈ {–1, 0, 1}
A.  π π
∴ Range includes tan  −  , tan 0, tan  
 4 4
Function

∴ Range is {-1, 0, 1}.

53.
Q. (xiii) f(x)=|x2 – x – 6|

A.  −D 
x2 − x − 6 ∈  , ∞
 4a 
 −25 
∴ x2 − x − 6 ∈  , ∞
 4 
⇒ |x2 – x - 6| ∈ [0, ∞ )

Q. (xiv) y = |sinx| + |cosx|

A. Squaring both sides.

y2 = sin2x + cos2x + 2 |sinx| |cosx| = 1 + |sin 2x|
∴ y2 ∈ [1, 2] (⸪ |sin 2x| ∈ [0,1])
∴ y ∈ [1, 2 ] (⸪ y is positive)

1
Q. (xv) y =
x +x+1
2

A. x2 + x + 1 ∈ 
 −D 
, ∞
 4a 
3 
x2 + x + 1 ∈  , ∞ 
4 
1 1 1 
∴ ∈ ,
x + x + 1  ∞ 3 / 4 
2

 4
⇒ y ∈  0, 
 3

1
Q. (xvi) y =
sin x + cos4 x
4

A. y=
1
=
1
sin x + cos x ( sin x + cos x ) − 2sin2xcos2x
4 4 2 2 2

1 1
= =
1 1
1 − ( 4sin xcos x ) 1 − ( sin2x )
2 2 2

2 2
1 2  1 1 
1 − ( sin2x ) ∈ 1 − × 1, 1 − × 0
2  2 2 
1 1
( sin2x ) ∈  , 1
2
⇒ 1−
2 2 
Function

∴ y ∈ [1, 2]

54.
 Q. (xvii) f(x) = [sinx], where [·] denotes greatest integer function.

A. sin x ∈ [-1, 1]
⇒ sin x ∈ [-1, 0) ∪ [0, 1) ∪ {1}
⇒ [sin x] ∈ {-1, 0, 1}

Q. (xviii) f(x) = 2 – [sinx] – [sin x]2 = y, where [·] denotes greatest integer function.

A. case I: [sin x] = –1
y = 2- (-1) – (-1)2 = 2 + 1 – 1 = 2
Case II: [sinx] = 0, y = 2 – 0 – 0 = 2
Case III: [sinx] = 1
y=2–1–1=0
∴ y ∈ {0, 2}

Remainder theorem
The polynomial remainder theorem states that
the remainder of the division of a polynomial
f(x) by a linear polynomial x – α is equal to
f(α).
In particular, x – α is a divisor of f(x) if and
only if f(α)=0, a property known as the factor
theorem.
D = (d × q) + R
where, D = dividend, d = divisor, q = quotient, Point to Remember!!!
R = remainder.
(i) If f(x) = g(x), where f(x) and g(x) are
Ex. x3 + 4x2 – 7x + 6 when divided by x – 1 polynomials, then coefficients
Remainder → 13 + 4 · 12 – 7 · 1 + 6 = 4 of all different powers of x are
equal on both sides.
Ex. x3 + x = (x - 1) ( Q ( x ) ) + 2
 (ii) If polynomial is divided by
 Remainder
Quotient quadratic, the remainder is a
linear.
Ex. x2 + 2x – 3 = Ax2 + Bx + c If divided by a cubic, remainder
⇒ A = 1, B =2, C = – 3 is a quadratic.
If divided by a biquadratic,
remainder is a cubic and so on.
Function

55.
 Q. ax4 + bx3–x2 + 2x+3 when divided by x2 + x – 2 gives remainder 4x + 3. Find
a and b.

A. ax4 + bx3 – x2 + 2x + 3 = (x-1) (x + 2) Q(x) + 4x + 3

put x = 1 both side
a + b -1 + 2 + 3 = 0 + 7
⇒ a + b = 3 …(i)
put x = –2
16a - 8b – 4 – 4 + 3 = 0 – 5
⇒ 2a – b = 0 …(ii)
from (i) and (ii), a = 1, b = 2.

Definition of Equal or Identical functions

Two functions f and g are said to be identical if
1. Domain of f = domain of g.i.e., Df = Dg.
2. Range of f = Range of g.
3. f(x) = g(x) ∀ x ∈ Df or x ∈ Dg

Ex.
f(x) = x and g(x) = x2 are not identical function as Df = Dg but Rf = R,
Rg = [0, ∞)
Overall, it can be said that graph of f(x) and g(x) must be same everywhere
for two functions to be identical.

Ex.
f(x) = sinx; g(x)= cos x
Df = Dg = R
Rf = Rg = [-1, 1]
But sinx ≠ cos x everywhere.
∴ graph is not same. So, f(x) and g(x) are not identical.

Q. Check if function are identical or not

(i) y = ln x2; y = 2 ln x

A. Domain of ln x2 : x2 > 0
⇒ x≠0
Domain of 2lnx → x > 0
∴ Domain not same. So not identical.
Function

56.
 1
Q. (ii) y = cosec x ; y =
sinx

1
A. cosec x =
sinx
Graph is same
∴ both functions are identical.

1
Q. (iii) f(x) = tanx; g(x) =
cotx
sinx
A. f(x)=
cosx
, cosx ≠ 0

1
g(x) =
 cosx 
 
 sinx 
sinx ≠ 0 because denominator will not be defined.
also, cos x ≠ 0
as denominator will become 0.
∴ f(x) and g(x) are not identical because domain are not same.

1
Q. (iv) f(x) = secx; g(x) =
cosx

A. Identical

Q. (v) f(x) = cot2(x). cos2x ; g(x) = cot2x – cos2x

A. Both f(x) and g(x) contain cotx, so sinx ≠ 0.

⇒ Domain is same.
g(x) = cot2x – cos2x = cot2x (1-sin2x) = cot2x cos2x = f(x)
∴ graph is same.
∴ Identical

Q. (vi) f(x) = sgn(x2 + 1); g(x) = sin2x + cos2x

A. x2 + 1 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
∴ f(x) = 1 ∀ x ∈ R
g(x) = 1 ∀ x ∈ R
∴ Both are identical.
Function

57.
Q. (vii) f(x) = tan2x. sin2x; g(x) = tan2x – sin2x

A. Identical

Q. (viii) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x ; g(x)=1

A. f(x) = 1 ∀ x ∈ R. - ( 2n + 1)
π
,n∈I
2
g(x) = 1 ∀ x ∈ R
So, domain is not same.
∴ Not identical

1
Q. (ix) f(x) = logxe ; g(x) =
log e x

A. Df : (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
Dg : (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
Domain is same.
Also, f(x) = g(x)
∴ Identical

1
Q. (x) f(x) = logex ; g(x) =
log xe

A. Df : x > 0
Dg : x > 0, x ≠ 1
⇒ Df ≠ Dg
∴ Not Identical

Q. (xi) f ( x ) = x2 − 1 ; g ( x ) = x−1 x+1

A. Df : x2 – 1 ≥ 0
⇒ x ∈ (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞)
Dg :x – 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 1
x + 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ -1
⇒ Dg : x ≥ 1
⇒ Df ≠ Dg
∴ Not Identical
Function

58.
 Q. (xii) f ( x ) = 1 − x2 ; g ( x ) = 1 − x. 1 + x

A. Df : 1 – x2 ≥ 0
x ∈ [-1, 1]
Dg : 1- x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ –1
1 + x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ –1
⇒ Dg : x ∈ [-1, 1]
⇒ Df = Dg ⇒ Identical

Q. (xiii) f ( x ) = elne ; g ( x ) = ex
x

A. f(x) = ex = g(x)
(⸪ a(logaN) = N )
Df = Dg
∴ Identical

Q. (xiv) f(x) =
1 − cos2 x
; g ( x ) = sinx
2

A. f(x) ≥ 0 (Because of square root)

g(x) can be negative.
Range not same.
∴ Not Identical

Q. (xv) f(x) = log(x + 2) + log(x – 3); g(x)=log (x2 – x – 6)

A. Df : x + 2 > –0 ⇒x>-2
x – 3 > 0 ⇒x>3
∴ Df : (3 ∞)
Dg : x2 - x - 6 > 0
⇒ (x -3) (x + 2) > 0
⇒ x ∈ (-∞ , – 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
⇒ Df ≠ Dg
∴ Not identical

1 x
Q. (xvi) f(x) =
1
; g (x) =
1+x
1+
x

A. Df : x ≠ 0, – 1
Dg : x ≠ -1
⇒ Df ≠ Dg
Function

∴ Not Identical

59.
 Q. (xvii) f(x) = [{x}] ; g(x) = {[x]}

A. f(x) = 0 = g(x)
Df = Dg = (-∞, ∞)
∴ Identical.

Classification of Functions
1. Definition of One-one (injective Mapping)
f: A → B such that different elements of A have
different f images in B.
or x1, x2 ∈ A and f(x1), f(x2) ∈ B,
f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2
or x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)

Ex.

(Every input has a different output)

Ex.

Not one-one (3 inputs have same output)

Q.1 Find if given functions are one-one or not

(i) y = x + 1

A. All horizontal lines can cut the graph at only 1

point.
⇒ One-one function
Function

60.
 Q. (ii) y = |x|

A. A horizontal line cuts this graph

at 2 points
⇒ f(x1) = f(x2) = K
⇒ Not one-one

Q. (iii) y = ex

A. dy
dx
= ex > 0

⇒ Increasing function ∀ x ∈ R
(continuous also)
⇒ at any two different x, y can’t be same
⇒ One-one function

Q. (iv) y = x3

A. dy
= 3x2
dx

dy
∴ ≥0
dx

⇒ Continuous and increasing.

Point to Remember!!!
⇒ Horizontal line cuts the graph at
y If a line parallel to x axis cuts the
only one-point.
graph of the function atleast at
two points, then f is many one.
⇒ One–one function
y A continuous function whose
derivative changes sign is a
many one function.

Q. (v) y = sinx

A. Many-one function
Horizontal line cuts at more than one point
Function

61.
 Find whether the given function are one one or not:
Q. 1 1
[x], {x}, , 2 cosx, tanx, sgn(x)
x x

A. [x] and {x} → different x but same y

→ Not one-one
1
⇒ y= ⇒ one-one
x
1
⇒ y= 2
x
f(2) = f(–2)
→ Not one-one
⇒ cosx and tanx ⇒ not one-one (similar to sinx)
⇒ (sgn(1) = sgn(2)) ⇒ sgn(x) is not one-one

2. Definition of Many-one function

f:A → B such that two or more elements of A have
the same f-image in B.
or There exist x1, x2 ∈ A such that
f(x1) = f(x2) but (x1) ≠ (x2)

Ex. y = (x-1) (x-2) (x-3)

Sol. f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = 0
⇒ Many-one function.

3. Definition of Onto (surjective mapping)

f: A → B such that each element in B is the f image
of at least one element in A.
In case of onto function, codomain is equal to
range.
So, to find if the function is onto, find range and
match it with codomain.

Ex. (i) f : R → R ; f(x) = 2x + 1

(ii) f : R+ → R ; f(x) = ln x
(iii) f : R → R+ ; f(x) = ex
Sol. (i) y = 2x + 1 ⇒ y ∈ R ⇒ Codomain = Range ⇒ Onto.
(ii) y = lnx ⇒ y ∈ R ⇒ Codomain = Range ⇒ Onto.
(iii) y = ex ⇒ y ∈ (0, ∞) or R+. ⇒ Codomain = Range ⇒ Onto function.
Function

62.
 4. Definition of Into function
f: A → B such that at least one element in B
(co-domain) is NOT the f image of any element
in domain A.

Ex. f: R → R; f(x) = {x}, [x], sgn x

Sol. Range: [0, 1), I, {-1, 0, 1} respectively Know the facts
But, codomain is R.
⇒ codomain ≠ Range ⇒ All are into function. For into function, codomain≠Range.

Q. Find whether the given functions are onto or into:

(i) f : R → [0, ∞); f(x) = x2
(ii) f : R → [0, ∞); f(x) = x2 +1
(iii) f : R → [0, ∞); f(x) = x100 + 100x98 + 3x2 + |x| + xsgn(x)

A. (i) x2 ∈ [0, ∞) ⇒ Codomain = Range ⇒ Onto function

(ii) x + 1 ∈ [1, ∞) ⇒ Codomain ≠ Range ⇒ Into function
2

(iii) y = x100 + 100 x98 + 3x2 + |x| + x sgn(x)

≥0 ≥0 ≥0 ≥0 |x|≥0
∴ y ≥ 0 (fmin = 0 at x = 0 and fmax =∞)
→ Range = Codomain.
→ Onto function.

One-one onto function (Bijective / invertible)

If function is both injective and surjective, then it is called a Bijective

function.

One one into function

This type of function is one-one but not onto.

Function

63.
Many one onto function

This type of function is both many-one and

onto.

Many one into function

This type of function is both many-one and

into.

Q. Classify as one one onto, one one into, many one onto or many one into:
f:[-1, 1] → [-1, 1] f(x) = sin2x

A. x ∈ [–1, 1]
y ∈ [–1, 1]
∴ Range = codomain ⇒ onto function
Horizontal line cuts at 2 points
⇒ Many-one function.
∴ f(x) = sin 2x is many one onto function.

Q. Classify as one one onto. one one into. many one onto or many one into:
2x2 − x + 5
f: R → R; f ( x ) =
7x2 + 2x + 10

A. Method-1:
dy
Find minimum and maximum values by finding critical points where =0
dx
Method-2:
Numerator and denominator are both positive ∀ x ∈ R as D < O
∴ f(x) > 0 ⇒ Range ≠ Codomain
∴ function is into
5 2x2 − x + 5
f (0) = =
10 7x2 + 2x + 10
⇒ 7x2 + 2x + 10 = 4x2 – 2x + 10
Function

64.
 ⇒ 3x2 + 4x = 0
4  −4 
⇒ x = 0 or − ⇒ f(0) = f  
3  3 
⇒ Many-one function.
∴ f(x) is Many-one into function.

Q. The function f [2, ∞) → Y defined by f(x) = x2 – 4x + 5

is both one and onto if:
(A) Y = R (B) Y = [1, ∞)
(C) Y = [4, ∞) (C) Y = [5, ∞)

A. f’(x) = 2x – 4 ≥ 0 ∀ x ≥ 2
Also, f(x) = (x-2)2 +1
⇒ Range: [1, ∞ )
⇒ f(x) is one-one for x ∈ [2, ∞)
⇒ Since f(x) is onto, Range = codomain.
So, option (B) is correct answer.

Permutation based problems:

f: A → B
Case-1:
When both the set A and B contain an equal
number of elements.

(i) Total number of functions.

Sol. ‘a’ has 3 options for image.
‘b’ has 3 options for image.
‘c’ also has 3 options i.e., 1,2 or 3.
∴ Total number of functions possible
= 3 × 3 × 3 = 33 Point to Remember!!!
Similarly, if no of elements is 5, then number
of functions = 55. If number of elements is ‘n’, then
Generalizing it, number of functions = nn.

(ii) Total number of one-one functions.

Sol. if number of elements is 5:
‘a’ has 5 option for image.
After that, ‘b’ will have 4 options, c → 3, d → 2,
e→1
Function

65.
∴ Total no of one-one function
= 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5! Point to Remember!!!

For ‘n’ elements, number of one-

one functions = n!
(iii) Number of many one functions.
Sol. Number of many one functions = Total
Point to Remember!!!
number of functions – number of one-one
functions
Number of many-one functions
= nn – n!

(iv) Number of onto functions.

Sol. In case of equal number of elements in both Point to Remember!!!
domain and codomain, all the onto functions
are one-one function. Number of onto functions = n!

(v) Number of into functions.

Sol. Number of into functions = Total – Number
of onto functions = nn – n!

Case-2:
When number of elements in A (domain) is
more than B

(i) Total number of functions.

Sol. Let number of elements in A and B be 5 and
4 respectively.
Every input has 4 options for output.
So, total number of functions
= 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 45
Point to Remember!!!
(ii) Number of one-one (injective) functions
Sol. = 0 Total number of functions = nm
where, m is number of elements in
(iii) Number of many-one functions
A and n is number of elements in B.
Sol. = total – 0
= 45
= nm

(iv) Number of onto functions

Sol. It is calculated using group formation.
Function

66.
 Ex.
Number of ways to distribute 5 elements of A
 5! 1 
among 4 elements of B is  ×  × 4!
 2 ! ( 1!) 3
3 ! 


(v) Number of into functions

Sol. = Total – Number of onto functions.

Case-3:
Number of elements in codomain (B) is more
than that in A

(i) Number of total functions

Sol. It is same in this case also and is equal to nm,
where n and m are number of elements in ‘B’
and ‘A’ respectively.

(ii) Number of injective mapping

Sol. No of elements in A = 4
No of elements in B = 6
So, number of one-one function

=
6
 C4 × 4
!
selection of 4 output distribution

(iii) Number of many-one functions

Sol. = Total – one-one
= 64- 6C4 × 4!

(iv) Number of onto functions

=0

(v) Number of into functions

Sol. Number of into functions = nm

Composite Functions
Let f: A → B and g : B → C be two functions.
Then the function gof : A → C defined by
(gof) (x) = g(f(x)) ∀ x ∈A is called the composite
of the two functions.
 
g  f ( x )  = h(x)
Function


 input 

67.
Q.1 If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x-7. Find: (i) gof (ii) fog

A. (i) gof = g(f(x)) = g(x2) = x2 – 7

(ii) fog = f(g(x)) = f(x-7) = (x-7)2

Q.2 If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 7. Find: (iii) gog (iv) fof

A. (iii) gog = g(g(x)) = g(x-7) = (x-7)-7 = x – 14

(iv) fof = f(f(x)) = f(x2) = (x2)2 = x4

Q.3 Let f(x) = x ; g(x) = 2 − x . Find: (A) fog (B) gof

A. (A) fog = f ( 2 − x) = 2−x

(B) gof = g ( x ) = 2 − x

Q.4 Let f(x) = x : g ( x ) = 2 − x . Find: (C) fof (D) gog

A. ( x) = x = x
(C) fof = f 1/4

(D) gog = g ( 2 − x ) = 2 − 2−x

Domain of gog: 2- 2 − x ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 ≥ 2−x

⇒ 4 ≥ 2 – x ⇒ x ≥ − 2
 ⇒ x ∈ [ −2, 2]
Also 2 − x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 2 
For range: 2-x ∈ [0, 4] ⇒ 2 − x ∈ [0, 2]
⇒ 2- 2 – x ∈ [0, 2] ⇒ gog ∈ 0, 2 

Q.5 Prove that: f(x) = x2 if fofof … fof

 = x
2n

n times

A. Generally it becomes a sequence. So, find fof, fofof, fofofof(x).

Now observe the sequence and hence find the fofof … fof

n times

fof(x): ( x ) = x fofof ( x ) = ( x ) = x
2 2 4 4 2 8

fofofof = ( x ) = x = x ⇒ fofof... fof ( x ) = x(

8 2 16 24 2n)
Function

68.
 x
Q.6 f (x) = ; g(x)=fofofo…fof(x) (f written ‘n’ times), g(x) =?
(1 + x )
n 1/n

x
f (1 + x ) n 1/n
x
A. fof(x) = = =
(1 + f ) n 1/n
( 1 + 2x )
1/n n 1/n
 x  n

1 + 
 1 + xn 
x

f(f(f(x))) =
( 1 + 2x ) n 1/n

=
x
( 1 + 3x )
1/n n 1/n
 x  n

1 + n 
 1 + 2x 
By observation, it can be said that
x
fff…f(x) n times =
( 1 + nxn )
1/n

Non-uniformly defined functions

Q.7  1 + x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
f (x) =  . Find fof.
3 − x if 2 < x ≤ 3

A.  1 + f; 0 ≤ f ≤ 2
f(f(x)) = 
3 − f; 2 < f ≤ 3
 1 + (1 + x ) ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 0 ≤ 1 + x ≤ 2 ⇒ x ∈ [0, 1 ]

 1 + (3 − x ) ; 2 < x ≤ 3 0 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 2 ⇒ x ∈ (2, 3]
= 
 3 − (1 + x ) ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 2 < 1 + x ≤ 3 ⇒ x ∈ (1, 2]
3 − ( 3 − x ) ; 2<x≤3 2 < 3 − x ≤ 3 ⇒ x ∈φ
2 + x; x ∈ [0, 1]

∴ f(f(x)) = 4 − x; x ∈ ( 2, 3]
2 − x; x ∈ ( 1, 2]

Function

69.
 1 − x if x ≤ 0  −x if x < 1
Q.8 f(x) =  2
 x if x > 0
and g(x) = 
1 − x if x ≥ 1
.

Find (fog)(x)

1 − g ( x ) ; g ( x ) ≤ 0
A. f(g(x)) =  2
 g ( x ) ; g ( x ) > 0
 1 − ( −x ) ; x ∈ [0, 1)

= 1 − ( 1 − x ) ; x ∈ [ 1, ∞ )
 2
 ( − x ) ; x ∈ ( −∞, 0 )
(This time solved directly using the graph of g(x)).

1 + x3 if x < 0 ( x − 1)1/3 if x < 0

Q.9 f(x) =  2 and g(x)=  . Find g(f(x)).
 x − 1 if x ≥ 0
1/2
( x + 1) if x ≥ 0

1

( f − 1 ) 3 ; f < 0
A. g(f(x)) =  1
( f + 1) 2 ; f ≥ 0


( ( ) )
 1 + x3 − 1 1/3 ; x ∈ ( −∞, −1)
 2
(
 ( x − 1) − 1 ; )
1/3
x ∈ [0, 1)
= 
 ( 1 + x3 + 1) ;
1/2
x ∈ [ −1, 0 )

( )
 x2 − 1 + 1 ; 1/2
x ∈ [ 1, ∞ )
 x ; x ∈ ( −∞, −1)
 2
( x − 2)
1/3
; x ∈ [0, 1)
g(f(x)) = 
( x 3 + 2)
1/2
; x ∈ [ −1, 0 )

 x ; x ∈ [ 1, ∞ )
Function

70.
 Q.10 Find number of distinct real c satisfying f(f(f(c))) = 3 where f(x) = x2 – 2x

A. Let f (θ) = 3, θ = f(f(c))

θ2 – 2θ = 3 ⇒ θ2 – 2θ – 3 = 0
θ = 3 or − 1
⇒ f(f(c)) = 3 or -1
⇒ Let f(t) = 3 or -1, t = f(c)
t2 – 2t = 3 ⇒ t = 3 or – 1
and
t2 – 2t = -1
(t-1)2 = 0
t=1
∴ f(c) = 3 or 1 or -1
3
c2 – 2c – 3 = 0 
−1
c2 – 2c + 1 = 0 ⇒ c = 1
1 + 2
c2 – 2c – 1 = 0⇒ 
 1 − 2
∴ ‘c’ can be 1 ± 2 , 1, -1, 3.
Total 5 solutions.

Q.11 y = f(x); Domain ∈ [-3, 2]

Then domain of y = f(|[x]|) is? ([·] denotes greatest integer function)

A. |[x]| ∈ [-3,2]
⇒ |[x]| ∈ [0, 2] (⸪ |x| is always non-negative)
⇒ [x] ∈ [-2, 2]
⇒ x ∈ [-2, 3)
Function

71.
 Functional Equations

Q.1 2f(x) + f(1-x) = x2; f (4) = ??

A. 2f(x) + f(1 – x) = x2 ...(i)

In functional equations, if we replace ‘x’ by some ‘y’ in L.H.S, then we also

must replace ‘x’ by ‘y’ in R.H.S.
Applying this concept here, replace ‘x’ by ‘1-x’.
We get,
2f(1-x) + f(1-(1-x)) = (1-x)2
2f(1-x) +f(x) = 1-2x+x2 ...(ii)
Multiplying 1st equation by 2, we get
4f(x) + 2f(1-x) = 2x2 ...(iii)
subtracting (ii) from (iii), we get
3f(x) = x2 + 2x – 1
x2 + 2x − 1 23
⇒ f(x) = ⇒ f(4) =
3 3
1
 
Q.2 f ( x ) + 3x f   = 2 ( x + 1) ∀ x > 0. Find f(10099).
x
1
A. Replace x by
x
 1 3 1 
⇒ f   + f ( x ) = 2  + 1   × ( 3x ) and subtract the first equation.
 x x x 
⇒ 9f(x)-f(x)=6+6x – 2(x+1)
x+1
⇒ f(x)= ⇒ f(10099) = 5050
2
n

Q.3 Find natural number values of a for which ∑f (a + k ) = 16 ( 2

k =1
n
− 1)

f(x) satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ N; f(1) = 2

x = y = 1 ⇒ f(2) = f(1) · f(1) = 2 · 2 = 22
A.
x = 2, y = 1 ⇒ f(3) = f(2) · f(1) = 22 · 2 = 23
x = 3, y = 1 ⇒ f(4) = f(3) · f(1) = 23 · 2 = 24
By observation, f(n) = 2n
n n

∑2 a +k
= 16 ( 2n − 1) ⇒ 2a ∑2k = 16 ( 2n − 1)
k =1 k =1

⇒ 2 .2 ( 2 − 1) = 16 ( 2 − 1)
a n n
⇒ 2 a+1
= 24

⇒ a=3
Function

72.
 Q.4 f (x) =
ax
, a > 0 . Find
2n− 1

∑
 r 
f .
a + a r = 1  2n 
x

A.  1   2   3 
(i) f   + f   + f   + ... + f 
 2n − 1 
=S
 2n   2n   2n   2n 
 2n − 1   2n − 2   1 
(ii) f  + f + ... + f   = S
 2n   2n   2n 
 
1 2
1− 1−
2n 2n

aα a 1−α
f( α ) + f(1- α ) =
+
a α + a a 1−α + a
aα a
= α +
a + a a + a aα
aα a
= + =1
a + a
α
a + aα
So, sum of terms equidistant from beginning and end is 1.
∴ 1 + 1 + 1 +…1(2n – 1 times) = 2S
2n − 1
∴ S=
2

Q.5 f(x) is a polynomial of degree 6 and leading coefficient 4.

f(1) = 6, f(2) = 5, f(3) = 4, f(4) = 3, f(5) = 2, f(6) = 1. Find f(7).

A. T1=6, T2 = 5, T3 = 4…., T6 = 1
From observation = f(x) = 7-x for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
or f(x) – (7-x) = 0 ∀ x ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
⇒ f(x) – 7 + x = 4 (x -1) (x -2) (x -3) (x -4) (x -5) (x -6)
⇒ f(x) = 4(x -1) (x -2) (x -3) (x -4) (x -5) (x -6) + 7-x
⇒ f(7) = 4·6·5·4·3·2·1 + 7-7 = 2880

Inverse of function for bijective function

Let f: A → B be a one-one and onto function,
then there exists a unique function g: B → A
such that f(x) = y ⇔ g(y)=x, ∀ x ∈ A and y ∈ B.
Then g is said to be inverse of f.
Know the facts
Thus g= f-1 : B→ A {(f(x), x) |(x, f(x))∈ f|}
1 Condition for a function to have a
g = f-1 ≠
f inverse:
f ≡ {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)} (1) f must be bijective
⇒ g ≡ {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c)} (2) g is also bijective
Function

73.
Q. Find the inverse of the following:
(i) y = 2x (ii) y = x – 1 (iii) y = 4-x
x 1
(iv) y = (v) y =
4 x

A. (i) y = 2x; x → y and y → x

Point to Remember!!!
⇒ x = 2y
x
⇒y= Function given as y = f(x), try to
2
separate all terms of y from x and
x
⇒ f-1(x)= make the form x = g(y).
2
(ii) y = x -1
⇒ x = y – 1 ⇒ y = x + 1 ⇒ f-1(x) = x + 1
(iii) y = 4-x
⇒ x = 4-y ⇒ y = 4-x ⇒ f-1(x) = 4 – x Point to Remember!!!
x
(iv) y = f and f-1 are mirror image of each
4
y other about line y = x
⇒x= ⇒ y = 4x ⇒ f-1(x) = 4x
4
1
(v) y =
x
1 1 1
⇒x= ⇒y= ⇒ f-1(x) = = f(x)
y x x

Ex. y = f(x) = ex
f-1(x) = lnx
Graph can be understood by concept that (b, a) is
image of (a, b) about line y = x
Know the facts

Note: Since, image is unique, inverse of a

If y = f(x) and g(y) = x function is unique.
⇒ g(f(x)) = x and f(g(y)) = y
⇒ f-1(f(x)) = x
⇒ If f(g(x)) = x
⇒ f and g are inverse of each other.
Function

74.
 Q.1 Compute the inverse: f: R → R+, f(x) = 10x+1

A. y = 10x+1
x = 10y+1
⇒ log 10 x = y + 1
⇒ log 10 x − 1 = y
⇒ f −1 ( x ) = log 10 x − 1

Q.2 Compute the inverse: f: (-2, ∞) → R, f(x) = 1 + ln (x +2)

A. y = 1 + ln(x + 2)
⇒ x = 1 + ln (y + 2)
⇒ x -1 = ln (y + 2)
⇒ y + 2 = ex-1
⇒ y = f-1(x) = ex-1 – 2

2x
Q.3 Compute the inverse: f: R → (0, 1), f ( x ) =
1 + 2x

A. y =
2x
1 + 2x
2y 1
⇒ x= = 1−
1+2 y
1 + 2y
1
⇒ =1–x
1 + 2y
1
⇒ 1 + 2y =
1−x
1 x
⇒ 2y = −1=
1−x 1−x
 x 
⇒ y = f −1 ( x ) = log 2  
1− x

Q.4 Compute the inverse: ln x + x2 + 1( )

A. (
y = ln x + x2 + 1 )
(
⇒ x = ln y + y 2 + 1 )
⇒ y + y 2 + 1 = ex
Function

75.
 ⇒ y 2 + 1 = ex − y
⇒ y2 + 1 = y2 + e2x – 2y ex
e2x − 1
⇒ y= = f-1(x)
2ex

Q.5 If f: R → R ; f(x) = x3 + (a+2)x2 + 3ax + 5 is an invertible mapping. Find ‘a’.

A. f is one-one and onto

⇒ f´(x) = 3x2 + 2(a+2)x + 3a ≥ 0 or ≤ 0 always (Here f’(x) ≤ 0 is not possible)
⇒ 3x2 + 2(a+2) x+ 3a ≥ 0
⇒ D≤0
⇒ 4(a + 2)2 – 4 × 9a ≤ 0
⇒ a2 – 5a + 4 ≤ 0
⇒ a ∈ [1, 4]

ex + e− x
Q.6 f: [0, ∞) → [1, ∞); f(x) =
2
. Find f-1(x).

A. x=
ey + e− y
2
2xey = e2y + 1
e2y – 2xey + 1 = 0
2x ± 4x2 − 4
⇒ ey =
2
(
⇒ y = ln x ± x2 − 1 )
Range of f-1 will be [0, ∞)

(
∴ f-1(x) = ln x + x 2 − 1 )
 x if x<1
Q.7  2
f(x) =  x if 1 ≤ x ≤ 4 . Find f-1(x)
8 x if x>4


A. When
x < 1, f ( x ) ∈ ( −∞, 1) 

1 ≤ x ≤ 4, f ( x ) ∈ [ 1, 16] Range
x > 4, f ( x ) ∈ ( 16, ∞ ) 

Range become domain for f-1 (x)

Function

76.
 
 x, x ∈ ( −∞, 1 )

So, f (x) =  x , x ∈ [1, 16 ]
-1

 2
 x , x ∈ ( 16, ∞)
 64

3  7
Q.8 
A function f :  , ∞  →  , ∞  defined as f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4.
2  4 
Solve the equation f(x) = f-1(x).

A. Solution of f(x) = x will also be solution of f(x) = f-1(x).

But there may be extra solution.
So, always check the graph before solving f(x)=x
Now, since there is only 1 solution on y = x (by graph)
f(x) = x ⇒ x2 – 3x + 4 = x
⇒ (x – 2)2 = 0 2

⇒x=2

Ex.
y = f(x) = 4-x
f-1(x) = 4 – x
⇒ f(x) = f-1(x) have infinite solution here.
While f(x) = x has only 1 solution.
So, always check the graph.

Properties of inverse function

(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(ii) Domain Range interchange
(iii) Inverse of bijection is also a bijection
(iv) (gof)-1 = f-1(g-1(x)). (Reversal law)

Definition of Homogeneous Functions

A function is said to be homogeneous with
respect to any set of variable when each of its
terms is of the same degree with respect to
those variables.
f(tx, ty) = tnf(x, y) then f(x, y) is homogeneous
function of degree n.
Function

77.
Ex. f(x,y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2
f(tx, ty) = a(tx)2 + 2h (tx) (ty) + b(ty)2

= t2 (ax2 + 2hxy + by2)
⇒ Homogeneous equation of degree 2.

x x
Q. Find if f ( x, y ) = ln   is homogeneous or not?
y y

tx  tx 
A. f ( tx, ty ) = ln  
ty  ty 
x x
= t0 ln   = t0 f ( x, y )
y y
⇒ Homogeneous function of degree 0.

Definition of Implicit / Explicit function

A function defined by an equation not solved for the
dependent variable (y) is called an Implicit function.
If y has been expressed in terms of x alone then it is
called an Explicit function.

Ex. y = ex + sinx + tanx + x2 → Explicit

tany
Ex. 2xy + x2 + siny + = 0 → Implicit
x2 + 1
(It is not solved for y)

Q. x = y2 – 2y. Find domain of expicit form.

A. y2 – 2y = x
⇒ y2 – 2y + 1 = 1 + x
⇒ (y - 1)2 = 1 + x
⇒ y -1 = ± 1+x
⇒y=1± 1 + x (2 branches ⇒ 2 functions)
⇒1+x≥0⇒x≥–1

⇒ Domain: x ∈ [-1, ∞)
Function

78.
 Note:
y2 = x is not a function
y=x
⇒  it represents 2 separate function.
y = −x 
Same is the case for x2 + y2 = 1
y2 = 1 – x2

⇒ y= 1 − x2

=– 1 − x2

Definition of Bounded Function Know the facts

A function is said to be bounded if |f(x)| ≤ M,
where M is a finite quantity. If graph of function can be bounded
between 2 horizontal lines, then
Ex. function is bounded.
(i) y = |sinx| ≤ 1 → Bounded
If range of function contain ∞ or -∞
(ii) y = |[x]| → No maximum or minimum value.
⇒ function is not bounded.
So unbounded.
(iii) y = ex → unbounded
(iv) y = lnx → unbounded
(v) y = {x} → bounded
(vi) y = sec x → unbounded.
(vii) y = x3 – 10x2 + 3x + 1 = f(x), f; [-100, 26] → R
→ bounded
(Since domain is finite, range will also be finite. So,
it is bounded)
Function

79.
(viii) y = sgnx → bounded
as range is finite {-1, 0, 1}

Definition of ODD and EVEN Functions

A function f(x) defined on the symmetric
interval (–a, a)
If f(-x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then
f is said to be an even function.
If f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then
f is said to be an odd function.

Geometrical interpretation of odd and even

function

(i) y = f(x) ⇒ (x, y)

For even function, f(-x) = y = f(x)

⇒ Graph will be symmetric about y-axis.

(ii) For odd function f(–x) = –f(x)

 e can see that, for odd function,

W
Graph is symmetric about origin.

Ex. Common odd functions: f = sinx, tanx, x, x3 Know the facts

Ex. Common even functions: f = cos x, sin2x, x2,
(i) A function may neither be odd
|x|, |sinx|
nor even. eg. x2 + x, sinx + cosx.
(ii) Every function can be expressed
Ex.
as the sum of an even and an odd
(i) f(x) = x2 + x ⇒ f(–x) = x2 – x ≠ f(x) or -f(x)
function.
∴ x2 + x is neither odd nor even.
f ( x ) + f ( −x ) f ( x) + f (− x) f ( x) − f (− x)
(ii) (a) Let h(x) = f ( x) = +
2 2
 2

f ( −x ) + f ( x ) even odd
h(-x) = = h(x) so,
2 (iii) The only function which is
it is even function. defined on the entire number line
and is even and odd at the same
time is f(x) = 0.
Function

80.
 (b) Let h(x) = f(x) – f(–x)
h(–x) = f(–x) – f(x) = –h(x).
So, it is odd function.
Sum of both of above functions is f(x). Hence f(x) can be divided into
sum of even and odd function.

Q.1 Express ex as sum of an odd and even function

A.  ex + e− x 
ex =  +
 e x − e− x 
 
2
 2
 
even function odd function

Q.2 Identify given below functions as odd, even or neither odd nor even.
1− x
(i) f(x) = ln   = ln (1-x) – ln (1+x)
1+ x

A. 1+ x
f(-x) = ln   = ln (1+x) – ln (1-x) = –f(x)
1− x
So, it is odd function.

Q. (
(ii) f(x) = ln x + 1 + x2 )
A. f(–x) = ln (-x+ 1 + x2 )
f(x) + f(–x) = ln ((1+x2)- x2) = ln1 = 0
⇒ f(-x) = –f(x), so f(x) is odd function.

Q. (iii) f(x) = 1 + x + x2 − 1 − x + x2

A. f ( −x ) = 1 − x + x2 − 1 + x + x2 = − f ( x ) → odd

Q. (iv) f ( x ) = x
2x + 1
2x − 1
 1 + 2x 
 
A. 2 + 1 −x
f ( −x ) = −x  − x 2x 
 = −x 
2 − 1 1−2 
x

 
 2x 
 1 + 2x   2x + 1 
= − x
 1 − 2 x 
= x  2 x − 1  = f(x) → even
Function

81.
 (1 + 2 ) x 2

Q. (v) f ( x ) =
2x

A. f ( −x ) =
(1 + 2 )−x 2
1 + 2.2− x + 2−2x
=
2− x 2− x
22x + 2.2x + 1
= 2x + 2 + 2-x = = f (x)
2x
So, it is even function.

1 + 2x
Q. (vi) f ( x ) =
1 − 2x

1 + 2− x 2x + 1
A. f ( −x ) = =
1 − 2− x 2x − 1
= −f ( x ) → odd

f(x) = ([a]2-5[a] + 4) x3 + (6{a}2 – 5{a} +1) x + x tan x is even function.

Q. Find ∑ ai (ai are values of a for which function is even)
([.] is the greatest integer function and {.} is fractional part function)

A. f (x) = (
[a ] − 5 [a ] + 4 ) x + (6 {a} − 5 {a} + 1) x + xtanx
2 3 2

even part
odd part

For f(x) to be even, make odd part = 0

∴ [a]2 – 5[a] + 4 = 0
∴ [a] = 1 and 4
1 1
6{a}2 – 5{a} +1 = 0 ⇒ {a} = and
2 3
1 1 1 1
So possible values of a= [a] + {a} are 1 + ,1 + ,4 + ,4 +
2 3 2 3
2 2 35
∴ ∑ ai = 10 + 1 + = 11 =
3 3 3
Function

82.
 Note:

f(x) g(x) f(x) +g(x) f(x)-g(x) f(x)·g(x) f(x)/g(x) (gof)(x)

odd odd odd odd even even odd

even even even even even even even

odd even neither odd neither odd odd odd even

nor even nor even

even odd neither odd neither odd odd odd even

nor even nor even

Proof: Know the facts

Let’s prove the first:
h(x) = f(x) + g(x), f(x) and g(x) are odd (a) f(T) = f(0) = f(–T), where T is the
h(-x)= f(-x) + g(-x)=-f(x)-g(x)=-h(x) period.
∴ h(x) is odd
(b) Inverse of a periodic function
Let h(x) = g(f(x))
does not exist.
h(–x) = g(f(-x)) = g(-f(x)) = -g(f(x))
= – h(x) → odd. (c) Every constant function is always
Similarly, rest can be proved. periodic, with no fundamental
period.
Definition of Periodic Function (d) If f(x) has a period T and g(x)
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists also has a period T then it does not
a positive number T (T>0) called the period of mean that f(x) + g(x) must have a
the function such that f(x + T) = f(x), for all period T. e.g., f(x) = |sin x| + |cos x|.
values of x within the domain of x.
(e) If f(x) is periodic and g(x) is also
f(x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 2T) = f(x + nT); n∈ I periodic then it does not mean that
Ex. f(x) + g(x) must be periodic.
f(x) = sinx → T1 = 2p → T can be 2p, 4p, 6p, 8p 1
g(x) = {x} → T2 = 1 → T can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (f) If f(x) has a period p, then ,
f (x)
∴ No common T. ∴ f(x) + g(x) is not periodic.
and f ( x ) also has a period p
Ex. (i) y = cos x → Period = 2π
(g) If f(x) has a period T then
(ii) y = a+ b cos x → Period = 2π f(ax + b) has a period T/|a|.

Point to Remember!!!

Common periodic functions sinx, cosx, tanx, {x} , |sinx|, |cosx|, sin2x
Period → 2p 2p p 1 p p p
Function

83.
Ex. f(x) = sinx. Find period.
Know the facts
Sol. f(x + T) = f(x)
LCM of rational and irrational
⇒ sin (x + T) – sin(x) = 0 number is not defined.
p 
LCM of rational numbers , and
T  T q m
⇒ 2 sin cos  x +  = 0
2  2
r LCM of p,  and r
T T =
⇒ sin =0⇒ = np , n∈ I s HCF of q,mand s
2 2
⇒ T = 2n π but T should be smallest
Know the facts
positive value
In case of f(ax + b), let period of f(x)
⇒ T = 2π is T and f(ax + b) be T’.
f(a(x + T’) + b) = f(ax + b)
⇒ f(ax + b + aT’) = f(ax + b)
T
⇒ aT’ = T ⇒ T’ = .
a
But since period must be positive,
T
T’=
a
Examples on Periodic Functions

Find period of:

Q.1 2x 4x
(i) f(x) = cos − sin
3 5

A. Period of cosx = 2 π
2  2π
Period of cos  x  = = 3π
3  2/ 3
4  2π 5π
Similarly, period of sin  x  = =
 5  4 / 5 2
5π
LCM of 3 π and is 15 π
2
So, period is 15π.
Function

84.
 Q. (ii) f(x) = cos (sinx)

A. Period of sinx = 2 π
But f(x) is a composite in trigonometric function.
T T T
So, period may be , , .i.e., also.
2 4 8
So, we must check.
T
= π ⇒ f(x+π) = cos (sin (x+ π )) = cos (-sinx) = cos (sinx)
2
∴ π can be period.
T π
Now check for =
4 2
  π 
cos  sin  x +   = cos (cosx) ≠ f(x)
  2 
π
so, is not the period.
2
∴ π is the period.

Q. (iii) f(x) = sin (cosx)

A. Sol. Period of cosx = 2p = T

T
now check for = p
2
f(x + p) = sin (cos (x + p)) = sin (-cosx) = -sin (cosx) ≠ f(x)
∴ p is not the period.
So, T = 2π

Q. (iv) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x

A. f(x) = 1 −
1
( sin2x )
2

2
1  1 − cos4x 
f(x) = 1 −  
2 2 
2π π
Period of f(x) = period of cos (4x) = =
4 2
Function

85.
Q. (v) If period of sin ( πkx ) is 2, find k.

A. Period of sinx = 2 π
2π
∴ Period of sin ( πkx ) = =2
πk
⇒ |k| = 1
⇒ k = 1, -1

Q. (vi) f(x) = x – [x]

A. f(x) = {x}
∴ Period = 1

Q.2 f(x) = sinx + cos ax is a periodic function. Then prove that ‘a’ must be rational.

A. LCM of two numbers will only exist if either both numbers are rational, or
they are same type of irrational.
Period of sin x = 2π

Period of cos x = 2π
a
2π
LCM of 2π and is possible only when ‘a’ is rational.
a
Note:
(i) f(x) = cos x ; and sinx + {x} are aperiodic.
(ii) f(x) = xsinx is aperiodic
(iii) f(x) = sin (x + sinx) is periodic
Proof: x → x + 2 π
f (x + 2 π )= sin ((x + 2 π ) + sin (x + 2 π ))
= sin (2 π + x + sinx) = sin (x + sinx) = f(x)
∴ f(x) is periodic with period 2 π .

Q.3 Find period of:

(i) f(x) = {x} + {2x} + {3x}

1 1
A. T1 = 1 T2 =
2
T3 =
3
1 1
T = LCM of 1, and
2 3
T=1
Function

86.
 x  x 
Q. (ii) f ( x ) = {x} +   +  
2 3

A. T1 = 1; T2 = 2; T3 = 3
T = LCM of 1, 2 and 3
T=6
(n ) (n + 1 )
Q. (iii) f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + …+[nx] -
2
x

A. = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + …+ [nx] – (x + 2x + 3x + …+nx)

= – ((x-[x]) + (2x-[2x]) + (3x-[3x]) +…+ (nx–[nx]))
= – ({x} + {2x} + {3x} +…{nx})
1 1 1
Period of these small functions are 1, , , ...,
2 3 n
1 1 1
Period of their sum = LCM of 1, , , ..., = 1.
2 3 n

Q.4 f(x) + f(1 + x) = 0. Find T.

A. By functional Rule, x → x + 1
⇒ f(1 + x) + f(2 + x) = 0
Subtracting given equation
f(2 + x) – f(x) = 0 ⇒ f(x + 2) = f(x) ⇒ T = 2

Q.5 f(x + 2) + f(x – 2) = f(x) ∀ x ∈ Df. Find T.

A. x → x+2
⇒ f (x + 4) + f(x) = f(x + 2)
Add both equations.
⇒ f (x + 4) + f(x – 2) = 0
⇒ x → x+2
⇒ f(x + 6) = –f(x)
Now x → x + 6
⇒ f(x + 12) = -f(x+6)
⇒ f(x+12) = – (–f(x)) (from previous equation)
⇒ f(x) = f(x+12)
⇒ T = 12

Q.6 f ( x + λ ) = 1 + 2f − f 2 ∀ x ∈ R. Prove that f is periodic.

A. (f(x + λ)-1)2 = 2f – f2 = 1 – (f(x) – 1)2

x→x+λ
(f(x+2λ)-1)2 = 1– (f(x + λ)-1)2 = (f(x)-1)2
Function

⇒ f(x + 2λ) – 1 = f(x) – 1 or – (f(x)-1)

In 1st case, f(x+2 λ ) = f(x)
87.
 ⇒ f is periodic with T = 2λ
In 2nd case, f(x + 2λ) + f(x) = 2
But from original equation f(x) ≥ 1
∴ above equation can only be true, if f(x) = 1 always but f(x) = 1 does
not satisfy the original equation.
so, second case is rejected.
∴ f(x+2λ) = f(x) and T = 2λ

Q.7 f(x) = x ∀ x ∈ [0,2] and f(x) is even with period = 4.

Find f(5), f(7.1), f(-1), f(-7), f(2019).

A. f(x + 4) = f(x)
f(5) = f(1) = 1
f(7.1) = f(3.1) = f(-0.9) = f(0.9) = 0.9
f(-1) = f(1) = 1; f(-7) = f(-3) = f(1) = 1
f (2019) = f(-1 + 505 × 4) = f(-1) = 1

Q.8 f: R → R, f(x) = x3 -2x2 + 5x + 3 is

(A) one one, onto (B) one one, into
(C) many one, into (D) many one, onto

A. f’(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 5
a > 0, D < 0
⇒ f’(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ f(x) is one-one.
Since f(x) is odd degree polynomial, its range is R which is codomain.
⇒ f is also onto. so (A) is correct.

Q.9 f : R → R, f(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 – 18x + 17 is:

(A) one-one, onto (B) one-one, into
(C) many-one, into (D) many-one, onto

A. f’x = 6x2 – 12x – 18 = 6 (x2 – 2x – 3)

f’(x) = 0 for x = -1 and 3.
graph will be like:
so, f is many one.
Range is R. So, f is onto.
⇒ (D) is correct answer.
Function

88.
 Q.10 f: [3, ∞) → [a, ∞), f(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 – 18x + 80 is an onto function, find a.

A. f’(x) = 6x2 – 12x – 18 = 6(x2 – 2x -3) = 6(x-3) (x + 1) > 0 ∀ x > 3

∴ fmin at x = 3. So a = f(3)
⇒ a = 2 × 33 -6 × 32 – 18 × 3 + 80
⇒ a = 26.

Q.11 f(x) = x2 + bx + 3 is not injective for x ∈ [0, 1], then the set of b is:
(A) (0, ∞) (B) (-2, 0) (C) (0, 2) (D)(2, ∞)

A. f is upward facing parabola. It will only be true if minima lies in interval (0, 1)
−b
x-coordinate of minima =
2
−b
⇒ 0< < 1 ⇒ b ∈ (-2, 0)
2
Function

89.
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
Solved Examples :
1. Solve the equation |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x} where [.] denotes greatest integer and {.} denotes fractional
part function
Sol. We are given that, |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x}
1
Let, 2x – 1  0 i.e. x  . The given equation yields.
2
1 – 2x = 3[x] + 2{x}
1  5[x]
 1  2[x]  2{x}  3[x]  2{x}  1  5[x]  4{x}  {x} 
4
1  5[x] 3 1
 0  1  0  1  5[x]  4    [x] 
4 5 5
3 1
Now, [x] = 0 as zero is the only integer lying between  and
5 5
1 1 1 1
 {x}   x  which is less than . Hence is one solution.
4 4 2 4
1
Now, let 2x  1  0 i.e. x 
2
 2x – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}  2[x] + 2{x} – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
1
 [x] = –1  – 1  x < 0 which is not a solution as x 
2
1
 x is the only solution.
4

2. The number of solution of the equation sgn({x}) = |1 – x| where {} denotes fractional part function is
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Sol. sgn ({x}) = |1 – x| has solution only at x = 1.

y = |x – 1 |
(0,1)
y = sgn{x}

x
–1 0 1 2 3

3. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then number of functions f : S  S such that f(k)  2 k for all k  S, is
(A) 32 (B) 64 (C) 128 (D) 156
Sol. No. of mapping = 2 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 128

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 90
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
1
4. Find the domain f (x)  where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
| [| x | 5] | 11
Sol. |[|x| – 5]|| – 11
so [|x| – 5] > 11 or [|x| – 5] < –11
[|x|] > 16 [|x|] < –6
|x|  17 or |x| < –6 (Not possible)
 x  – 17 or x  17
so x  (– , –17]  [17, )
x2  x  c 5 3
5. If the range of function f (x)  2
, x  R is  ,  then c is equal to
x  2x  c 6 2
(A) –4 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
x2  x  c
Sol. Let y 
x 2  2x  c
 (y – 1) x2 + (2y – 1) x + c(y – 1) = 0
As x is real, so D  0
 (2y – 1)2  4c(y – 1)2
 4(c – 1)y2 + 4(1 – 2c) y + (4c – 1)  0 ....(1)
But we are given
(6y – 5) (2y – 3)  0  12y2 – 28y + 15  0 ....(2)
c  1 1  2c
 On comparing (1) and (2), we get 
3 7
4c  1
 c4
15
6. Find the number of integers in the range of the function f (x)  cos x(sin x  sin 2 (x)  3) .

Sol. Let y  cos x(sin x  sin 2 x  3)

 (y sec y – sin x)2 = sin2x + 3
 y2 sec2x + sin2x – 2y tan x = sin2x + 3
 y2 + y2 + tan2x – 2y tan x – 3 = 0
 y2 tan2x – 2y tan x + (y2 – 3) = 0
As tan x is real.
 D0
 4y2 – 4y2(y2 – 3)  0
 4 – y2  0
 y2 – 4  0
 –2y2
Ans is 5

7. The graph of y = g(x) is shown in the adjacent figure. If mi (i = 1, 2, 3, ....... , n) are the integral values
of m for which the equation (g(x))2 – (2m + 5)g(x) + (10 – 2m) = 0 has exactly six solutions then find the

 n 
  mi 
value of  i 1 .
 n 1 
 
 
Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 91
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

g(x)

x
0 1 2

Sol. Let g(x) = t

Consider,

O 3

f(t) = t2 – (2m + 5)t + 10 – 2m

Case-I : When  = 0 and 0 <  < 3
f(0) = 0, f(3) > 0

 On taking intersection, m 

Case-II : When  > 3 and 0 <  < 3
f(0) > 0 and f(3) < 0

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 92
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

1 
 m  ,5
2 
 Number of integral values of m is {1, 2, 3, 4} i.e., 4 values, m1 = 1, m2 = 2, m3 = 3, m4 = 4

 n 
  mi  10
  i 1  2
 n 1  5
 
 

x 2  3x  a
8. Let f (x)  , where f : R  R. Find the value of parameter 'a' so that the given function is
x2  x 1
one­one.
x 2  3x  a
Sol. f (x)  2
x  x 1

(x 2  x  1)(2x  3)  (x 2  3x  a)(2x  1) 2x 2  2x(1  a)  (3  a)

f '(x)  
(x 2  x  1)2 (x 2  x  1)2
Let, g(x) = – 2x2 + 2x (1 – a) + (3 – a)
g(x) will be negative if 4(1 – a)2 + 8(3 – a) < 0
 1 + a2 – 2a + 6 – 2a < 0  (a – 2)2 + 3 < 0
which is not possible. Therefore function is not monotonic.
Hence, no value of a is possible.

9. If the function f(x) and g(x) are defined on R  R such that

 x  3, x  rational  x  5, x  irrational
f (x)   and g(x)   x  rational
 4x, x  irrational   x,
then (f – g) (x) is
(A) one­one and onto (B) neither one­one nor onto
(C) one­one but not onto (D) onto but not one­one
Sol. We have (f – g) (x) = (f(x) – g(x))

 2x  3, x  rational

3x  5, x  irrrational

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 93
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

 3   5
As f    0  f  
 2   3 
and so on.
 f(x) is many one function.
Also,  5 does not belong to the range, because if
3x  5   5
 x  0Q
f(x) is into function
Ans. is B

10. Number of surjective function f : A  B, where set A contains 4 elements and set B contains 3 elements,
is
(A) 36 (B) 40 (C) 44 (D) 56
4 3 4 3
Sol. 3 – [ C1(2 – 2) + C2] = 36

 n 1
 2 , if n is odd
11. Let f : N  N be defined as f (n)  
n , if n is even
 2
(A) injective but not surjective (B) surjective but not injective
(C) both injective as well as surjective (D) neither injective nor surjective
Sol. As f(1) = 1 = f(2)
f(3) = 2 = f(4)
So, f is not injective
Also, Rf = N, so f is surjective,
Hence f is surjective but not injective.

12. Which of the following pair(s) of function have same graphs ?

sec x tan x cos x sin x
(A) f (x)   , g(x)  
cos x cot x sec x cos ecx
 2 2  
(B) f(x) = sgn(x2 – 4x + 5), g(x)  sgn  cos x  sin  x    where sgn denotes signum function
  3 
2 3x 3)
(C) f (x)  eln(x , g(x)  x 2  3x  3

sin x cos x 2 cos 2

(D) f (x)   , g(x) 
sec x cos ecx cot x
sec x tan x cos x sin x
Sol. (A) We have f (x)   , g(x)  
cos x cot x sec x cos ecx
k
Clearly both f(x) and g(x) are identical functions as x   kI
2
(B) As x2 – 4x + 5 = (x – 2)2 + 1 > 0
Hence f(x) = 1  x  R

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 94
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

2 2 
Also cos x  sin  x    0
 3
Hence g(x) = 1  x  R
 f(x) and g(x) are identical
3 3x 3)
(C) f (x)  eln(x

2
2  3 3
As x  3x  3   x     x  R
 2 4
Hence f(x) = x2 + 3x + 3  x  R
 f(x) is identical to g(x)

sin x cos x 2 cos 2 x

(D) We have f (x)   , g(x) 
sec x cos ecx cot x
k
Clearly both f(x) and g(x) are identical functions as x   kI
2

1
 4 1 7 7
13. If g(x)   4 cos (x)  2 cos(2x)  cos 4(x)  x  , then the value of g(g(100)) is equal to
 2 
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 100
1
Sol. We have 4 cos 4 x  2 cos 2x  cos 4x  x 7
2
1
 4 cos 4 x  2(2 cos 2 x  1)  (2 cos 2 2x  1)  x 7
2
1
3
We get g(x)    x 7 
7

2 
1 1
3 7  3  3  7
 g(g(x))    (g(x))7       x 7    x
2  2 2 
Ans. is D

14. Let f(x) = ax + b, where a and b are integers. If f(f(0)) = 0 and f(f(f(4))) = 9, then the value of f(f(f(f(10))))
is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 9 (D) 10
Sol. f(x) = ax + b
f(0) = b
f(f(0)) = a.b + b = 0  (a + 1) b = 0  a = – 1 or b = 0
f(f(f(4))) = 9
ff(f(4a + b)) = 9
 f(a(4a + b) + b) = 9
 f(4a2 + ab + b) = 9
 a(4a2 + ab + b) + b) = 9
 4a3 + a2b + ab + b = 9

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 95
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
3 9
where b = 0, 4a3 = 9  a   a is not an integer
4
when a = –1, –4 + b – b + b = 9  b = 13
 f(x) = – x + 13
f(f(x)) = – (–x + 13) + 13 = x
 f(f(f(f(10)))) = f(f(10)) = 10

 1 
15. Let f (x)    where [y] and {y} denote greatest integer and fractional part function respectively
 cos{x} 
and g(x) = 2x2 – 3x(k + 1) + k(3k + 1). If g(f(x)) < 0  x  R then find the number of integral values of
k.
Sol. f(x) = 1  x  R
 g(1) < 0  x  R
 2 – 3(k + 1) + 3k2 + k < 0
 3k2 – 2k –1 < 0
 (3k + 1) (k – 1) < 0
 1 
 k   ,1 
 3 
Ans. (1)

16. Composition of piecewise defined functions :

If f(x) = | |x – 3| – 2| 0x4
g(x) = 4 – |2 – x| –1  x  3
then find fog(x) and draw rough sketch of fog(x).
Sol. f(x) = | | x – 3 | – 2 | 0  x  4

1  x 0  x  1
| x  1| 0  x  3 
  x  1 1  x  3
| x  5 | 3  x  4 
5  x 3  x  4
g(x) = 4 – |2 – x| –1  x  3
4  (2  x)  1  x  2 2  x  1  x  2
 
4  (x  2) 2  x  3 6  x 2x3

1  (2  x) 0  2  x  1 and  1  x  2
2  x  1 1  2  x  3 and  1  x  2
1  g(x) 0  g(x)  1 
 5  (2  x) 3 2x  4 and  1  x  2
 fog(x)  g(x)  1 1  g(x)  3  
5  g(x) 1 6  x 0  6  x 1 and 2  x  3
 3  g(x)  4 
6  x  1 1 6 x  3 and 2  x  3

5  6  x 3 6x  4 and 2  x  3

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 96
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

 1  x  2  x  1 and  1  x  2 1  x  2  x  1 and  1  x  2

1  x 1  x  1 and  1  x  2 1  x 1  x  1 and  1  x  2

3  x 1 x  2 and  1  x  2 3  x 1 x  2 and  1  x  2
 
x  5  6   x  5 and 2  x  3  x  5 5 x 6 and 2  x  3
5  x  5   x  3 and 2  x  3 5  x 3 x 5 and 2  x  3
 
x  1  3  x  2 and 2  x  3  x  1 2x3 and 2  x  3

1  x  1  x  1

 3  x 1  x  2
x  1 2  x  3


f(g(x))
2
1

x
–1 1 2 3

x|x|
17. If f (x)  then f–1 (x) is
1 x2
|x| x
(A) ; 1  x  1 (B) ; 1  x  1
1 | x | 1 x

x |x|
(C) sgn(x). ; 1  x  1 (D) sgn(x). ; 1  x  1
1 x 1 | x |

y
Sol. x ; x  0, 0  y  1
1 y

y
 ; x  0, 1  y  0
1 y
Ans. (D)

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 97
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
18. (a) Let f(x) = x2 + 2x ; x  –1. Draw graph of f–1(x) also find the number of solutions of the equation,
f(x) = f–1(x)
(b) If y = f(x) = x2 – 3x + 1, x  2. Find the value of g'(1) where g is inverse of f
y
y = f(x)
x = –1

y=f–1(x)
Sol. (a) x
–2 –1 0
(–1,–1)

f(x) = f–1(x) is equivalent to f(x) = x

 x2 + 2x = x  x(x + 1) = 0  x = 0, – 1
Hence two soution for f(x) = f–1(x)
(b) y=1  x2 – 3x + 1 = 1
 x(x – 3) = 0  x = 0, 3
But x2  x=3
Now g(f(x)) = x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x
1
 g '(f (x)).f '(x)  1  g '(f (x)) 
f '(x)
1 1 1
 g '(f (3))   g '(1)   (As f '(x)  2x  3)
f '(3) 63 3
Alternate Method
y = x2 – 3x + 1 ; x2 – 3x + 1 – y = 0
3  9  4(1  y) 3  5  4y
x 
2 2
3  5  4y
x  2; x 
2
3  5  4x 1
g(x)  ; g '(x)  0  4
2 4 5  4x
1 1 1
g '(1)   
54 9 3

1
19. Let f, g : R  R be defined by f(x) = 3x – 1 + |2x + 1| and g(x)  ((3x  5) | 2x  5 |) , then
5
(A) fog = gof
(B) (fog)–1 = gog
1 1
(C) y = min (fog(x), (fog(x))2, (fog(x))3, ......(fog(x))101) then at x  , y is 2011
2 2

fogofogofog....fog (5)  3
(D)   
100 times

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 98
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

 1  5
 x  2 x  2  x  2 x  2
Sol. f (x)   , g(x)  
5x x
 1 x x
5
 2  5 2

 f(x) and g(x) are inverse of each other.

 y = min {fog(x), (fog(x))2 (fog(x))3, ......(fog(x))2011}
 y = min {x, x2, x3, ..... x2011}
1 1
 y    2011
2 2
Ans. is A,C

20. Let f(x) is an odd function defined on R such that f(1) = 2, f(3) = 5 and f(–5) = –1. The value of
f (f (f (3)))  f (f (0))
is
3f (1)  2f (3)  f (5)
2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 5 5 3
Sol. f(x) + f(–x) = 0 for an odd function
 Numerator = f(f(–f(3))) = f(f(–5))
= f(–1) = –f(1) = – 2
Denominator = 3(2) –2(5) + f(–5) = 6 – 10 – 1 = – 5
Ans is C

21. The smallest natural number k for which

 x2 
f (x)  n  x 3  x 6  1   sin 5x    is an odd function  x  [–2, 2], is ([y] denotes largest
k
integer  y)
(A) 38 (B) 39 (C) 40 (D) 41
Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function and  x 3  x 6  1   sin 5x is an odd function.

 x2  x2
    0 x  [2, 2] 0  1 x  [2, 2]
k  k
Hence k > 42
 Smallest natural number k = 40

 4n  x 
x

 x  e e 
 4n 4n 1  
x0
22. For n  N, the function g(x)   (x sgn x)
  is
 ex  e x 
  
 10, x0
(A) odd function (B) even function
(C) neither even nor odd function (D) constant function

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 99
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
Sol. As g(–x) = g(x)  x  R
 g(x) is an even function
| sin 4x |  | cos 4x |
23. The period of is
| sin 4x  cos 4x |  | sin 4x  cos 4x |
  
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
4 2 8

Sol. Period of | sin 4x |  | cos 4x | is
8

Period of | sin 4x  cos 4x |  | sin 4x  cos 4x |
8

Because period of | sin x  cos x |  | sin x  cos x |
2

Period of given function is
8
24. Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = max. (1 + |x|, 2 – |x|) then which of the following hold(s) good ?
(A) f is periodic function. (B) f is neither injective nor surjective.
3 
(C) f is even function (D) Range of f   ,  
2 
Sol. Graph of f(x)
y

y = 1 + |x|

(0,2)

(–1/2, 3/2) (1/2, 3/2)

(0,1)

y = 2 – |x|
x
O (0,0)
x = (–1/2) x = (1/2)

Ans. (B,C,D)

n
25. For x  where n  I, the range of function
2
f(x) = sgn(sin x) + sgn(cos x) + sgn(tan x) + sgn(cot x) is equal to
Note: sgn x denotes signum function of x.
(A) {–2, 4} (B) {–2, 0, 4} (C) {–4, –2, 0, 4} (D) {0, 2, 4}

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 100
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
Sol. f(x) periodic with period 2.

 
4; 0x
2

2; 
x
 2
f (x)  
0; 3
x
 2
 3
2  x  2
 2
 Range of function = {–2, 0, 4}

x
26. Find the sum of all solution of the equation cot  log 2 {x} in x  (0,100) .
2
[Note: {k} denotes the fractional part function of k.]
x
Sol. We plot the graph of y  cot and y  log 2{x}
2
x
y = cot
y 2

 1 3/2 2 3 7/2
x
–1 4

y=log2{x}

3 7 11
We can observe point of intersection are , , ,....
2 2 2
3 7 11 199
and the sum is    ....   2525
2 2 2 2

19
27. If f(x) is a function such that f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = 3f (x) and f(5) = 100, then find  f (5  12r) .
r 0

Sol. Given, f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = 3f (x) .....(1)

from (1), f(x+ 1) + f(x + 3) = 3f (x  2) .....(2)
adding (1) and (2)
f (x  1)  f (x  3)  2f (x  1)  3[f (x)  f (x  2)]
 3 . 3 f (x  1)
 f(x – 1) + f(x + 3) = f(x+ 1) .....(3)
 f(x + 1) + f(x + 5) = f(x+ 3) .....(4)
adding (3) and (4)
f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) + f(x + 3) + f(x + 5) = f(x + 1) + f(x + 3)
 f(x – 1) = –f(x + 5)
 f(x) = –f(x + 6) .....(5)

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 101
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
 f(x + 12) = f(x)
19
Now,  f (5  12r) = f(5) + f(5 + 12) + f(5 + 2.12) + .....+f(5 + 19.12)
r 0
= f(5) + f(5) + f(5) + ...... upto 20 terms
= 20f(5) = 20 × 100 = 2000

 2f (x) 
28. If x  log 4   , then find (f(2010) + f(–2009))
 1  f (x) 
 2f (x) 
Sol. Given, x  log 4  
 1  f (x) 

2f (x)  4x 
  4 x  f (x)     f (1  x)  f (x)  1
1  f (x)  2  4x 
So, f(2010) + f(–2009) = 1

1 n
29. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n such that f (0)  0, f (1)  ,......f (n)  , then find f(n + 1)
2 n 1
Sol. (x + 1) f(x) – x is a polynomial of degree n + 1
 (x + 1) f(x) – x = k(x) [x – 1] [x – 2] ..... [x – n]
 [n + 2] f(n + 1) – (n + 1) = k[(n + 1)!]
Also, 1 = k (–1) (–2) ..... ((–n + 1))
1 = k (–1)n+1 (n + 1)!
 (n + 2) f(n + 1) – (n + 1) = (–1)n+1  f(n + 1) = 1, is n is odd
n
and , if n is even.
n 1

1
30. If the relation af (x)  bf    g(x) , (x  0) does not provide a unique f(x) then prove that
x
1
g 2 (x)  g 2    0 .
x

Sol. 1 .....(1)

af (x)  bf    g(x)
x
1 1
 af    bf (x)  g   .....(2)
x x
(1) × a – (2) × b
2 1
 a f (x)  abf    ag(x)
x
1 1
ab f    b 2 f (x)  bg  
x x

2 2 1
 (a  b ) f (x)  ag(x)  bg  
x
Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 102
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
Since it does not provid unique f(x)
1
a2 – b2 = 0 and ag(x)  bg    0
x
1
(a – b) (a + b) = 0 and ag(x)  bg    0
x
1
when a = b, g(x)  g    0
x
1
when a = –b, g(x)  g    0
x
1
 g 2 (x)  g 2    0
x

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 103
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
FUNCTIONS
CONCEPT BUILDING-01
1. Which of the following is a function ?
(i) {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)} (ii) {(1, 4), (2, 5), (1, 6), (3, 9)}
(iii) {(1, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (1, 4)} (iv) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2)}
2. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest and fractional part functions respectively.)

(i) f(x) = cos 2x  16  x 2 (ii) f(x) = log7 log5 log3 log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x)

1  5x
(iii) f(x) = ln  x 2  5x  24  x  2  (iv) f(x) =
7 x  7

 2log10 x  1 
(v) y = log10 sin(x – 3) + 16  x 2 (vi) f(x) = log100x  
 x 

1 x
(vii) f(x) = 2
+ ln x(x2 – 1) (viii) f(x) = log 1 2
4x  1 2
x 1

2 1 2 2
(ix) f(x) = x  | x |  2
(x) f(x) = (x  3x  10)  l n (x  3)
9x

cos x  (1/ 2)
(xi) f(x) = log x (cos 2x) (xii) f(x) =
6  35x  6x 2

[x]
(xiii) 
f(x) = log1/3 log 4 [x]2  5   (xiv) f(x) =
2x  [x]

(xv) f(x) = logx sin x

3. Find the domain & range of the following functions.

(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest and fractional part functions respectively).

2x
(i) f(x) = log 5  2(sin x  cos x)  3  (ii) f(x) =
1 x2

x 2  3x  2 x
(iii) f(x) = 2 (iv) f(x) =
x  x 6 1 | x |

(v) f(x) = 2 + x – [x – 3] (vi) f(x) = log3 (5 + 4x – x2)

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 104
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
4. The range of the function f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2|, –1  x  3 is

(A) [1, 3] (B) [1, 5] (C) [3, 5] (D) None of these

5. The range of the function f(x) = 2|sin x| – 3|cos x| is :

(A) [–2, 13 ] (B) [–2, 3] (C) [3, 13 ] (D) [–3, 2]

6. (i) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0, 1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.

(a) f(sin x) (b) f(2x + 3)

(ii) Given that y = f(x) is a function whose domain is [4, 7] and range is [–1, 9]. Find the range and domain of

1
(a) g(x) = f(x) (b) h(x) = f(x – 7)
3

CONCEPT BUILDING-02
1. Classify the following functions f(x) definzed in R  R as injective, surjective, both or none.
x2
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = x + |x|
1 x2
2 2
ex  e x
(c) f(x) = ex – e–x (d) f(x) = 2 2
e x  e x

 1  1
2. If f(x) = |x| and g(x) = [x], then value of fog    + gof    is
 4  4
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 1/4
3. If f : R  R, f(x) = x3 + 3, and g : R  R, g(x) = 2x + 1, then f–1og–1(23) equals :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) (14)1/3 (D) (15)1/3
4. Which of the following functions has its inverse :
(A) f : R  R, f(x) = ax (B) f : R  R, f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|
(C) f : R  R+, f(x) = |x| (D) f : [, 2]  [–1, 1], f(x) = cos x
 2, when x  Q
5. If function f(x) =  , (fof) 4 the value will be :
 0, when x  Q

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) None of these

1 x   3x  x 3 
6. If f(x) = log   and g(x) =  1  3x 2  , then f[g(x)] is equal to :
 1 x   

(A) – f(x) (B) 3f(x) (C) [f(x)]3 (D) None of these

7. If f : R  R, g : R  R and f(x) = 3x + 4 and (gof) (x) = 2x – 1, then the value of g(x) is :
1
(A) 2x – 1 (B) 2x – 11 (C) (2x – 11) (D) None of these
3

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 105
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
8. If f : R  R, f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3 and g : R  R, g(x) = 3x – 4, then the value of fog(x) is :
(A) 3x2 + 6x – 13 (B) 9x2 – 18x + 5 (C) (3x – 4)2 + 2x – 3 (D) None of these
   
9. If f(x) = sin2 x + sin2  x   + cos x cos  x   and g(x) is a one­one function defined in R  R, then
 3  3
(gof) (x) is
(A) one­one (B) onto
(C) constant function (D) periodic with fundamental period 
10. Compute the inverse of the functions :
x
10 x  10 x

(a) f(x) = ln x  x 2  1  (b) f(x) = 2 x1 (c) y =
10 x  10 x

CONCEPT BUILDING-03
1. Find whether the following function are even or odd or none

x(a x  1)
(a) 
f(x) = log x  1  x 2  (b) f(x) =
a x 1
(c) f(x) = sin x + cos x

(d) f(x) = x sin2 x – x3 (e) f(x) = sin x – cos x

 1 1
2. Let f  x   = x2 + 2 (x  0), then f(x) equals :
 x x

(A) x2 – 2 (B) x2 – 1 (C) x2 (D) None of these

3. Find the period of following function :
(i) f(x) = |sin 2x| is :
(A) /4 (B) /2 (C)  (D)

 x   x 
(ii) f(x) = sin   + cos   is
 2   2 
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 24
(iii) f(x) = log cos 2x + tan 4x is
(A) /2 (B) (C) 2 (D) 2/5
4. In the following which function is not periodic
(A) tan 4x (B) cos 2x (C) cos x2 (D) cos2 x
5. Suppose f is a real function satisfying f(x + f(x)) = 4f(x) and f(1) = 4. Find the value of f(21).
6. Let 'f' be a function defined from R+  R+. If [f(xy)]2 = x(f(y))2 for all positive numbers x and y and
f(2) = 6, find the value of f(50).
7. Let f(x) be a function with two properties
(i) for any two real number x and y, f(x + y) = x + f(y) and
(ii) f(0) = 2
Find the value of f(100).

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 106
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
8. The period of cos(x + 4x + 9x +....+ n2x) is /7, then n  N is equal to :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
9. Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of definition
of the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + |y| = 2y

 1
10. Function f & g are defined by f(x) = sin x, x  R ; g(x) = tan x, x  R –  K   
 2

where K  I. Find

(i) Periods of fog & gof (ii) Range of the function fog and gof

ASSIGNMENT (Prilepko)
FUNCTION (DOMAIN AND RANGE)
Find the domains of definition of the following functions (1 – 112) ?
1. y  2x  x 2
2. y  x 1 x 1
3. y  x 1  6  x
4. y  x 2  5x  6

x3
5. y
5 x
6. f (x)  2  x  1  x
7. y  4x 2  4x  3
8. y  6  7x  3x 2
1
9. y  2 x
x 1
1
10. y 2
2x  5x  3
11. f (x)  4x  x 3
12. f (x)  3x  x 3
1
13. y 3
x x2

4  3x  x 2
14. y
x4

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 107
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

3x  7
15. y 6
x 1  2

12  x  x 2
16. f (x) 
x(x  2)

6
17. y  5 x 
x
18. f (x)  x 2  x  20  6  x

x2  x  6
19. f (x) 
x2  4

x  12  x 2
20. y
x2  9
4 x 2
 1 1
21. y  
 2 x 1

17  15x  2x 2
22. y
x3

7x
23. y
2
4x  19x  12

x 2  7x  12
24. y
x 2  2x  3

x 2  5x  6
25. y
x 2  6x  8
26. y  x  x 2  3x  x 2  2
1
27. y  x 2  x  20 
2
x  5x  14
1
28. y  x 2  x  20
2
14  5x  x

x 4  3x 2  x  7
29. y 1
x 4  2x 2  1
1
30. f (x) 
sin x  cos 4 x
4

31. f (x) = arcsin 3x

32. f (x)  (sin x  cos x) 2  1

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 108
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

1
cos x 
33. y 2
6  35x  6x 2

log3 (x 2  1)
34. y
sin 2 x  sin x  0.25
1
35. y
3  log 3 (x  3)

x5
36. y
log(9  x)

3log 64 x  1
37. f (x)  3
2x  11
x2
38. y  log 2
x2
x3
39. f (x)  log
x 1
40. y  log(x  1)

x 2  8x  7
41. y  log .
x2  7
42. y  1  x  log  x  1 .
43. y  x  1  log 1  x  .
44. y = log ((x2 – 3x) (x + 5)).
45. y  4x  x 2  log 3 (x  2).

46. y  x 2  4x  5  log(x  1).

47. f (x)  log(5x 2  8x  4)  x  1.
48. y  x 2  4x  5  log(x  5).

log(3  2x  x 2 )
49. y
x

3 x
50. y  log .
x

1  2x
51. y  log .
x3
52. f (x)  4 x  x  log(x  2).

x 2  5x  6
53. y
log(x  10) 2
Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 109
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
log x
54. y .
2
x  2x  63

5x  x 2
55. y  log .
4

56. y  (x 2  3x  10) log 2 (x  3).

57. f (x)  log(1  4  x 2 ).

58. y  log(5x 2  8x  4)  (x  3)0.5 .

1  5x
59. y .
7x  7
60. y  4x  x 2  log(x 2  1).

4x
61. y  1  log(x  1)  .
x2

x 1
62. y  log 0.3 .
x5

63. y  log 0.4 (x  x 2 )

64. y  log 0.3 (x 2  5x  7).

65. y  log 0.5 (x 2  9)  4

x 1 1
66. y  log 0.4  2 .
x  5 x  36
1
67. f (x)  log 0.5 ( x 2  x  6)  2
.
x  2x

 log 0.3 (x  1)
68. y .
 x 2  2x  8

69. f (x)  16x  x 5  log 1 (x 2  1).

2

x
70. y  log 1 2
.
2
x 1

3x 2 18x  29
71. f (x)  4 x 3
 26x 17 .

72. y  log0.5 (3x  8)  log0.5 (x 2  4).

73. f (x)  4x  x 3  log(x 2  1).

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 110
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

1
74. y 4 log 4 16  log8 (x 2  4x  3).
2

 2 x  1
75. f (x)  log 4  2  4 x 
 x  2 

3x  4 x
76. y .
2x 2  x  8

  6  
77. f (x)  log 2   log 1 1  4   2 .
 2
 x 

6x  x 2  5
78. y .
5x  2  1
x
79. y .
2
x  5x  6
80. y   x 2  2x  3  log 3 (x  1)
x
81. y  log – x – 3.
x–2

x 2 – 2x
82. f (x)  .
log 5 (x –1)
83. f (x) = log2x–5 (x2 – 3x – 10).
2
6 (x –2)
84. f (x)  4x  8 3 – 52 – 22(x –1) .
1
 2 – f ' (x)  2
85. y  log1.7  ,
 x  1 

1 3 3
where f (x)  x 3 – x 2 – 2x  .
3 2 2
log 0.3 | x – 2 |
86. y .
|x|

87. y  6 x  x 2 – 2x 3 .
x
88. y x–4–  log (39 – x).
x –5
89. y = log (1 – log (x2 – 5x + 16)).
 3x –1 
90. y  log 0.5  – log 2 .
 3x  2 
91. y  log log x – log (4 – log x) – log 3.

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 111
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

92. y  log x –2 (x 2 – 8x  15) .

93. y  log  8–2 log x – 3 42–log x 

2 log x  1
94. y  log100x .
–x

  1  
95. y  log 2  – log 1 1  4  –1 .
 2
 x 
96. y = log|x| – 4 2.
97. y  sin x  16 – x 2 .
98. y = log (log2 x – 5 log x + 6)
x 1
99. y  log 1
2
3x  5

100. y  log sin(x  3)  16  x 2

log x
101. y
2
x  2x  63
x3
102. y  arcsin  log(4  x)
2
3  2x
103. y  3  x  arcsin
5
x 2  2x  3
log(0.5  x )
4x 2  4x 3
104. y  (x  0.5)
2 log x  2
105. y  log100x
x
2x  1
106. y  arccos
2 2x
2
107. y  arccos
2  sin x
108. y  3sin x  1

x
109. y  2sin
2
1
110. y
4 cos x  1
111. y  2 cos 2 x  3cos x  1
112. y  sin 2 x  sin x

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 112
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
Find the domains of definition and the ranges of the following functions (113 – 120).
x
113. y
|x|

114. f (x)  x  x 2
115. y  3x 2  4x  5
116. y = log (3x2 – 4x + 5)
117. y = log (5x2 – 8x + 4)
118. f (x)  x  1  2 3  x

sin x  cos x  3 2
119. f (x)  log 2
2
120. f (x)  2  x  1  x

EXERCISE–I
1. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
  
  log  1  1 
(i) f (x) = log2  1/ 2
 + log10 log10 x  log10  4  log10 x  log10 3



x
sin 100   
1 1 1
(ii) f (x) = + log1 – {x}(x2 – 3x + 10) + +
[x] 2| x| sec(sin x)
1
 7 
(iii) f (x) = (5x  6  x ) lnx +
2
(7 x  5  2x ) +  ln
2   x  
 2 

(iv) f (x) = log  1

x 2  x  6  16 x C2 x 1  203 x
P2 x 5
 x  x 

 2 3 
(v) f (x) = log10  log|sin x| ( x  8x  23)  
 log 2 | sin x | 
2. Find the domain & range of the following functions.
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
(i) y = 2  x  1  x
(ii) f (x) = log(cosec x ­ 1) (2  [sin x]  [sin x]2)
x 4 3
(iii) f (x) =
x 5

3. (a) Draw graphs of the following function, where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f (x) = x + [x] (ii) y = (x)[x] where x = [x] + (x) & x > 0 & x  3
(iii) y = sgn [x] (iv) sgn (x x)
(b) Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical ?
(where [x] denotes greatest integer and {x} denotes fractional part function)
1  cos 2 x
(i) f (x) = sgn (x2 – 3x + 4) and g (x) = e[{x}] (ii) f (x) = and g (x) = tan x
1  cos 2 x

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 113
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
cos x 1 sin x
(iii) f (x) = ln(1 + x) + ln(1 – x) and g (x) = ln(1 – x2) (iv) f (x) = and g (x) =
1  sin x cos x
4. Classify the following functions f(x) definzed in R  R as injective, surjective, both or none .
x 2  4x  30
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = x3  6 x2 + 11x  6 (c) f(x) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x  3)
x 2  8x  18

5. Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on functional equation.

(a) The function f (x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f  f ( x ) ·1  f ( x )  = – f (x) for all
x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the value of f (3).
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f (x + f (x)) = 4 f (x) and f (1) = 4. Find the value of f (21).
(c) Let 'f' be a function defined from R+  R+ . If [ f (xy)]2 = x  f ( y) 2 for all positive numbers x and y and
f (2) = 6, find the value of f (50).
(d) Let f (x) be a function with two properties
(i) for any two real number x and y, f (x + y) = x + f (y) and (ii) f (0) = 2.
Find the value of f (100).
(e) Let f be a function such that f (3) = 1 and f (3x) = x + f (3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of f (300).
ax 8  bx 6  cx 4  dx 2  15x  1
(f) Suppose that f (x) is a function of the form f (x) = (x  0). If f (5) = 2
x
then find the value of f (– 5).

6. Suppose f (x) = sin x and g (x) = 1 – x . Then find the domain and range of the following functions.
(a) fog (b) gof (c) fof (d) gog

    5
7. If f(x) = sin²x + sin²  x    cos x cos x   and g    1 , then find (gof) (x).
 3  3  4

1 x 
8. A function f : R  R is such that f   = x for all x  – 1. Prove the following.
1 x 
(a) f  f ( x )  = x (b) f 1 x  = – f (x), x  0 (c) f (– x – 2) = – f (x) – 2.

x
9. (a) Find the formula for the function fogoh, given f (x) = ; g (x) = x10 and h (x) = x + 3. Find also the
x 1
domain of this function. Also compute (fogoh)(–1).
(b) Given F (x) = cos2(x + 9). Find the function f, g, h such that F = fogoh.

10. If f (x) = max  x, 1 x  for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers a and b.
Define the function g(x) = f (x) · f 1 x  and plot its graph.

11.(a) The function f (x) has the property that for each real number x in its domain, 1/x is also in its domain and
f (x) + f 1 x  = x. Find the largest set of real numbers that can be in the domain of f (x)?
(b) Let f (x) = ax 2  bx . Find the set of real values of 'a' for which there is at least one positive real value
of 'b' for which the domain of f and the range of f are the same set.

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 114
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
 x if x  1
 1  x if x  0 
12. f (x) =  2 and g (x) =  find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x)
 x if x  0 1  x if x  1
13. Find whether the following
2
functions are even or odd or none

(a) f(x) =
1  2  x

2x
x x
(b) f(x)= x
 1
e 1 2
(c) f(x) = [(x+1)²]1/3 + [(x 1)²]1/3

 x 2n  e1/x  e1/x  
(d) f(x) =  2n 2n 1  1/x 1/x   , x 0 and n  N
 (x sgn x)  e  e  

14.(i) Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of definition
of the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + y= 2y
(ii) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0,1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.
(a) f (sin x) (b) f (2x+3)
(iii) Given that y = f (x) is a function whose domain is [4, 7] and range is [–1, 9]. Find the range and domain of
1
(a) g (x) = f (x) (b) h (x) = f (x – 7)
3
log10 x
15. Find the inverse of f (x) = 2  8 and hence solve the equation f (x) = f–1(x).
16.(a) Suppose that f is an even, periodic function with period 2, and that f (x) = x for all x in the interval
[0, 1]. Find the value of f (3.14).
(b) Find out for what integral values of n the number 3 is a period of the function :
f(x) = cos nx . sin (5/n) x.
17. Let f(x) = ln x and g(x) = x2 – 1
Column­I contains composite functions and column­II contains their domain. Match the entries of column­
I with their corresponding answer is column­II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) fog (P) (1, )
(B) gof (Q) (–, )
(C) fof (R) (–, –1)  (1, )
(D) gog (S) (0, )

18. The graph of the function y = f (x) is as follows.

Match the function mentioned in Column-I with the respective graph given in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 115
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
y
1
–2 –1 1 2 x
(A) y = | f (x) | (P) O
–1

y
1

x
(B) y = f ( | x | ) (Q) –2 –1 O 1 2
–1
y
1
x
(C) y = f (– | x | ) (R) –2 –1 O 1 2
–1
y
1
1
(D) y = ( | f (x) | – f (x) ) (S) –2
x
2 –1 O 1 2
–1
EXERCISE–II
1. Let f be a oneone function with domain {x,y,z} and range {1,2,3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statements is true and the remaining two are false.
f(x) = 1 ; f(y)  1 ; f(z)  2. Determine f1(1)
2. Let x = log49 + log928
show that [x] = 3, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
3. (a) A function f is defined for all positive integers and satisfies f(1) = 2005 and f(1)+ f(2)+ ... + f(n) = n2f(n)
for all n > 1. Find the value of f(2004).
(b) If a, b are positive real numbers such that a – b = 2, then find the smallest value of the constant L for
which x 2  ax  x 2  bx < L for all x > 0.
(c) Let f (x) = x2 + kx ; k is a real number. The set of values of k for which the equation f (x) = 0 and
f  f ( x ) = 0 have same real solution set.
(d) Let P(x) = x6 + ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f be a polynomial such that P(1) = 1 ; P(2) = 2 ; P(3) = 3;
P(4) = 4; P(5) = 5 and P(6) = 6 then find the value of P(7).
(e) Let a and b be real numbers and let f (x) = a sin x + b 3
x + 4,  x  R. If f log10 (log 3 10)  = 5 then
find the value of f log10 (log10 3)  .
4. Column I contains functions and column II contains their natural domains. Exactly one entry of column II
matches with exactly one entry of column I.
Column I Column II
 x 2  3x  2 
(A) g (x) = ln 
 (P) (1, 3)  (3, )
 x  1 
1
(B) h (x) = (Q) (– , 2)
 x 1 
ln  
 2 
 1
(C) (x) = ln  x 2  12  2x  (R)   ,  
   2
(S) [–3, –1)  [1, )

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 116
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
5. Let [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If all the values of x such that the product
 1  1
 x  x  is prime, belongs to the set [x1, x2)  [x3, x4), find the value of x12  x22  x32  x42 .
2   2 
6. Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 1 is 1
and the remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r (x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by
(x – 1)(x – 4), find the value of r (2006).
1
e  | ln{ x }| | ln{ x }|
 {x} where ever it exists
7. Prove that the function defined as , f (x) = 

 {x} otherwise , then
f (x) is odd as well as even. (where {x} denotes the fractional part function )
 1    1  x 
8. In a function 2 f(x) + xf    2f  2 sin    x     = 4 cos2 + x cos
 x    4  2 x
Prove that (i) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1 and (ii) f(2) + f(1) = 0
9. A function f , defined for all x , y  R is such that f (1) = 2 ; f (2) = 8
& f (x + y)  k xy = f (x) + 2 y2 , where k is some constant . Find f (x) & show that :
 1 
f (x + y) f   = k for x + y  0.
 x  y

10. Let f : R  R – {3} be a function with the property that there exist T > 0 such that
f (x )  5
f (x + T) = for every x  R. Prove that f (x) is periodic.
f (x )  3
11. If f (x) = 1 + x  2 , 0  x  4
g (x) = 2  x ,  1  x  3
Then find fog (x) & gof (x) . Draw rough sketch of the graphs of fog (x) & gof (x) .
12. Let f (x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1. If f (x) is divided by x3 – x then the remainder is some function
of x say g (x). Find the value of g (10).
13. Let {x} & [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively. Solve 4{x}= x + [x]

9x  1   2   3   2005 
14. Let f (x) = x then find the value of the sum f +f   +f   + ....+ f  
9 3  2006   2006   2006   2006 
15. Let f (x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 5 where x  [–6, 6]. If the range of the function is
[a, b] where a, b  N then find the value of (a + b).
16. Find a formula for a function g (x) satisfying the following conditions
(a) domain of g is (– , ) (b) range of g is [–2, 8]
(c) g has a period  and (d) g (2) = 3
3 4
17. The set of real values of 'x' satisfying the equality   +   = 5 (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer
x x
function) belongs to the interval a, b c where a, b, c  N and b c is in its lowest form. Find the value
of a + b + c + abc.

18. f (x) and g (x) are linear function such that for all x, f  g ( x )  and g  f ( x )  are Identity functions.
If f (0) = 4 and g (5) = 17, compute f (2006).

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 117
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
19. A is a point on the circumference of a circle. Chords AB and AC divide the area of the circle into three
equal parts. If the angle BAC is the root of the equation, f (x) = 0 then find f (x).
20. If for all real values of u & v, 2 f(u) cos v = f (u + v) + f (u  v), prove that, for all real values of x.
(i) f (x) + f ( x) = 2a cos x (ii) f ( x) + f( x) = 0
(iii) f ( x) + f (x) =  2b sin x. Deduce that f (x) = a cos x  b sin x, a, b are arbitrary constants.
21. Given X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, find all oneone, onto mappings, f : X  X such that,
f (1) = 1 , f (2)  2 and f (4)  4 . [REE 2000, 3 out of 100]

EXERCISE–III
 4x  3   4x  3 
1. The period of the function f(x) = 4 sin4  2  + 2 cos  2  is :
 6   3 
32 33 4 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 3 3
1 x 
2. If 2f(x – 1) – f   = x, then f(x) is :
 x 
1 1  (1  x)
(A)  2(1  x)   (B) 2(x – 1) –
3 (1  x)  x

1 1 1 
(C) x2 + +4 (D) (x  2)  
x2 4 (x  2) 
3. If f : R  R be a function satisfying f(2x + 3) + f(2x + 7) = 2,  x  R, then period of f(x) is :
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
1
4. If 2 < x2 < 3, then the number of positive roots of {x2} =   , (where {x} denotes the fractional
x
part of x) is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
2(e x  e x )(sin x  tan x)
5. f(x) = is (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
 x  2 
2  3
  
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither even nor odd (D) both even and odd

6. If f(x + ay, x – ay) = axy, then f(x, y) equals :

x 2  y2 x 2  y2
(A) (B) (C) x2 (D) y2
4 4
7. If f : R  R, f(x) = ex, & g : R  R, g(x) = 3x – 2, then the value of (fog)–1 (x) is equal to
2  log x  x 3
(A) log(x – 2) (B) (C) log   (D) None of these
3  2 

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 118
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
x  [x]
8. Let f(x) = , then range of f(x) is ([.] = G.I.F.) :
1  [x]  x
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 1/2] (C) [1/2, 1] (D) [0, 1/2)

9. If f(x) be a polynomial satisfying f(x) . f(1/x) = f(x ) + f(1/x) and f(4) = 65 then f(6) = ?
(A) 176 (B) 217 (C) 289 (D) None of these

10. The range of the function f(x) = sin(cos x)  cos(sin x) is :

(A) 1,1  cos1 (B)  cos1,1  cos1 

   

(C)  cos1,1  sin1  (D) 1,1  sin1 

   
11. Let f(x) = cot(5  3x)(cot(5)  cot(3x))  cot 3x  1 , then domain is :

 n  
(A) R –   , n  I (B) (2n + 1) , n  I
3 6

 n n  5   n  5 
(C) R –  , , n  I (D) R –  nI
3 3   3 
12. If f(x) is even, periodic function defined for all x  R and has period 1, then

 1 1  2 
(A) f  x   = f(x) (B) f   x   f   x 
 2 3  3 
(C) f(x + 1) = f(2x + 1) (D) f(0) can not be zero

13. The number of bijective functions f : A  A, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} such that f(1)  3, f(2)  1,
f(3)  4, f(4)  2 is :
(A) 11 (B) 23 (C) 12 (D) 9
n(n  1)
14. The period of the function, f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] +.....+ [nx] – x, where n  N and [] denotes
2
the greatest integer function, is :
1
(A) 1 (B) n (C) (D) Non periodic
n
15. Let set A consists of 5 elements and set B consists of 3 elements. Number of functions that can be
defined from A to B which are not surjective is :
(A) 99 (B) 93 (C) 123 (D) None
x 3
16. Let f(x) = , x  –1. Then f2010(2014) [where f n(x) = fof
.....of
 (x)] is :
x 1 n times

(A) 2010 (B) 4020 (C) 4028 (D) 2014

17. Let f(x) = sin x , then
(A) f(x) is periodic with period 2 (B) f(x) is periodic with period 
(C) f(x) is periodic with period 42 (D) None of these

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 119
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
18. Let f be a real valued function such that
 2002 
f (x) + 2 f   = 3x
 x 
for all x > 0. The value of f (2), is
(A) 1000 (B) 2000 (C) 3000 (D) 4000

19. Which one of the following depicts the graph of an odd function?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

 x   x 
20. The period of the function f(x) = sin 2x + sin    sin   is
 3   5 
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 15 (D) 30
8 8 4 4
21. Given f (x) =  and g (x) =  then g(x) is
1 x 1 x f (sin x ) f (cos x )
(A) periodic with period /2 (B) periodic with period 
(C) periodic with period 2 (D) aperiodic

n
k
22. Suppose, f(x, n) =  log x   , then the value of x satisfying the equation f(x, 10) = f(x, 11) is
k 1 x
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) none

x ln x
23. f(x) = and g(x) = . Then identify the CORRECT statement
ln x x
1 1
(A) and f(x) are identical functions (B) and g(x) are identical functions
g(x) f (x)
1
(C) f(x) . g(x) = 1  x > 0 (D) =1  x>0
f (x) . g(x)
f (x)
24. Let f be a function satisfying f(xy) = for all positive real numbers x and y. If f(30) = 20, then the
y
value of f(40) is :
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60
Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 120
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
25. Let f (x) = sin2x + cos4x + 2 and g (x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x). Also let period of f (x) and g (x) be
T1 and T2 respectively then
(A) T1 = 2T2 (B) 2T1 = T2 (C) T1 = T2 (D) T1 = 4T2
2
26. Let f (x) =
x 1
; g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x  3 then the range of the composite function fogoh, is
(A) R+ (B) R – {0} (C) [1, ) (D) R+ – {1}
27. If f (x, y) = max(x, y) min( x , y ) and g (x, y) = max(x, y) – min(x, y), then

  3 
f  g   1,  , g (4,  1.75)  equals
  2 
(A) – 0.5 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D) 1.5

28. If the solution set for f (x) < 3 is (0, ) and the solution set for f (x) > – 2 is (– , 5), then the true solution
set for  f ( x ) 2  f (x) + 6, is
(A) (– , + ) (B) (– , 0] (C) [0, 5] (D) (– , 0]  [5, )

29. The graph of the function y = g (x) is shown.

1
The number of solutions of the equation g ( x)  1  , is
2
(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) 8

9
30. Let R be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the x and y axis and the graphs of f(x) = x+b
25
and y = f–1(x). If the area of R is 49, then the value of b, is
18 22 28
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
5 5 5
31. Consider the functions
f : X Y and g:YZ
then which of the following is/are incorrect ?
(A) If f and g both are injective then gof : X  Z is injective
(B) If f and g both are surjective gof : X  Z is surjective
(C) If gof : X  Z is bijective then f is injective and g is surjective
(D) none

32. Which of the following statements are incorrect ?

I If f(x) and g(x) are one to one then f(x) + g(x) is also one to one
II If f(x) and g(x) are one­one then f(x) . g(x) is also one­one
III If f(x) is odd then it is necessarily one to one
(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) III and I only (D) I, II and III

0 if x is rational 0 if x is irrational
 
33. Let f (x) =  and g (x) = 
 x if x is irrational  x if x is rational
Then the function (f – g) x is
(A) odd (B) even
(C) neither odd nor even (D) odd as well as even

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 121
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
34. Let a > 1 be a real number and f(x) = logax2 for x > 0. If f–1 is the inverse function of f and b and c are
real numbers then f–1(b + c) is equal to
1 1
(A) f–1(b) . f–1(c) (B) f–1(b) + f–1(c) (C) (D)
f (b  c) f (b)  f 1 (c)
1

35. Period of f(x) = nx + n – [nx + n], (n  N where [] denotes the greatest integer function is
(A) 1 (B) 1/n (C) n (D) none of these

36. Let f(x) = sin [a] x (where [] denotes the greatest integer function). If f is periodic with fundamental
period , then a belongs to :
(A) [2, 3) (B) {4, 5} (C) [4, 5] (D) [4, 5)

37. Given f (x) is a polynomial function of x, satisfying f(x) . f(y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) – 2 and that f (2) = 5.
Then f (3) is equal to
(A) 10 (B) 24 (C) 15 (D) none

38. The function f is one to one and the sum of all the intercepts of the graph is 5. The sum of all of the graph
of y = f–1(x) is
(A) 5 (B) 1/5 (C) 2/5 (D) – 5

39. The period of the function f(x) = sin(x + 3 – [x + 3]), where [] denotes the greatest integer function is
(A) 2 + 3 (B) 2  (C) 1 (D) 3

40. If f(x) = x2 + bx + c and f(2 + t) = f(2 – t) for all real numbers t, then which of the following is true ?
(A) f(1) < f(2) < f(4) (B) f(2) < f(1) < f(4) (C) f(2) < f(4) < f(1) (D) f(4) < f(2) < f(1)

41. The solution set for [x]{x} = 1 where {x} and [x] are fractional part & integral part of x, is
(A) R+ – (0, 1) (B) R+ – {1}
 1   1 
(C) m  m  I  {0} (D) m  m  N  {1}
 m   m 
42. If f(x) = px + q and f  f  f (x)   = 8x + 21, where p and q are real numbers, then p + q equals
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 11

43. If f(x) = 2 tan 3x + 5 1  cos 6x ; g(x) is a function having the same time period as that of f(x), then
which of the following can be g(x).
(A) (sec2 3x + cosec2 3x)tan2 3x (B) 2sin 3x + 3cos 3x
(C) 2 1  cos 2 3x + cosec 3x (D) 3 cosec 3x + 2 tan 3x
8
44. The range of the function y = is
9  x2
8   8 8 
(A) (–, ) – {± 3} (B)  ,   (C)  0,  (D) (–, 0)   ,  
9   9 9 

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 122
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
{x}
45. Range of the function f (x) = where {x} denotes the fractional part function is
1  {x}

1  1  1
(A) [0 , 1) (B) 0,  (C) 0,  (D)  0, 
 2  2  2

46. Given the graphs of the two functions, y = f(x) & y = g(x). In the
adjacent figure from point A on the graph of the function y = f(x)
corresponding to the given value of the independent variable (say x0), a
straight line is drawn parallel to the X­axis to intersect the bisector of
the first and the third quadrants at point B. From the point B a straight
line parallel to the Y­axis is drawn to intersect the graph of the function
y = g(x) at C. Again a straight line is drawn from the point C parallel to
the X­axis, to intersect the line NN ' at D. If the straight line NN ' is
parallel to Y­axis, then the co­ordinates of the point D are
(A) (f(x0), g(f(x0))) (B) (x0, g(x0))
(C) (x0, g(f(x0))) (D) (f(x0), f(g (x0)))

 y y
47. If f  x  , x   = xy then f(m, n) + f(n, m) = 0
 8 8
(A) only when m = n (B) only when m  n
(C) only when m = – n (D) for all m & n

x rx
48. Let f(x) = and let g(x) = . Let S be the set of all real numbers r such that f(g(x)) = g(f (x)) for
1 x 1 x
infinitely many real number x. The number of elements in set S is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5

49. Let [x] denote the greatest integer in x. Then in the interval [0, 3] the number of solutions of the equation,
x2 – 3x + [x] = 0 is
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 0

x3  1
50. The domain of function, satisfying f(x) + f(x–1) = , is
x
(A) An empty set (B) a singleton (C) a finite set (D) an infinite set

51. Let f(x) = ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – (tan x)sgn x, be an even function for all x  R, then
sum of all possible values of ‘a’ is
(where [ ] and { } denote greatest integer function and fractional part functions respectively)
17 53 31 35
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 3 3
k f 4 (k) 2009
52. Let f(k) =
2009
and g(k) =
(1  f (k)) 4  (f (k)) 4
then the sum  g(k) is equal :
k 0
(A) 2009 (B) 2008 (C) 1005 (D) 1004

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 123
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
| sin x |  | cos x |
53. The period of the function f(x) = is
| sin x  cos x |
(A) /2 (B) /4 (C)  (D) 2

54. A function f(x) = 1  2x + x is defined from D1  D2 and is onto. If the set D1 is its complete
domain then the set D2 is
 1
(A)  ,  (B) (–, 2) (C) (–, 1) (D) (–, 1]
 2
55. Which of the following is true for a real valued function y = f (x), defined on [– a, a] ?
(A) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of two even functions
(B) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of two odd functions
(C) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of an odd and an even function
(D) f (x) can never be expressed as a sum or a difference of an odd and an even function
x 1
56. If for all x different from both 1 and 0 we have f1(x) = , f2(x) = , and for all integers n  1,we
x 1 1 x

 f n 1  f1 (x)  if n is odd
have f n+2(x) =  then f4(x) equals
 f n 1  f 2 (x)  if n is even
(A) x (B) x – 1 (C) f1(x) (D) f2(x)

57. Suppose that f(n) is a real valued function whose domain is the set of positive integers and that f(n)
satisfies the following two properties
f(1) = 23 and f(n + 1) = 8 + 3 . f(n), for n  1
It follows that there are constants p, q and r such that f(n) = p . qn – r, for n = 1, 2,.....
then the value of p + q + r is
(A) 16 (B) 17 (C) 20 (D) 26

58. The domain of f(x) = x  2  2 x  3  x  2  2 x  3 is

(A) [3, 5] (B) (3, 5) (C) [5, ) (D) [3, )

e2x 1  1   2   3   2008 
59. If f(x) =
1 e 2x 1 , then the value of f  f  f   + ..... + f  2009  is
 2009   2009   2009   
(A) 1002.5 (B) 1001.5 (C) 1003 (D) 1004

 0 ; x 1
60. f(x) = 
 2x  2 ; x  1
then number of solution(s) to the equation f(f(f(f(x)))) = x
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 0

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 124
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
Paragraph for question nos. 61 to 64

Let f (x) = x2 – 2x – 1  x  R. Let f : (– , a]  [b, ), where 'a' is the largest real number for which
f (x) is bijective.
61. The value of (a + b) is equal to
(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) 1
62. Let f : R  R, g (x) = f (x) + 3x – 1, then the least value of function y = g(| x |) is
(A) – 9/4 (B) – 5/4 (C) – 2 (D) – 1
63. Let f : [a, )  [b, ), then f –1(x) is given by
(A) 1 + x  2 (B) 1 – x 3 (C) 1 – x2 (D) 1 + x 3
64. Let f : R  R, then range of values of k for which equation f (| x |) = k has 4 distinct real roots is
(A) (– 2, – 1) (B) (– 2, 0) (C) ( – 1, 0) (D) (0, 1)
Paragraph for question nos. 65 to 67
Define a function  : N  N as follows : (1) = 1, (Pn) = Pn–1(P – 1) if P is prime and n  N and
(mn) =(m) (n) if m & n are relative prime natural numbers.
65. (8n + 4) where n N is equal to
(A) (4n + 2) (B) (2n + 1) (C) 2(2n + 1) (D) 4(2n + 1)
66. The number of natural numbers ‘n’ such that (n) is odd is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) none

67. If (7n) = 2058 where n N, then the value of n is

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

[REASONING TYPE]
68. Consider the function
f(x) = (x+1C2x–8) (2x–8Cx+1)
Statement­1 : Domain of f(x) is singleton.
because
Statement­2 : Range of f(x) is singleton.
(A) Statement­1 is true, Statement­2 is true and Statement­2 is correct explanation for Statement­1.
(B) Statement­1 is true, Statement­2 is true and Statement­2 is NOT the correct explanation for Statement­1.
(C) Statement­1 is true, Statement­2 is false
(D) Statement­1 is false, Statement­2 is true

[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

69. A continuous function f(x) on R  R satisfies the relation
f(x) + f(2x + y) + 5xy = f(3x – y) + 2x2 + 1 for  x, y  R
then which of the following hold(s) good ?
(A) f is many one (B) f has no minima
(C) f is neither odd nor even (D) f is bounded
70. Which of the following function (s) is/are Transcendental ?
2sin 3x
(A) f(x) = 5 sin x (B) f(x) = 2
x  2x  1
(C) f(x) = x 2  2x  1 (D) f(x) = (x2 + 3) . 2x

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 125
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
71. The functions which are aperiodic are :
(A) y = [x + 1] (B) y = sin x2 (C) y = sin2 x (D) y = sin–1 x
where [x] denotes greatest integer function
72. Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic with period .
(A) f(x) = |sin x| (B) f(x) = [x + ] (C) f(x) = cos(sin x) (D) f(x) = cos2 x
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)

73. Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic ?

(A) f(x) = x – [x] (B) g(x) = sin(1/x), x  0 & g(0) = 0
(C) h(x) = x cos x (D) w(x) = sin–1(sin x)

74. Which of the functions defined below are one­one function(s) ?

(A) f(x) = (x + 1), (x  – 1) (B) g(x) = x + (1/x), (x > 0)
2
(C) h(x) = x + 4x – 5, (x > 0) (D) f(x) = e–x, (x  0)
75. Which of the following functions are not homogeneous ?

y xy x  y cos x x y y x

(A) x + y cos (B) (C) (D) ln  ln  
x xy 2 ysin x  y y  x  x  y 

76. If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying the condition f(x)  f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) and f(2) = 9 then
(A) 2f(4) = 3f(6) (B) 14f(1) = f(3) (C) 9f(3) = 2f(5) (D) f(10) = f(11)

1  sin x
77. The values of x in [–2, 2], for which the graph of the function y = – sec x and
1  sin x

1  sin x
y=– + sec x, coincide are
1  sin x
 3   3   3     3 
(A)  2,     , 2  (B)   ,     , 
 2   2   2 2 2 2 
     3 
(C)   ,  (D) [–2, 2] –  ,  
 2 2  2 2
78. If the function f(x) = ax + b has its own inverse then the ordered pair (a, b) can be
(A) (1, 0) (B) (–1, 0) (C) (–1, 1) (D) (1, 1)

79. Suppose the domain of the function y = f(x) is –1  x  4 and the range is 1  y  10.
Let g(x) = 4 – 3f(x – 2). If the domain of g(x) is a  x  b and the range of g(x) is c  y  d then which
of the following relations hold good ?
(A) 2a + 4b + c + d = 0 (B) a + b + d = 8
(C) 5b + c + d = 4 (D) a + b + c + d + 18 = 0

80. Suppose f (x) = ax + b and g (x) = bx + a, where a and b are positive integers. If
f  g(50)   g  f (50)  = 28 then the product (ab) can have the value equal to
(A) 12 (B) 48 (C) 180 (D) 210

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 126
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
81. f : R  R ; f(x2 + x + 3) + 2f(x2 – 3x + 5) = 6x2 – 10x + 17  x  R then
(A) f is strictly decreasing (B) f(x) = 0 has a root in (0, 2)
(C) f(x) is an odd function (D) f(x) is invertible

 x 2  2x 3 
log 2 tan x   2
82. The domain of definition of the function, f(x) =  2 tan x   4x  4x 3  where [] denotes the
 

 1 1
greatest integer function is given by the interval  n  , n   where n  I then n can be equal to
 4 2
(A) –5 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1

83.   [a]  x  , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, has fundamental period  for
f(x) = sin 2

3 5 2 4
(A) a = (B) a = (C) a = (D) a =
2 4 3 5

x 2  sin x cos x x(1  sin x)

84. The number of solutions of the equation = 0 is greater than or equal to
x  cos x x 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

85. Let f(x) = max(1 + sin x, 1, 1 – cos x), x [0, 2] and g(x) = max(1, |x – 1|), x R, then
(A) g(f(0)) = 1 (B) g(f(1)) = 1 (C) f(g(1)) = 1 (D) f(g(0)) = sin 1

4 2
86. Let R = {(x, y) : x, y  R, x2 + y2  25} and R' = {(x, y) : x, y  R, y  x } then
9
(A) domain of R  R' = [–3, 3] (B) Range of R  R' = [0, 4]
(C) Range of R R' = [0, 5] (D) R  R' defines a function

[MATCH THE COLUMN]

1 x 1
87. Let f(x) = x + and g(x) = .
x x2
Match the composite function given in Column­I with their respective domains given in Column­II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) fog (P) R – {–2, –5/3}
(B) gof (Q) R – {–1, 0}
(C) fof (R) R – {0}
(D) gog (S) R – {–2, –1}
 x   2x   y   4y  7x 21
88. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying the equation              y where
 2   3   4   5  6 20
0 < x, y < 30 and [.] denotes greatest integer function is equal to

 x1/3 x 1
89. Let f : R  R f(x) = n  x  x 2  1  and g : R  R, g(x) =  1x , then the number of real
  2e x 1
solutions of the equation, f–1(x) = g(x) is

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 127
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
90. If the function f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 24x + c has 3 real and distinct roots ,  and , find the sum of all
possible distinct values of [] + [] + [], where [.] denote greatest integer function.

91. Find the number of values of x of the form 6n ± 1, where n  N, in the domain of the function

64  x 2
f(x) = x ln |x – 1| + .
sin x

92. If N be the numbers of natural numbers less than 2009 which can be expressed in the form of [x[x]] for
some positive real x then sum of the digits of N. ([.] denotes greatest integer function).

93. If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x  1), then f1(x) is [JEE '99, 2]
x (x  1)
 1 1 1
(A)  
 2
(B)
2
1  1  4 log2 x  (C)
2
1  1  4 log2 x  (D) not defined

94. The domain of definition of the function, y (x) given by the equation, 2x + 2y = 2 is
(A) 0 < x  1 (B) 0  x  1 (C)  < x  0 (D)  < x < 1
[JEE 2000 Scr.), 1 out of 35]

 1 , x  0

95. Let g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] & f (x) =  0 , x  0 . Then for all x , f (g (x)) is equal to
1 , x0

(A) x (B) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.

1
96. If f : [1 , )  [2 , ) is given by , f (x) = x + , then f 1 (x) equals
x
x x2  4 x x  x2  4
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1  x2  4
2 1  x2 2
log2 (x  3)
97. The domain of definition of f (x) = is :
x2  3x  2
(A) R – { 1,  2} (B) ( 2, )
(C) R – { 1,  2,  3} (D) ( 3, ) – { 1,  2}

98. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4 } & F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8
x
99. Let f (x) = , x  1 . Then for what value of  is f (f (x)) = x ?
x 1
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) 1 (D)  1.
[JEE 2001 (Screening) 5  1 = 5]
100. Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x  –1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of
f (x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
1
(A) – x – 1, x > 0 (B) , x > –1 (C) x  1 , x > –1 (D) x – 1, x > 0
(x  1) 2

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 128
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
101. Let function f : R R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sinx for x  R. Then f is
(A) one to one and onto (B) one to one but NOT onto
(C) onto but NOT one to one (D) neither one to one nor onto
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3 + 3]
2
x x2
102. Range of the function f (x) = 2 is
x  x 1
 7  7
(A) [1, 2] (B) [1,  ) (C) 2 ,  (D) 1, 
 3  3
x
103. Let f (x) = defined from (0, )  [ 0, ) then by f (x) is
1 x
(A) one­ one but not onto (B) one­ one and onto
(C) Many one but not onto (D) Many one and onto [JEE 2003 (Scr),3+3]

104. Let f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 – 1. Thus g ( f (x) ) is invertible for x 
          
(A)  , 0 (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D) 0, 
 2   2   4 4  2
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]

EXERCISE–IV
1.  2
The function f  x   log x  x  1 , is  [JEE Main 2003]
(A) neither an even nor an odd function (B) an even function
(C) an odd function (D) a periodic function
3
2. Domain of definition of the function f (x)  2
 log10 (x 3  x) , is [JEE Main 2003]
4x
(A) (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, ) (B) (a, 2)
(C) (–1, 0)  (a, 2) (D) (1, 2)  (2, )
n
3. If f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y R and f(1) = 7, then  f (r) is
r 1
[JEE Main 2003]
7n(n  1) 7n 7(n  1)
(A) (B) (C) (D) 7n + (n +1)
2 2 2

4. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by

 n 1
 , when n is odd
f (n)   2 is [JEE Main 2003]
 n
, when n is even
 2one­one nor onto
(A) neither (B) one­one but not onto
(C) onto but not one­one (D) one­one and onto both

5. The range of the function f(x) = 7–xPx–3 is [JEE Main 2004]

(A) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (D) {1, 2, 3}

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 129
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
6. If f : R  S, defined by f (x)  sin x  3 cos x  1 , is onto, then the interval of S is
[JEE Main 2004]
(A) [–1, 3] (B) [–1, 1] (C) [0, 1] (D) [0, 3]

7. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then
[JEE Main 2004]
(A) f(x) = –f(–x) (B) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) (C) f(x) = f(–x) (D) f(x + 2) = f(x – 2)

sin 1 (x  3)
8. The domain of the function f (x)  is [JEE Main 2004]
9  x2
(A) [1, 2] (B) [2, 3) (C) [1, 2) (D) [2, 3]

9. A function is matched below against an interval where it is suppose to be increasing. Which of the
following pairs is incorrect matched? [JEE Main 2005]
Inter Function
(A) (–) x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 3
(B) [2, ) 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6
 1
(C)  ,  3x2 – 2x +1
 3
(D) (–, – 4) x3 + 6x2 + 6

10. A real valued function f(x) satisfied the functional equation

f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y)
where a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, f(2a – x) is equal to [JEE Main 2005]
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x) (C) f(a) + f(a – x) (D) f(–x)

11. Let f : N  Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3 where Y = {y  N : y = 4x + 3 for some x N}.

Show that f is invertible and its inverse is [JEE Main 2008 ]
3y  4 y3 y3 y3
(A) g(y)  (B) g(y)  4  (C) g(y)  (D) g(y) 
3 4 4 4

12. Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 1, x  –1

Statement-1 : The set {x : f(x) = f–1 (x) = {0, 1}}
Statement-2 : f is a bijection. [JEE Main 2009]
(A) Statement­1 is true, Statement­2 is true. Statement­2 is not a correct explanation for Statement­1.
(B) Statement­1 is true, Statement­2 is false.
(C) Statement­1 is false, Statement­2 is true.
(D) Statement­1 is true, Statement­2 is true. Statement­2 is not a correct explanation for Statement­1.

13. For real x let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then [JEE Main 2009]

(A) f is onto R but not one­one (B) f is one­one and onto R
(C) f is neither one­one nor onto R (D) f is one­one but not onto R

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 130
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
1
14. The domain of the function f (x)  is [JEE Main 2011]
| x | x
(A) (0, ) (B) (–0) (C) (–) (D) (–)

15. If a  R and the equation – 3(x – [x])2 + 2(x – [x]) + a2 = 0 [IIT Mains 2014]
(where [x] denotes the greatest integer  x) has no integral solution, then all possible values of 'a 'lie in the
interval
(A) (– , – 2)  (2, ) (B) (– 1, 0)  (0, 1)
(C) (1, 2) (D) (– 2, – 1)

16. If X = {4n – 3n – 1 : n  N} and Y = {9(n – 1) : n  N}, where N is the set of natural numbers, then
X  Y is equal to : [JEE Main 2014]
(A) Y (B) N (C) Y – X (D) X
1
17. If f(x) + 2f   = 3x, x  0, and S = {x  R : f(x) = f(–x)} ; then S : [IIT Main 2016]
x
(A) is an empty set (B) contains exactly one element
(C) contains exactly two elements (D) contains more than two elements

 1 1 x
18. The function f : R    ,  defined as f(x) = is [JEE Mains 2017]
 2 2 1 x2
(A) invertible (B) injective but not surjective
(C) surjective but not injective (D) neither injective nor surjective

19. Let a, b, c  R. If f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c is such that a + b + c = 3 and f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)+xy,

10
 x, y  R, then  f (n) is equal to [JEE Mains 2017]
n 1

(A) 330 (B) 165 (C) 190 (D) 255

1 1
20. for x R – {0,1}. let f1(x) = , f2(x) = 1 – x and f3(x) = be three given functions. if a function, J(x)
x 1 x
satisfies (f2 J.f1)(x) = f3(x) then J(x) is equal to : [JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-1)]
1
(A) f1(x) (B) f3(x) (C) f2(x) (D) f3  x 
x
2 403 k
21. If the fractional part of the number is , then k is equal to :
15 15
[JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 14

22. Let A ={xR : x is not a positive interger}. [JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-2)]
2x
Define a fucntion f: A  R as f(x) = , then f is :
x 1
(A) neither injective nor surjective (B) surjective but not injectivbe
(C) injective but not surjective (D) not injective

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 131
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
23. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f and g be defined as f, g: N  N such that
 n 1 if n is odd
f (n)   n2 and g(n) = n – (–1)n. Then fog is: [JEE Main 2019 (10-01-2019-Shift-2)]
 2 if nis even
(A) both one­one and onto (B) neither one­one nor onto
(C) one­one but not onto. (D) onto but not one­one
x
24. Let f : R R be defined by f(x) = , x R. Then the range of f is
1 x2
[JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-1)]
 1 1  1 1
(A) (–1,1) –{0} (B) R    ,  (C)   ,  (D) R – [–1,1]
 2 2  2 2
1
25. Let a function f :  0,     0,   be defined by f(x) = 1  . Then f is :­
x
[JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) Injective only (B) Not injective but it is surjective
(C) Both injective as well as surjective (D) Neither injective nor surjective

26. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, ...., 20} onto {1, 2, 3, ....., 20} such that f(k) is a multiple of 3,
whenever k is a multiple of 4, is : [JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-2)]
6 5
(A) 5 × 15 (B) 6 × (15)! (C) (15)! × 6! (D) 5! × 6!
 1 x   2x 
27. If f(x)  log e   , x  1 , then f 2 
is equal to :
1 x   1 x 
[JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) (f(x))2 (B) 2f(x) (C) ­2f(x) (D) 2f(x2)

28.  
The sum of the solutions of the equation x  2  x x  4  2  0,  x  0 is equal to :
[JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) 12 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 4

29. Let f(x) = ax (a > 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2 (x), where f1(x) is an even function and f2(x) is an odd
function. Then f1(x + y) + f1(x  y) equals: [JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) 2f1(x)f1(y) (B) 2f1(x + y)f2(x – y)
(C) 2f1(x + y)f1(x – y) (D) 2f1(x)f1(y)
x2
30. If the function f : R – {1 , – 1}  A defined by f(x) = , is surjective, then A is equal to :
1 x2
[JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) [0,) (B) R – {–1} (C) R – [–1,0) (D) R – (–1,0)

10

Let  f  a  k   16  2  1 , where the function f satisfies f(x + y) = f(x)f(y) for all natural numbers x,y
10
31.
k 1
and f(1) = 2. Then the natural number 'a' is : [JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 16

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 132
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
1
32. The domain of the defination of the function f  x   2
 log10  x 3  x  is :
4x
[JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-2)]
(A)  2, 1   1, 0    2,   (B)  1, 0   1, 2    3,  
(C)  1, 0   1, 2    2,   (D) 1, 2    2,  

33. Let f(x) = x2, x  R. For any A  R , define g(A) = {x  R : f(x)  A}. If S = [0, 4], then which one of
the following statements is not true? [JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) g(f(S))  S (B) f(g(S))  f(S) (C) f(g(S)) = S (D) g(f(S)) = g(S)

sin 2 x  2sin x  5. 1
34. All the pairs (x, y) that satisfy the inequality 2  1 also satisfy the equation:
sin 2 y
4
[JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) sin x = |sin y| (B) sin x = 2 sin y (C) 2 sin x = sin y (D) 2|sinx| = 3 sin y

35. Let f(x) = loge(sinx), (0 < x <  ) and g(x) = sin­1 (e­x), (x  0), If  is a positive real number such that
a = (fog)' (  ) and b = (fog) (  ), then : [JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) a 2  b  a  0 (B) a 2  b  a  2 2
(C) a 2  b  a  0 (D) a 2  b  a  1

 3 1 x2 
36. For x   0,  , let f  x   x , g(x) = tanx and h  x   2
. If   x    hof  og)  x  , then   
 2 1 x 3
is equal to : [JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-1)]
5  7 11
(A) tan (B) tan (C) tan (D) tan
12 12 12 12

37. For x  R , let [x] denote the greatest integer  x, then the sum of the series
 1   1 1   1 2   1 99 
 3    3  100    3  100   ....   3  100  [JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) 133 (B) 135 (C) 131 (D) 153

5
38. If g(x) = x2 + x  1 and (goƒ) (x) = 4x2  10x + 5, then f   is equal to:
4

[JEE Main 2020 (07-01-2020-Shift-1)]

1 3 3 1
(A)  (B) (C)  (D)
2 2 2 2

82x  82x
39. The inverse function of f(x) = , x (–1,1), is
82x  82x
[JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-1)]
1 1 x  1 1 x 
(A)  log8 e  log e   (B) log e  
4  1 x  4  1 x 
1 1 x  1  1 x 
(C)  log8 e  log e   (D) log e  
4  1 x  4 1 x 
Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 133
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
x x
40. Let f : (1,3)  R be a function defined by f  x   , where [x] denotes the greatest integer  x.
1 x2
Then the range of f is :
[JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-2)]
 2 1   3 4  2 4 3 4  2 3  3 4 
(A)  ,    ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D)  ,    , 
 5 2   5 5  5 5 5 5  5 5  4 5 

41. Let S be the set of a ll real roots of the equation, 3x(3x – 1) + 2 = |3x – 1| + |3x – 2|. Then S :
[JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) is a singleton (B) contains at least four elements.
(C) contains exactly two elements (D) is an empty set.
42. The number of distinct solutions of the equation, log 1 sin x  2  log 1 cos x in the interval [0 , 2]
2 2

is .......
[JEE Main 2020 (09-01-2020-Shift-1)]
43. If A = [x  R : |x| < 2] and
B = {x  R : |x – 2|  3} ; then : [JEE Main 2020 (09-01-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) A  B  [–1, 2) (B) B – A = R – (–2, 5)
(C) A  B  (–2, –1) (D) A  B  R – (2, 5)

 | x | 5 
44. The domain of the function f  x   sin 1  2  is (, a]  [a, ). Then a is equal to :
 x 1 
[JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-1)]

17  1 17 1  17 17
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 2 2

45. Let f : R  R be a function which satisfies f (x  y)  f (x)  f (y) x, y  R . If f(1) = 2 and
(n 1)
g(n)   f (k), n  N then the value of n, for which g(n) = 20, is:
k 1
[JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) 9 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 20
46. Let [t] denote the greatest integer  t. Then the equation in x,[x]2 + 2[x + 2]  7 = 0 has :
[JEE Main 2020 (04-09-2020-Shift-1)]
(A) exactly four integral solutions (B) infinitely many solutions
(C) no integral solution (D) exactly two solutions

47. Let A={a,b,c} and B ={1,2,3,4}. Then the number of elements in the set C  {f : A  B | 2  f (A) and
f is not one–one} is_______ [JEE Main 2020 (05-09-2020-Shift-2)]

48. If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and  f (x)  2 , x, yN, where N is the set of all natural number, then the value
x 1

f (4)
of is : [JEE Main 2020 (06-09-2020-Shift-1)]
f (2)
2 1 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 3 9
Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 134
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
ax
49. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f:R–{–a}  R be defined by f (x)  .
ax
 1
Further suppose that for any real number x  a and f  x   a , (fof)(x) = x.Then f    is equal
 2
to: [JEE Main 2020 (06-09-2020-Shift-2)]
1 1
(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) (D) 
3 3
50. Suppose that function f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y R and f(1) = 3.

n
If  f (i)  363 , then n is equal to ______
i 1
[JEE Main 2020 (06-09-2020-Shift-2)]
1
x–
51. Let ƒ : R  R be defined as ƒ(x) = 2x – 1 and g : R – {1}  R be defined as g (x)  2.
x –1
Then the composition function ƒ(g(x)) is :
[JEE Main 2021 (24-02-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) onto but not one­one (B) both one­one and onto
(C) one­one but not onto (D) neither one­one nor onto
 1 
52. If a +  = 1, b +  = 2 and af(x)  f    bx  , x  0, then the value of expression
x x
 1
f(x)  f  
x
1 is_________. [JEE Main 2021 (24-02-2021-Shift-2)]
x
x
53. Let f, g : N  N such that f(n + 1) = f(n) + f(1)  n  N and g be any arbitrary function. Which of the
following statements is NOT true? [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) If fog is one­one, then g is one­one (B) If f is onto, then f(n) = n  n N
(C) f is one­one (D) If g is onto, then fog is one­one
5x
54. A function f(x) is given by f  x   , then the sum of the series
5x  5
 1   2   3   39 
f    f    f    .....  f   is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-2)]
 20   20   20   20 
19 49 29 39
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
55. Let x denote the total number of one­one functions from a set A with 3 elements to a set B with 5
elements and y denote the total number of one­one functions from the set A to the set A × B. Then :
[JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) y = 273x (B) 2y = 91x (C) y = 91x (D) 2y = 273x
k  1 if k is odd
56. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} and f : A  A be defined as f(k)  
 k if k is even
Then the number of possible functions g : A  A such that gof = f is
[JEE Main 2021 (26-02-2021-Shift-2)]
5 10 5
(A) 10 (B) C5 (C) 5 (D) 5!

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 135
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

–1 x2  x  2
57. Let f(x) = sin x and g(x)  2 . If g(2)  lim g(x) , then the domain of the function fog is :
2x  x  6 x 2

[JEE Main 2021 (26-02-2021-Shift-2)]

 3 
(A)  , 2    ,   (B)  , 2   1,  
 2 
 4 
(C)  , 2    ,   (D)  , 1   2,  
 3 
58. The number of elements in the set {x   : (|x| – 3) |x + 4| = 6} is equal to :
[JEE Main 2021 (16-03-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1
59. The inverse of y = 5log x is : [JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-1)]
1 1
logy log5 log 5 log y
(A) x = 5 (B) x = y (C) x  y (D) x  5
cosec 1 x
60. The real valued function f (x)  , where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
x  [x]
x, is defined for all x belonging to : [JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) all reals except integers (B) all non­integers except the interval [–1,1]
(C) all integers except [0,–1,1] (D) all reals except the Interval [–1,1]
61. If the functions are defined as f(x)  x and g(x)  1  x , then what is the common domain of the
following functions :
f (x)
f + g, f – g, f/g, g/f, g – f where (f ± g) (x) = f (x)  g(x), (f / g)(x) 
g(x)
[JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 0  x  1 (B) 0  x < 1 (C) 0 < x < 1 (D) 0 < x  1
x 2
62. Let f : R – {3}  R – {1} be defined by f (x)  . Let g : R  R be given as g(x) = 2x – 3.
x 3
13
Then, the sum of all the values of x for which f 1  x   g 1  x   is equal to
2
[JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 7 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 3
63. Let [x] denote the greatest integer  x, where x  R. If the domain of the real valued function

x  2 is ( , a)  [b, c)  [4, ), a  b  c, then the value of a + b + c is :

f (x) 
x  3
[JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 1 (B) –2 (C) 8 (D) –3
  5x  3
64. Let f : R –    R be defined by f  x   . Then the value of  for which (f0f)(x) = x,
6 6x  
 
for all x  R    , is: [JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-2)]
6
(A) No such  exists (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 5

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 136
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
65. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then, the value of x  R satisfying the
equation [ex]2 + [ex + 1]–3 = 0 lie in the interval : [JEE Main 2021 (22-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(a) [0,1/e) (B) [1, e) (C) [loge2, loge­3) (D) [0, loge2)
66. Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Then the number of bijective functions f : A  A such that f(1) + f(2) = 3–f (3)
is equal to­ [JEE Main 2021 (22-07-2021-Shift-2)]
67. Let g : N  N defined as
g(3n + 1) = 3n + 2,
g(3n + 2) = 3n + 3,
g(3n + 3) = 3n +1, for all n  0.
Then which of the following statements is true?
(A) gogog = g [JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-1)]
(B) There exists a function f : N  N such that gof = f
(C) There exists a one­one function f : N  N such that fog = f
(D) There exists an onto function f : N  N such that fog = f
68. Consider function f : A  B and g : B  C (A, B, C  R) such that (gof)–1 exists, then :
[JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) f is onto and g is one­one (B) f is one­one and g is onto
(C) f and g both are onto (D) f and g both are one­one
 (1)n n 
100
69. 
If [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then 
n 8  2 
 is equal to :

[JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-2)]

(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 0
70. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then the number of possible function f : S  S such that
f(m.n) = f(m).f(n) for every m, n  S and m·n  S is equal to ______.
[JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-1)]

71. Let f : R  R be defined as

20
1 1
f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x) f(y), f   = –1. Then the value of  is equal to :
2 k 1 sin  k  sin  k  f (k) 

[JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-2)]

2
(A) sec (21) sin (20) sin (2) 2
(B) sec (1) sec (21) cos (20)
2
(C) cosec (1) cosec (21) sin (20) (D) cosec2 (21) cos (20) cos (2)
 1 x 
72. The domain of the function cos ec1   is: [JEE Main 2021 (26-08-2021-Shift-2)]
 x 
 1   1   1  1 
(A)   ,    0 (B)   ,    0 (C)  1,     0,   (D)   , 0   1,  
 2   2   2  2 
73.  
If S  x  R : x  2  1 , B  x  R : x 2  3  1 , C  x  R : x  4  2 and Z is the set of all
C
integers, then the number of subsets of the set  A  B  C   Z is ______.
[JEE Main 2021 (27-08-2021-Shift-1)]

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 137
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
74. Which of the following is not correct for relation R on the set of real numbers?
[Jee main 2021 (31-08-2021-shift-1)]

(A)  x, y   R  x  y  1 is reflexive and symmetric

(B)  x, y   R  0  x  y  1 is neither transitive nor symmetric

(C)  x, y   R  x  y  1 is reflexive but not symmetric

(D)  x, y   R  0  x  y  1 is symmetric and transitive

75. Let f : N  N be a function such that f  m  n   f  m   f  n  for every m, n  N . If f(6) = 18 then

f  2   f  3 is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (31-08-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 18 (B) 36 (C) 6 (D) 54
76. The range of the function

  3       3 
f  x   log 5  3  cos   x   cos   x   cos   x   cos   x   is
  4  4  4   4 
[JEE Main 2021 (01-09-2021-Shift-2)]
 1 
(A)  , 5 
 5 

(B) 0, 5  (C)  0, 2 (D)  2, 2

2
77. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f  k    for k = 2, 3, 4, 5. Then the value of
k
52 – 10 f(10) is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (01-09-2021-Shift-2)]

EXERCISE–V
1. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Then the set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f)(x) = (g o g o f)(x),
where (f o g)(x) = f(g(x)), is [JEE Adv. 2011]
(A) ± n , n  {0, 1, 2, ....} (B) ± n , n  {1, 2, ....}

(C) + 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....} (D) 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....}
2

2. The function f : [0, 3] [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is [JEE Adv. 2012]
(A) one­one and onto (B) onto but not one­one
(C) one­one but not onto (D) neither one­one nor onto
  
3. Let f :   ,   R be given by f(x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3 [JEE Adv. 2014]
 2 2
Then
(A) f(x) is an odd function (B) f(x) is a one­one function
(C) f(x) is an onto function (D) f(x) is an even function

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 138
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
4. Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7 elements. If a is the
number of one­one functions from X to Y and b is the number of onto functions from Y to X,
1
then the value of (b – a) is. [JEE Adv. 2018]
5!

5. If the function f : R R is defined by f(x) = |x| (x–sinx), then which of the following statements is TRUE
? [JEE Adv. 2020]
(A) f is one­one, but NOT onto (B) f is onto, but NOT one­one
(C) f is BOTH one­one and onto (D) f is NEITHER one­one NOR onto

4x
6. Let the function f :[0,1]   be defined by f ( x)  Then the value of
4x  2
 1   2   3   39  1
f   f   f     f   f   is [JEE Adv. 2020]
 40   40   40   40  2

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 139
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
ANSWER KEY
CONCEPT BUILDING-01
1. D
 5 3       3 5   1
2. (i)  4 , 4     4 , 4    4 , 4  (ii)  4,  2   (2, ) (iii) (–, –3]
       

 1   1 1 
(iv) (–, –1)  [0, ) (v) (3 – 2 < x < 3 – ) (3 < x  4) (vi)  0,    , 
 100   100 10 

1  5  1  5 
(vii) (–1 < x < –1/2)  (x > 1) (viii)  ,0    ,   (ix) (–3, –1] {0}  [1, 3)
 2   2 
(x) {4} [5, ) (xi) (0, 1/4) (3/4, 1) {x : x N, x  2}
1  5  1 
(xii)   ,    ,6  (xiii) [–3, –2) [3, 4) (xiv) R –  ,0
 6 3  3   2 
(xv) 2K < x < (2K + 1) but x  1 where K is non-negative integer
3. (i) D : x  R ; R : [0, 2] (ii) D : x  R ; R : [–1, 1]
(iii) D : {x | x R ; x – 3 ; x 2};R : {f(x) | f(x) R, f(x) 1/5 ; f(x) 1}
(iv) D : R ; R : (–1, 1) (v) D : x R ; R : [5, 6)
(vi) D : x (–1, 5) ; R : (–, 2]
4. B
5. D
6. (i) (a) 2K x  2K +  where K I (b) [–3/2, –1]
(ii) (a) Range : [–1/3, 3], Domain = [4, 7] ; (b) Range [–1, 9] and domain [11, 14]

CONCEPT BUILDING-02
1. (a) Neither injective nor surjective (b) Neither injective nor surjective
(c) Both injective and surjective (d) Neither injective nor surjective
2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B
7. C 8. B 9. C
ex  e x log 2x 1 1 x
10. (a) ; (b) ; (c) log
2 log 2x  1 2 1 x

CONCEPT BUILDING-03
1. (a) odd, (b) even (c) neither odd nor even (d) odd
(e) neither odd nor even
2. A 3. (i) B (ii) A (iii) B 4. C
5. 64 6. 30 7. 102 8. B
x
9. (a) y = log (10 – 10 ), –  < x < 1 (b) y = x/3 when – < x < 0 & y = x when 0  x < + 
10. (i) period of fog is , period of gof is 2 ; (ii) range of fog is [–1, 1], range of gof is [– tan 1, tan 1]

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 140
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
ASSIGNMENT (prilepko)
Answer key
1. D(y)  [0, 2] 2. D(y)  [1,1]
3. D(y)  [1, 6] 4. D(y)  ( , 2]  [3,  )
5. D(y)  [ 3,5) 6. D(f )  [1, 2]
7. D(y)  [1/ 2, 3 / 2] 8. D(y)  [2 / 3, 3]
9. D(y)  [ 2,1)  (1,  ) 10. D(y)  ( , 1/ 2)  (3, )
11. D(f )  ( , 2]  [0, 2] 12. D(f )  ( ,  3]  [0, 3]
13. D(y)  (,1)  (1, ) 14. D(y)  (4,1]
15. D(y)  [7 / 3, 63)  (63,  ) 16. ( 3, 0)  (0, 2)  (2, 4]
17. D(y)  ( , 0)  [2,3] 18. D(f )  ( , 4]  [5, 6]
19. D(f )  ( , 3]  (2, ) 20. D(y)  (3,3)  (3, 4]
21. D(y)  [ 2,1)  (1, 2] 22. D(y)  (3,1]
23. D(y)  ( ,3 / 4)  (4, 7] 24. D(y)  ( , 1)  (4, )
25. D(y)  (, 4)  (2, 2]  (2,  ) 26. D(y)  {1}
27. D(y)  ( , 4]  (7, ) 28. D(y)  [5, 7)
29. D(y)  [ 2, 1)  ( 1,1)  (1,3] 30. D(f )  ( , ]
31. D(y)  (, 0] 32. D(f )  {[ n, (2n  1) / 2] | n  z}
33. D(y)  ( 1 / 6,  / 3]  [5 / 3, 6)
  5   5 13  
34. D(y)    2n,  2n     2n;   2n  | n  z 
 6 6   6 6  
35. D(y)  (3, 30)  (30, ) 36. D(y)  [ 5,8)  (8,9)
37. D(f )  [4,11/ 2)  (11/ 2,  ) 38. D(y)  ( , 2)  (2,  ]
39. D(y)  (, 3)  (1,  ) 40. D(y)  [0, )
41. D(y)  ( , 7)  ( 1, ) 42. D(y)  (1,1)
43. D(y)  [1,1) 44. D(y)  ( 5, 0)  (3, )
45. D(y)  (2, 4] 46. D(y)  [1, )
47. D(f )  (2, ) 48. D(y)  [1, )
49. D(y)  (0,1) 50. D(y)  (0, 3 / 2)
51. D(y)  (–3, –2 / 3] 52. D(f )  [0, )
53. D(y)  (– , –11)  ( 11, 10)  ( 10, 9)  ( 9, 2]  [3,  )
54. D(y)  (9, – ) 55. D(y)  [1, 4]
56. D(y)  {4}  [5, ) 57. D(f )  (2,  3)  ( 3, 2]
58. D(y)  ( 3, 2 / 5)  (2, ) 59. D(y)  ( , 1)  [0, )
60. D(y)  (1, 4] 61. D(y)  (1, 4)
62. D(y)  (1, ) 63. D(y)  (0,1)
64. D(y)  [2,3] 65. D(y)  [ 5, 3]  (3,5)

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 141
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
66. D(y)  (1, 6)  (6, )
67. D(f )  ( 2, (1  21) / 2]  [1  21) / 2,3) 68. D(y)  [2, 4) 69. D(f )  (, 2)
70. D(y)  [(1  5) / 2, 0)  [(1  5) / 2, ) 71. D(f )  ( , 7]  ( 3, )
72. D(y)  (8 / 3, ) 73. D(f )  ( , 2]  (1, 2]
74. D(y)  [1,1)  (3,5] 75. D(f )  [0,1)
76. D(f )  ( ; (1  65) / 4  [0, (1  65) / 4) 77. D(f )  (0,16]
78. D(y)  [1, 2)  (2, 5] 79. D(y)  (, 2)  (3,  )
80. D(y)  (1,3] 81. D(y)  [3,  )
82. D(f )  (2, ) 83. D(f )  (5,  )
84. D(f )  [3,  ) 85. D(y)  (, 1)  (1, 4)
86. D(y)  (1, 2)  (2,3] 87. D(y)  (, 1 / 2]  [0,1]
88. D(y)  [4, 5)  (5,39) 89. D(y)  (2, 3)
90. D(y)  (1/ 3,  ) 91. D(y)  [103 ,104 )
92. D(y)  [4  2,3)  [4  2,  ) 93. D(y)  (100, )
94. D(y)  (0,102 )  (102 ,101/ 2 ) 95. D(y)  (0,1)
96. D(y)  (  , 5)  ( 5, 4)  (4, 5)  (5,  )
97. D(y)  [ 4, ]  [0, ] 98. D(y)  (0,102 )  (103 , )
99. D(y)  (, 5 / 3)  (1,  ) 100. D(y)  (3  2,3  )  (3, 4]
101. D(y)  (9, ) 102. D(y)  [1, 4)
103. D(y)  [1,3]
104. D(y)  (1/ 2,1/ 2)  (1/ 2,1)  (3 / 2, )
105. D(y)  (0,102 )  (102 ,101 ) 106. D(y)  {1/ 2}
107. D(y)  {[2n, (2n  1)] | n  z}
108. D(y)  {[2n  arcsin(1/ 3); (2n  1)  arcsin(1 / 3)] | n  z}
109. D(y)  {[4n, 2(2n  1)] | n  z}
110. D(y)  {((2n  1)  arccos(1 / 4), (2n  1)  arccos(1/ 4)) | n  z}
111. D(y)  {[(6n  1) / 3, (6n  1) / 3] | n  z}
112. D(y)  {(4n  1) / 2 | n  z}  {[ (2m  1), 2(m  1)] | m  z}
113. D(y)  (, 0)  (0, ), E(y)  {1,1}
114. D(f )  [0,1], E(f )  [0,1/ 2]
115. D(y)  (, ), E(y)  [ 11/ 3,  )
116. D(y)  (, ), E(y)  [log(11/ 3);  )
117. D(y)  (, ), E(y)  [log(4 / 5),  )
118. D(f )  [1,3], E(f )  [ 2, 10]
119. D(f )  ( , ), E(f )  [1, 2]
120. D(f )  [ 1, 2], E(f )  [ 3, 6]

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 142
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
EXERCISE–I
1. (i) {x 1000  x < 10000} (ii) (–2, –1) U (–1, 0) U (1, 2) (iii) (1, 2)  (2, 5/2);

3
(iv) x  {4, 5} (v) x  (3, 5) {x  , }
2

2. (i) D : 1  x  2 R :  3, 6 
(ii) 
D : x  (2n, (2n + 1))  2 n  6 , 2 n  2 , 2 n  56 , n  I and 
R : loga 2 ; a  (0, )  {1}  Range is (–, ) – {0}
 1   1 1
(iii) D : [– 4, ) – {5}; R :  0,    , 
 6   6 3
3. (b) (i), (iii) are identical

4. (a) neither surjective nor injective (b) surjective but not injective
(c) neither injective nor surjective
5. (a) – 3/4; (b) 64; (c) 30, (d) 102; (e) 5050; (f) 28
6. (a) domain is x  0 ; range [–1, 1]; (b) domain 2k  x  2k + ; range [0, 1]
(c) Domain x  R; range [– sin 1, sin 1]; (d) domain is 0  x  1; range is [0, 1]
7. 1
( x  3)10 1024
9. (a) 10 , domain is R, ; (b) f(x) = x2; g (x) = cos x; h (x) = x + 9
( x  3)  1 1025
1
if 0 x 1
 x2
10. g( x )   11. (a) {–1, 1} (b) a  {0, – 4}
 2
 x if x 1

x if x0 x2 if x0
  x 2 if 0  x  1  1 x if 0  x  1
12. (gof)(x) =  ; (fog)(x) = 
 1  x 2 if x 1  x if x 1
13. (a) even, (b) even, (c) even (d) even
14. (i) (a) y = log (10  10x) ,   < x < 1
(b) y = x/3 when   < x < 0 & y = x when 0  x < + 
(ii) (a) 2K  x  2K +  where K I (b) [3/2 , 1]
(iii) (a) Range : [– 1/3, 3], Domain = [4, 7] ; (b) Range [–1, 9] and domain [11, 14]

15. x = 10; f–1(x) = 10log 2 ( x 8)

16. (a) 0.86 (b) ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 15
17. (A) R; (B) S; (C) P; (D) Q 18. (A) S; (B) R; (C) P; (D) Q

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 143
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions
EXERCISE–II
1. f1(1) = y 2. 152
1
3. (a) , (b) 1, (c) [0, 4), (d) 727, (e) 3 4. (A) S; (B) P; (C) Q
1002
5. 11 6. 6016 9. f (x) = 2 x2
x 1 , 0  x  1
 (1  x) ,  1  x  0 3 x , 1  x  2
11. fog (x) = ; gof (x) = ;
x1 , 0x2 x 1 , 2  x  3
5x , 3  x  4

x , 1  x  0
x , 0x1
fof (x) = 4  x , 3  x  4 ; gog (x) = x , 0x2
4x , 2  x  3
12. 21 13. x = 0 or 5/3
14. 1002.5 15. 5049 16. g (x) = 3 + 5 sin(n + 2x – 4), n  I

17. 20 18. 122 19. f (x) = sin x + x 
3
21. {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2)} ; {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 3)} and {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2)}

EXERCISE–III
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. B
16. D 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. D
21. A 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. C
26. C 27. D 28. D 29. D 30. C
31. D 32. D 33. A 34. A 35. B
36. D 37. A 38. A 39. C 40. B
41. D 42. B 43. A 44. D 45. C
46. C 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. C
51. D 52. C 53. C 54. D 55. C
56. C 57. A 58. D 59. D 60. A
61. B 62. C 63. A 64. A 65. C
66. B 67. B 68. B 69. AB 70. ABD
71. ABD 72. ACD 73. AD 74. ACD 75. BC
76. BC 77. AC 78. ABC 79. BD 80. AD
81. BD 82. AC 83. AB 84. ABC
85. AB 86. AC 87. (A)  S; (B)  Q; (C)  R; (D)  P
88. 4 89. 4 90. 15 91. 2 93. 18(990)
93. B 94. D 95. B 96. A 97. D
98. A 99. D 100. D 101. A 102. D
103. A 104. C

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 144
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Functions

EXERCISE–IV
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D
5. D 6. A 7. B 8. B
9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B
13. B 14. B 15. B 16. A 38.
17. C 18. C 19. A 20. B
21. C 22. C 23. D 24. C
25. Bonus 26. C 27. B 28. C
29. A 30. C 31. B 32. C
33. D 34. A 35. D 36. D
37. A 38. A 39. A 40. A
41. A 42. 8 43. B 44. C
45. B 46. B 47. 19 48. D
49. B 50. 5 51. C 52. 2
53. D 54. D 55. B 56. A
57. C 58. B 59. C 60. B
61. C 62. C 63. B 64. D
65. D 66. 720 67. D 68. B
69. C 70. 490 71. C 72. B
73. 256 74. D 75. D 76. C
77. 26

EXERCISE–V
1. A 2. B 3. A, B, C 4. 119
5. C 6. 19.00

Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 145
 REVISION PLANNER FOR MAINS

CONCEPT BUILDING 01 :
2. (iii) 5.
CONCEPT BUILDING 03 :
5.
EXERCISE–I
3. (b) 7.
EXERCISE–II
14.
EXERCISE–III
7. 9. 10. 12. 16. 21. 26.
31. 38. 42. 51. 54. 58. 99.
100.
EXERCISE–IV
4. 5. 7. 12. 26. 28. 29.
34. 35.
EXERCISE–V
3.
REVISION PLANNER FOR ADVANCED

CONCEPT BUILDING 03 :
6. 7.
EXERCISE–I
5. 11. 18.

13. (b) 15.

EXERCISE–II
1. 3. (c) (d) 10. 18. 21.

EXERCISE–III
5. 15. 18. 28. 30. 34. 40.
48. 52. 56. 60. 64. 77. 79.
81. 86. 90. 91. 94. 101. 105.
EXERCISE–IV
22. 26.
EXERCISE–V
1. 4.

Page 146
Dream Becomes Reality when Passion & Persistence Meet
 Function Concept Building-01
1. Which of the following is a function ?
(i) {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)} (ii) {(1, 4), (2, 5), (1, 6), (3, 9)}
(iii) {(1, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (1, 4)} (iv) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2)}
Sol. (i) Not a function
 2 is mapping with more than one element.
(ii) Not a function
 1 is mapping with more than one element.
(iii)Not a function
 1 is mapping with more than one element.
(iv) It is a function
 Every element is mapped with only one element.

2. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :

(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest and fractional part functions respectively.)
(i) f(x) = cos 2x  16  x 2
Sol. Domain :
cos2x  0 and 16 – x2  0  x  [–4, 4]
y = cost ; t = 2x

–5 –3 –  3 5 t
2 2 2 2 2 2

–0 0
 5 3      3 5 
t = 2x   – , –    – ,    , 
 2 2  2 2 2 2
 5 3      3 5 
 x    ,      ,    ,  Ans.
 4 4  4 4 4 4

(ii) f(x) = log7 log5 log3 log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x)

Sol. Domain : log5(log3(log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x))) > 0
 log3(log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x)) > 1
 log2(2x3 + 5x2 – 14x) > 3  2x3 + 5x2 – 14x > 8
 2x3 + 5x2 – 14x – 8 > 0
 (2x + 1) (x + 4) (x – 2) > 0
 1 
 x   4,   (2, ) Ans.
 2 

147
Starve Your Distractions, Feed Your Focus
(iii) f(x) = ln  x 2  5x  24  x  2 
x 2  5x  24  0 

Domain :    x  (–, –3]  [8, ) ……(1)
x  5x  24  (x  2)  0 
2

 x 2  5x  24 > x + 2

Case(i) x + 2 < 0  x < –2 Case(ii) x + 2  0  x  –2

 x 2  5x  24 > x  2  x 2  5x  24  x  2
 ve – ve

 xR Square 9x + 28 < 0

28
 x (–, –2) …..(2) x<–
9
 x   …..(3)
Domain : ((2)  (3))  (1)  x  (–, –3] Ans.
1  5x
(iv) f(x) =
7 x  7
1  5x 5x  1
Sol. Domain :  0  0
7– x  7 7·7 x  1
5x  1
 0
7 x 1  1
 x  (–, –1)  [0, ) Ans.

(v) y = log10 sin(x – 3) + 16  x 2

Sol. Domain :
sin(x – 3) > 0 and 16 – x2  0  x  [–4, 4]
Put x – 3 = t
 sint > 0 & t  [–7, 1] { x  [–4, 4]}
y = sint

–5
2
   0   t
2
t=–7 t=1
 t = x – 3  (–2, –)  (0, 1]
 x  (–2 + 3, – + 3)  (3, 4] Ans.

148
Push yourself, because no one else is going to do it for you
  2log10 x  1 
(vi) f(x) = log100x  
 x 
Sol. Domain :
x0 
x0  
 2 log10 x  1 
1
2 log10 x  1   0  log10 x   { x  0}

 0 x  2
x    
 x0  1
100x  0  x
 1  10
100x  1  x 
100 
 1   1 
 x   0,  –   Ans.
 10  100 
1
(vii) f(x) = + ln x(x2 – 1)
4x  1
2

Sol. Domain :
1 1
4x 2  1  0   x  or x   
  2 2 
x(x 2  1)  0   x  (–1, 0)  (1, ) 

– + – +
–1 0 1

 1
x   1,    (1, ) Ans.
1 1/2 0 1/2 1  2

x
(viii) f(x) = log 1
2
x 1
2

Sol.
– + – +
–1 0 1
x  x 
0   0  x  (–1, 0)  (1, ) 
x 1
2 
 (x  1)(x  1) 
   
 x  2
  
log1/2  2   0 
x x x 1
 2 1 0
 x 1   x 1 (x  1)(x  1) 

+ – + – + 1  5  1  5 
x  (–, –1)   ,1   ,  
–1 1–5 1 1+5  2   2 
2 2

–1 1–5 0 1 1+5
2 2
1  5  1  5 
x   , 0    ,   Ans.
 2   2 

149
Do It Now. Sometimes, “Later” becomes “Never
 1
(ix) f(x) = x2  | x | 
9  x2
Sol. Domain :
x 2  | x | 0   | x | (| x | –1)  0  x  (– , –1]  [1, )  {0}
  
9  x 2  0   (x  3)(x  3)  0   3  x  3 

–3 –1 0 1 3
 x  (–3, –1]  {0}  [1, 3) Ans.

(x) f(x) = (x 2  3x  10)  l n 2 (x  3)

Sol. Domain :
x 3  0   x 3 
  
(x  3x  10). n (x  3)  0 
2 2
 (x  5)(x  2)(x  4)  0
2

+ – – +
–2 4 5
x  (–, –2]  [5, )  {4}
 x  [5, )  {4}

(xi) f(x) = log x (cos 2x)

Sol. Domain :

1/2
0 1/4 3/4 1 x

 1 3 
cos(2x) > 0  x   0,    ,1
 4 4 
x>0   x > 0
x1  x1

logx(cos2x)  0

0<x<1 or x>1
 cos(2x)  1  cos(2x)  1
 xR  cos(2x) = 1
 x  (0, 1)  2x = 2n
        x=nI
 x  N – {1}
 1 3 
 x   0,    , 1  x  N –{1} Ans.
 4 4 

150
Some students dream of success while others wake up & work.
 cos x  (1/ 2)
(xii) f(x) =
6  35x  6x 2
Sol. Domain
1 
1   cos x  
cos x   0  2
2    
 1 
6  35x  6x  0 
2
  x   , 6
 6  

cosx=1/2
x
 5 2
3 6 x=6
x =– 1/6
 1   5 
 x    ,    , 6  Ans.
 6 3 6 

(xiii) f(x) = 
log1/3 log 4 [x]2  5 
Sol. Domain
t0   t  0
 
log 4 t  0    t  1   1 < t  4
log1/3 (log 4 t)  0   t  4 
 1 < [x]2 – 5  4  6 < [x]2  9
 – 3  [x] < – 6  6 < [x]  3
 [x] = – 3  [x] = 3
 x  [–3, –2)  [3, 4) Ans.

[x]
(xiv) f(x) =
2x  [x]
Sol. Domain :
2x – [x]  0
 2x [x]
1
 x 0 , – 
2
 1 
 x  R –  , 0  Ans.
 2 
(xv) f(x) = logx sin x
Sol. Domain

0 

sin x  0 

x  0    x  (2n, 2n + ) – {1}
x  1 
Where n  w
151
Take your Dreams seriously
3. Find the domain & range of the following functions.
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest and fractional part functions respectively).
(i) f(x) = log 5  2(sin x  cos x)  3 
Sol. Domain :
2 (sinx – cosx) + 3 > 0
 
 2sin  x   + 3 > 0  x  R Ans.
 4
Range :
   
f(x) = log  2sin  x    3  ;
 4 
5

 
 1  2sin  x   + 3  5
 4
 log 5 1  f (x)  log 5 5  f (x) [0, 2] Ans.

2x
(ii) f(x) =
1 x2
Sol. Domain : x  R
2x 2
Range : f(x) = 
1 x 2
x  1/ x
1
 x  (–, –2]  [2, )
x
 f(x)  [–1, 1] Ans.

x 2  3x  2
(iii) f(x) = 2
x  x 6
Sol. Domain : x2 + x – 6  0  x  R – {2, –3}
(x  1)(x  2) x 1
Range : f(x) = = ; x2
(x  3)(x  2) x 3
x 1 3y  1
 =y  x=  y1
x 3 1 y
1 1 
At when x = 2 , y =  Range  R –  , 1 Ans.
5 5 
x
(iv) f(x) =
1 | x |
Sol. Domain : x  R
 x
1  x ; x  0
Range : f(x) = 
 x ; x0
1  x

152
Do something today that your future self will thank you for
  1
1  x  1 ; x  0  f (x)  [0, 1)
 f(x) = 
1  1 ; x  0  f (x)  (–1, 0)
 1 x
 f(x)  (–1, 1) Ans.

(v) f(x) = 2 + x – [x – 3]
Sol. Domain : x  R
Range : f(x) = 2 + x – ([x] – 3)
= 5 + x – [x]
= 5 + {x}
f(x)  [5, 6) Ans. ({x}  (0, 1))

(vi) f(x) = log3(5 + 4x – x2)

Sol. Domain : 5 + 4x – x2 > 0  x2 – 4x – 5 < 0
 (x – 5) (x + 1) < 0  x  (–1, 5)
Range : y = log3t ; t > 0 & t = – (x2 – 4x – 5)
t  (x  2)2  9
y = log3t ; t > 0 & t  (–, 9]
 y = log3t ; t  (0, 9]
 Range : f(x)  (–, 2]

4. The range of the function f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2|, –1  x  3 is

(A) [1, 3] (B) [1, 5] (C) [3, 5] (D) None of these
Sol. f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| ; –1  x  3
y
5
3
1

x
–1 0 1 2 3
Range : f(x)  [1, 5] Ans.

5. The range of the function f(x) = 2|sin x| – 3|cos x| is :

(A) [–2,] (B) [–2, 3] (C) [3,] (D) [–3, 2]
Sol. f(x)max. = 2|sin x| – 3|cos x|

f(x)max. when 3|cosx| = 0  x =
2

 f  = 2
2
f(x)min when 3|cosx| = 1  x = 0
 f(0) = 0 – 3 = – 3
 Range , f(x)  [–3, 2]

153
Don’t stop when you are tired, stop when you are done
6. (i) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0, 1]. Find the domain of definition of the
functions.
(a) f(sin x) (b) f(2x + 3)
Sol. Domain of f(x) is x  [0, 1]
(i) (a) Domain of f(sinx) is 0  sinx  1
 x  [2n, 2n + ] ; n  I
(b) Domain of f(2x + 3) is 0  2x + 3  1
 3 
 x    , 1
 2 

(ii) Given that y = f(x) is a function whose domain is [4, 7] and range is [–1, 9]. Find the range and
domain of
1
(a) g(x) = f(x) (b) h(x) = f(x – 7)
3

Sol. y = f(x) : Domain : x  [4, 7]

Range : y  [–1, 9]
1
(a) g(x) = f(x)  Domain : x  [4, 7]
3
 1 
Range : g(x)   ,3
3 
(b) h(x) = f(x – 7) Domain : 4  x – 7  7
 x  [11, 14]
Range : h(x)  [–1, 9]

Function Concept Building-02

1. Classify the following functions f(x) defined in R  R as injective, surjective, both or none.
x2
(a) f(x) =
1 x2
x2
Sol. f(x) = : RR
1 x2
(1  x 2 )  2x  x 2  2x 2x(1  x 2  x 2 )
f (x) = 
(1  x 2 ) (1  x 2 )2

 f (x) =
2x – +  Many – one
(1  x 2 ) 2 0
2
x
Now, f(x) =  [0, 1)  Co-domain  Into.
1 x2
 f(x) is neither injective nor surjective Ans.

154
The difference in winning & losing is most often “NOT QUITTING”
(b) f(x) = x + |x|
2x ; x  0
Sol. f(x) = x + |x| = 
0 ; x  0
y

 Many – one & into

x
(0, 0)
 f(x) is neither injective nor surjective Ans.

(c) f(x) = ex – e–x
Sol. f(x) = ex – e–x
 f (x) = ex + e–x > 0  f(x) is increasing  x  R
 f(x) is one – one
 Range  (–, ) = Co-domain onto
 f(x) is injective as well as surjective Ans.

ex  e x
2 2

(d) f(x) =
e x  e x
2 2

2 2
e 2x 8x.e 2x –
Sol. (d) f(x) =  f (x) = +
e 2x  1 (e2x  1) 2
2 2

0
 f(x) is many – one
 e2x [1, )
2

 f(x)  [0, 1)  co-domain  Into

 f(x) is neither injective nor surjective Ans.

 1  1
2. If f(x) = |x| and g(x) = [x], then value of fog    + gof    is
 4  4
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 1/4
Sol. f(x) = |x| , g(x) = [x]
  1    1 
 f g   + gf   
  4    4 
 1  1
= f     + g   
  4  4
1
= |–1| +  
4
= 1 + 0 = 1 Ans.

155
Only I Can Change My Life, No One Can Do It For Me
3. If f : R  R, f(x) = x3 + 3, and g : R  R, g(x) = 2x + 1, then f–1og–1(23) equals :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) (14)1/3 (D) (15)1/3
Sol.  (gof)–1 = f–1og–1
 g(f(x)) = g(x3 + 3) = 2(x3 + 3) + 1 = 2x3 + 7
 x 7 
1/3
–1
 (gof) =  
 2 
 23  7 
1/3
–1 –1 –1
 f og (23) = (g(f(x))) =   = 2 Ans.
 2 

4. Which of the following functions has its inverse :

(A) f : R  R, f(x) = ax (B) f : R  R, f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|
(C) f : R  R , f(x) = |x|
+ (D) f : [, 2]  [–1, 1], f(x) = cos x
Sol. (A) f : R  R
f(x) = ax  (0, )  co-domain  into function
 Inverse does not exist
y
(B) f : R  R
f(x) = |x| + |x – 1|
Range  co-domain 1
 Inverse does not exist
0 1 x

y
(C) f : R  R+
f(x) = |x|
Range  Co-domain
 Inverse does not exist
(0, 0) x

y
1
(D) f : [, 2]  [–1, 1]  x
f(x) = cosx 3/2 2
 f(x) is one-one and onto –1
 Inverse exist

 2, when x  Q
5. If function f(x) =  , (fof) 4 the value will be :
 0, when x  Q
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) None of these

 2 ; x Q
Sol. f(x) = 
0 ; x  Q

 f(f( 4 )) = f(f(2)) = f( 2 ) = 0 Ans.
156
Time once gone, is gone forever
  1 x   3x  x 3 
6. If f(x) = log   and g(x) =  2 
, then f[g(x)] is equal to :
 1 x   1  3x 
(A) – f(x) (B) 3f(x) (C) [f(x)]3 (D) None of these
 1 x  3x  x 3
Sol. f(x) = log   & g(x) =
 1 x  1  3x 2
 3x  x 3 
 1
 3x  x 3   1  3x 2 
 f(g(x)) = f  2 
= log
 1  3x    3x  x 3  
 1   2 

  1  3x  
1  3x 2  3x  x 3   (1  x)3 
= log  3
= log  3
1  3x  3x  x   (1  x) 
2

 1 x   1 x 
3

= log   = 3 log   = 3 f(x) Ans.

 1 x   1 x 

7. If f : R  R, g : R  R and f(x) = 3x + 4 and (gof) (x) = 2x – 1, then the value of g(x) is :

1
(A) 2x – 1 (B) 2x – 11 (C) (2x – 11) (D) None of these
3
Sol. f(x) = 3x + 4 & g(f(x)) = 2x – 1
 g(3x + 4) = 2x – 1 ; Put 3x + 4 = t
 t4 2t  11 t4
 g(t) = 2   –1 =  x=
 3  3 3
2x  11
t  x  g(x) = Ans.
3

8. If f : R  R, f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3 and g : R  R, g(x) = 3x – 4, then the value of fog(x) is :

(A) 3x2 + 6x – 13 (B) 9x2 – 18x + 5 (C) (3x – 4)2 + 2x – 3 (D) None of these
Sol. f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3 & g(x) = 3x – 4
 f(g(x)) = f(3x – 4) = (3x – 4)2 + 2(3x – 4) – 3
= 9x2 – 18x + 5 Ans.
   
9. If f(x) = sin2 x + sin2  x   + cos x cos  x   and g(x) is a one-one function defined in R
 3  3
 R, then (gof) (x) is
(A) one-one (B) onto
(C) constant function (D) periodic with fundamental period 
  

Sol. f(x) = sin2x + 1 – cos2  x  3  + cosx.cos  x  
 3
    2  
= 1 –  cos 2  x    sin 2 x  + cos x.cos  x  
  3  2  3
    1    
= 1 – cos  2x   .cos   cos  2x    cos 
  3 3 2   3 3

157
You are so close to victory, Don’t give up
 1   1   1 5
= 1– cos  2x    cos  2x    
2  3 2  3 4 4
g(x) is a one-one function
5
 g(f(x)) = g   = constent function.
4

10. Compute the inverse of the functions:

  10x  10 x
x
(a) f(x) = ln x  x 2  1 (b) f(x) = 2 x 1 (c) y =
10x  10 x
Sol.  We have to compute inverse,
 It is assumed the f(x) is bijective
(a) Let f(x) = n (x  x 2  1)  y

 x+ x 2  1  ey
 x 2  1 = ey – x
Square  x2 + 1 = e2y + x2 – 2xey
 2xey = e2y – 1
1
 x = (ey – e–y)
2
1
 f–1(x) = (ex – e–x) Ans.
2
x
(b) f(x) = 2 x 1 = y (Let)
x
 = log2y  x = x . log2y – log2y
x 1
 (log2y – 1) x = log2y
log 2 y
 x=
log 2 y  1
log 2 y
 f–1(x) = Ans.
log 2 x  1
10x  10 – x
(c) Let f(x) = y
10x  10 x
102x  1
  y  102x – 1 = y · 102x + y
10  1
2x

 102x(y – 1) = – y – 1
1 y  1 y 
 102x =  2x = log10  
1 y  1 y 
1  1 x 
 f–1(x) = log10   Ans.
2  1 x 

158
 Function Concept Building-03
1. Find whether the following function are even or odd or none
(a) 
f(x) = log x  1  x 2 
Sol. f(x) = log (x  1  x 2 )
f(–x) = log (x  1  x 2 ) : Rationalise
 1 
 = – log ( 1  x  x)
2
= log 
 1 x  x 
2

f(–x) = –f(x)  odd function

x(a x  1)
(b) f(x) =
a x 1
x(a x  1)
Sol. f(x) =
(a x –1)
(a – x  1)  ax 1 
f(–x) = – x = x  x  = f(x) f(x)  Even function
(a – x –1)  a –1 
(c) f(x) = sin x + cos x
Sol. f(x) = sinx + cosx
f(–x) = – sinx + cosx  Neither even nor odd function
(d) f(x) = x sin2 x – x3
Sol. f(x) = xsin2x – x3
f(–x) = – xsin2x + x3 = – f(x)  odd function
(e) f(x) = sin x – cos x
Sol. f(x) = sinx – cosx
f(–x) = – sinx – cosx  Neither Even nor odd function

 1 1
2. Let f  x   = x2 + 2 (x  0), then f(x) equals :
 x x
(A) x – 2
2 (B) x2 – 1 (C) x2 (D) None of these
2
 1 1  1
Sol. f  x   = x2  2 =  x   – 2
 x x  x
1
x  y
x
 f(y) = y2 – 2
 f(x) = x2 – 2

3. Find the period of following function :

(i) f(x) = |sin 2x| is :
(A) /4 (B) /2 (C)   (D)
Sol. f(x) = |sin2x|

Period =
2

159
  x   x 
(ii) f(x) = sin   + cos   is
 2   2 
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 24
x x
Sol. f(x) = sin  cos
2 2
 2 2 
LCM  ,   LCM (4, 4) = 4
 /2 /2
(iii) f(x) = log cos 2x + tan 4x is
(A) /2 (B) (C) 2 (D) 2/5
Sol. f(x) = log(cos2x) + tan 4x
 2  
LCM  , 
 2 4
 
 LCM  ,  = 
 4

4. In the following which function is not periodic
(A) tan 4x (B) cos 2x (C) cos x2 (D) cos2 x

Sol. (A) tan4x Period 
4
2
 cos2x Period = =1
2
(C) cosx2 Non-periodic
 f(x + T)  f(x)  x  R ; T > 0
(D) cos2x Period = 
 
5. Suppose f is a real function satisfying f(x + f(x)) = 4f(x) and f(1) = 4. Find the value of f(21).
Sol. f(x + f(x)) = 4f(x) & f(1) = 4
Put x = 1 f(1 + f(1)) = 4f(1)
f(5) = 16
Put x = 5  f(5 + f(5)) = 4f(5)
 f(21) = 4 × 16 = 64 Ans.

6. Let 'f' be a function defined from R+  R+. If [f(xy)]2 = x(f(y))2 for all positive numbers x and
y and f(2) = 6, find the value of f(50).
Sol. f : R+ R+
(f(xy))2 = x(f(y))2
Put x = 25, y = 2  (f(50))2 = 25 × (f(2))2 = 25 × 36
 f(50) = 30 Ans.
7. Let f(x) be a function with two properties
(i) for any two real number x and y, f(x + y) = x + f(y) and
(ii) f(0) = 2
Find the value of f(100).
160
Sol. f(x + y) = x + f(y) & f(0) = 2
Put x = 100 , y = 0
 f(100) = 100 + f(0) = 102 Ans.

8. The period of cos(x + 4x + 9x +....+ n2x) is /7, then n  N is equal to :

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
2 2 2 2
Sol. Let f(x) = cos ((1 + 2 + 3 + …… + n )x)
 n(n  1)(2n  1) 
= cos  x
 6 

 Period of f(x) =
7
 2
 =  n(n + 1)(2n + 1) = 84
7 n(n  1)(2n  1)
6
 n = 3 Ans.

9. Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of
definition of the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + |y| = 2y
Sol. (a) 10x + 10y = 10
 10y = 10 – 10x
 y = log10(10 – 10x) : Domain : 10 – 10x > 0
 x<1

(b) x + |y| = 2y

y0 y<0
 x + y = 2y x – y = 2y
y=x  y = x/3
x ; x  0

 y = x
 3 ; x  0

 1
10. Function f & g are defined by f(x) = sin x, x  R ; g(x) = tan x, x  R –  K    
 2
 where K  I. Find
(i) Periods of fog & gof (ii) Range of the function fog and gof
Sol. f(x) = sinx & g(x) = tanx
(i) y = f(g(x)) = sin (tan x)
Period = 
  y = g(f(x)) = tan (sin x)
Period = 2
 (ii) y = f(g(x)) = sin (tan x)
 Range  [–1, 1]
y = g(f(x)) = tan (sinx)  [–1, 1]
 Range  [–tan1, tan1]

161
 ASSIGNMENT (GN BERMAN)
FUNCTION (DOMAIN AND RANGE)
Find the domains of definition of the following functions (1 – 112) ?

1. y  2x  x 2
Sol. y  2x  x 2
Domain defined when 2x – x2  0

 x2 – 2x  0
 x(x – 2)  0
+ – +
0 2
hence , x  [0, 2]

2. y  x 1 x 1
Sol. y  x 1 x 1
y  (x  1)(x  1)
Domain defined when (x – 1) (x + 1)  0
+ – +
–1 1
hence , x  ( – , – 1]  [1, )

3. y  x 1  6  x
Sol. y  x 1  6  x
x  1 defined when x –1 0
x  [1, ) ....(i)
6  x defined when 6 – x  0
x –60
x  (– , 6) ....(ii)
domain of y (i)  (ii)
x [1, 6]

4. y  x 2  5x  6
Sol. y  x 2  5x  6
domain of y defined when x2 – 5x + 6  0
(x – 3) (x – 2)  0
+ – +
2 3
hence, x  ( – , 2]  [3, )
162
 x3
5. y
5 x
x 3
Sol. Domain of y defined when 0
5x
x 3
 0
x 5
+ – +
–3 5
hence , x  [– 3, 5)

6. f (x)  2  x  1  x
Sol. f (x)  2  x  1  x
2  x is defined when 2–x0
x–20
x (– , 2] ....(i)
1  x is defined when 1+x0
x–1
x  [– 1, ) ....(ii)
Domain of f(x), (i)  (ii)
hence , x  [– 1, 2]

7. y  4x 2  4x  3
Sol. Domain of y defined when – 4x2 + 4x + 3  0
 4x2 – 4x – 3  0
 4x2 – 6x + 2x – 3  0
 (2x + 1) (2x – 3)  0
+ – +
–1/2 3/2
 1 3
hence , x   – , 
 2 2

8. y  6  7x  3x 2

Sol. y  6  7x  3x 2
Domain of y defined when 6 + 7x – 3x2  0
 3x2 – 7x – 6  0
 3x2 – 9x + 2x – 6  0
 3x(x – 3) + 2(x – 3)  0
 (3x + 2) (x – 3)  0
+ – +
–2/3 3
 2 
 x   , 3
3 
163
 1
9. y  2 x
x 1
1
Sol. y  2 x
x 1
1
defined when x–10x1
x 1
x  R – {1} ....(i)
2  x defined when 2 + x  0
x [– 2, ) ....(ii)
Domain of y (i)  (ii)
hence, x [– 2, 1)  (1, )

1
10. y 2
2x  5x  3
1
Sol. Domain of y defined when 2
0
2x  5x  3
1
 0
(2x  1) (x  3)

 
hence, x   – ,     3,  
 2

11. f (x)  4x  x 3
Sol. Domain of f(x) defined when 4x – x3  0
 x3 – 4x  0
 x(x2 – 4)  0
 x(x +2)(x – 2)  0
– + – +
–2 0 2
 x (– , – 2] [0, 2]

12. f (x)  3x  x 3
Sol. Domain of f(x) defined when 3x – x3  0
 x3 – 3x  0
 x(x2 – 3)  0
  
x x 3 x– 3  0 
– + – +
–3 0 3


hence , x  – , – 3   0, 3 

164
 1
13. y 3
x x2
1 1
Sol. y 
x  x  2 (x  1) (x 2  x  2)
3

Domain of y defined when x  1

hence , x R – {1}

4  3x  x 2
14. y
x4
Sol. 4  3x  x 2 defined when 4 – 3x – x2  0
 x2 + 3x – 4  0
 (x + 4) (x – 1)  0
x  [– 4, 1]
2
y defined when 4 – 3x – x  0 and x + 4  0
So, Domain of y is (– 4, 1]

3x  7
15. y 6
x 1  2

3x  7
Sol. y 6
x 1  2
y defined when 3x – 7  0 and 6
x 1  2  0
7
x and x + 1  26 = 64
3
x  63
7 
hence , x   , 63    63,  
3 

12  x  x 2
16. f (x) 
x(x  2)

12  x  x 2
Sol. f (x) 
x(x  2)
f(x) defined when 12 + x – x2  0 and x(x – 2)  0
 x2 – x – 12  0 and x  0, 2
 (x – 4) (x + 3)  0
x [– 3, 4] and x  0, 2
So,Domain = [– 3, 0) (0, 2) (2, 4]

165
 6
17. y  5 x 
x

6
Sol. y  5 x 
x
6
Domain of y defined when 5  x  0
x

5x  x 2  6
 0
x

x 2  5x  6
 0
x
(x  3) (x  2)
 0
x
– + – +
0 2 3
 x  (– , 0)  [2, 3]

18. f (x)  x 2  x  20  6  x

Sol. f (x)  x 2  x  20  6  x
Domain of f(x) defined when x2 – x – 20  0 and 6 – x  0
 (x + 4) (x – 5)  0 and x  6
+ – +
–4 5
 x  (– , – 4)  [5, 6)

x2  x  6
19. f (x) 
x2  4

x2  x  6
Sol. f (x) 
x2  4
Domain of f(x) defined when x2 + x – 6  0 and x2 – 4  0
(x + 3) (x – 2)  0 x  – 2, 2
+ – +
–3 2
 x  (– , – 3) (2, )

166
 x  12  x 2
20. y
x2  9
Sol. Domain of y defined when x + 12 – x2  0 and x2 – 9  0
 x2 – x – 12  0 and x  ± 3
 (x – 4) (x + 3)  0
+ – +
–3 4
 x  (– 3, 3)  (3, 4]

4 x 2
 1 1
21. y  
 2 x 1
Sol. Domain of y defined when 4 – x2  0 and x – 1  0
 x2 – 4  0
 (x – 2) (x + 2)  0 and x  1
+ – +
–2 2
 x  [– 2, 1)  (1, 2]

17  15x  2x 2
22. y
x3
Sol. y defined when 17 – 15x – 2x2  0 and x + 3  0
2x2 + 15x – 17  0 and x  – 3
 (2x + 17) (x – 1)  0
+ – +
–17/2 1
 17 
 x   – , – 3    – 3,1
 2 

7x
23. y
4x 2  19x  12

7x
Sol. y
2
4x  19x  12
y is defined when 7 – x  0 and 4x2 – 19x + 12 > 0
x  7 and 4x2 – 16x – 3x + 12 > 0
(4x – 3) (x – 4) > 0

+ – +
0 3/4 4 7
 3
 x   – ,    4, 7 
 4
167
 x 2  7x  12
24. y
x 2  2x  3
Sol. y is defined when
x 2  7x  12
0
x 2  2x  3
(x– 4) (x– 3)
 0
(x– 3) (x  1)
(x  4)
 0
(x  1)
+ – +
–1 4
x  (– , –1)   4,  

x 2  5x  6
25. y
x 2  6x  8

x 2  5x  6
Sol. Domain of y defined when 0
x 2  6x  8
(x  3) (x  2)
 0
(x  4) (x  2)
+ – + – +
–4 –2 2 3
 x  (– , – 4)  (–2, 2]  [3,  )

26. y  x  x 2  3x  x 2  2
Sol. y  x  x 2  3x  x 2  2
Domain of y defined when x – x2  0 and 3x – x2 – 2  0
 x2 – x  0 and x2 – 3x + 2  0
 x(x – 1)  0 and (x – 2) (x – 1)  0
x [0, 1] and x [1, 2]
 x {1}

1
27. y  x 2  x  20 
2
x  5x  14
Sol. Domain of y defined when x2 – x – 20  0 and x2 – 5x – 14 > 0
 (x – 5) (x + 4)  0 and (x – 7) (x + 2) > 0
 x  (– , – 4]  [5, ) and x  (– , – 2 )  (7, )
 x  (– , – 4]  (7,  )

168
 1
28. y  x 2  x  20
2
14  5x  x
1
Sol. y  x 2  x  20
2
14  5x  x
Domain of y defined when 14 + 5x – x2  0 and x2 – x – 20  0
x2 – 5x – 14  0 and (x – 5) (x + 4)  0
 (x – 7) (x + 2) < 0 and (x – 5) (x + 4)  0
 x  (– 2, 7) and x  (– , – 4]  [5,  )
 x  [5, 7)

x 4  3x 2  x  7
29. y 1
x 4  2x 2  1

x 4 – 3x 2  x  7
Sol. Domain of y defined when –1  0
x 4 – 2x 2  1
 x2  x  6
 0
x 4  2x 2  1
x2 – x – 6
 4 0
x  2x 2  1
(x  3) (x  2)
 0
(x 2  1)2
x  [– 2, 3] – {1, – 1}

1
30. f (x) 
sin x  cos 4 x
4

1
Sol. f (x) 
sin x  cos 4 x
4

1 1 2
f (x)   2

1  2sin x cos 2 x
2
sin 2x 2 – sin 2 2x
1
2
Range of sin22x  [0, 1]
f(x) is defined for all value of x so x  R

31. f (x) = arcsin 3x

Sol. f (x)  sin 1 3x
f(x) is defined when 1  3x  1
so x  (, 0]

169
32. f (x)  (sin x  cos x) 2  1

Sol. f (x)  (sin x  cos x) 2  1

f (x)  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x  1

f (x)  sin 2x  1  1

f (x)  sin 2x
for sin 2x  0
2x  [2n, (2n +1)]
so, domain will be x [n, (2n + 1)/2]

1
cos x 
33. y 2
6  35x  6x 2

1
Sol. D1 is given by cos x 
2

 5
 0x ....1st quad. or  x  2 ....4th quad.,  = 3.142
3 3
D2 = 6 + 35x – 6x2 > 0 or 6x2 – 35x – 6 < 0
(6x +1) (x – 6) < 0  – 1/6 < x < 6
 D1 D2 = ( 1 / 6 , /3] [5/3, 6]

log3 (x 2  1)
34. y
sin 2 x  sin x  0.25
Sol. Given function is y = log3(x2 + 1) /(sin2x – sin x + 0.25)
Wkt, x2 > 0 which implies that x2 + 1  1.
So, the expression in the numerator of the given function
(i.e. log3(x2 + 1)) is always defined for all real values of x.
2
1
now,denominator is  sin x  
 2

1
so, sin x 
2

 
so,domian R   n  (1) n 
 6

170
 1
35. y
3  log 3 (x  3)
Sol. y is defind when 3 – log3(x – 3)  0 and x – 3 > 0
3  log3(x – 3) and x > 3
27  x – 3
x  30
domain x  (3, 30)  (30, )

x5
36. y
log(9  x)

x5
Sol. y
log(9  x)
y is defined when x + 5  0, log (9 – x)  0, 9–x>0
x–5 9 – x  1, 9>x
Domain (y) = [– 5, 8) (8, 9) x8

3log 64 x  1
37. f (x)  3
2x  11

3log 64 x  1
Sol. f (x)  3
2x  11
3
y is defined when 3 log64x – 1  0 and 2x – 11  0, 2x  11  0
11 11
3 log64 x  1, x x
2 2
x3  43
x4
 11   11 
domain (y) =  4,    ,  
 2 2 

x2
38. y  log 2
x2
x2
Sol. y  log 2
x2
x2
y is defined when 0
x2
+ – +
–2 2

Domain (y) = (– , – 2) (2, )

171
 x3
39. f (x)  log
x 1
x3
Sol. y is defined when 0
x 1

Domain (y) = (– , – 3) (–1, )

40. y  log(x  1)
Sol. y  log(x  1)
y is defined when log(x + 1)  0 and x + 1 > 0
x+11
x  0 and x > – 1
Domain (y) = [0, )

x 2  8x  7
41. y  log .
x2  7
x 2  8x  7
Sol. y  log
x2  7
x 2  8x  7
y is defined when 0
x2  7
 x  7) (x  1)
 0
x2  7
+ – +
–7 –1

Domain (y) = (– , – 7)  (– 1, )

42. y  1  x  log  x  1 .
Sol. y  1  x  log  x  1
y is defined when 1– x  0 and x+1>0
1x and x>–1
Domain of y = (– 1, 1]

43. y  x  1  log 1  x  .
Sol. y  x  1  log 1  x 
y is defined when x + 1  0 and 1 – x > 0
x  – 1 and 1 > x
Domain of y = [– 1, 1)

172
44. y = log ((x2 – 3x) (x + 5)).
Sol. y = log [(x2 – 3x) (x + 5)]
for y to be real and defined.
(x2 – 3x) (x + 5) > 0
x(x – 3) (x + 5) > 0
x(x – 3) (x + 5) > 0
Therefore, domain of y is x (– 5, 0) (3, ).

45. y  4x  x 2  log 3 (x  2).

Sol. f (x )  4x  x 2
Domain : – 4x – x2  0
x(x – 4)  0
x  [0, 4] ....(i)
and x  2  0
x  (2,  ) ....(ii)
Form equation (i) & (ii)
domain of y is (2,4]

46. y  x 2  4x  5  log(x  1).

Sol. y  x 2  4x  5  log(x  1)
y is defined when x2 + 4x – 5  0 and x + 1 > 0
(x + 5) (x – 1)  0 and x > – 1
+ – +
–5 1
domain of y = [1, )

47. f (x)  log(5x 2  8x  4)  x  1.

Sol. log (5x2 – 8x – 4)
5x2 – 8x – 4 > 0
(x – 2)(5x + 2) > 0

 2 
x   – ,   (2, )
 5 
and
x+3>0
x>–3
Taking intersection, we get
x  (2, )

173
48. y  x 2  4x  5  log(x  5).
Sol. y is defind when x 2  4 x  5  0 and x + 5 >0
 (x  5)( x 1)  0 and x > 5
 x  ( , 5)  [1, ) and x > 5
hence domain of y is [1,  )

log(3  2x  x 2 )
49. y
x
log(3  2x  x 2 )
Sol. y
x
For y to be real and defined. x must be > 0  x (0, )
3 – 2x – x2 > 0
 x2 + 2x – 3 < 0
(x + 3) (x – 1) < 0
Thererfore, x  (– 3, 1)
Domain of y is x  (0, 1)

3 x
50. y  log .
x
3 x
Sol. y  log
x
3 x 3 x
y is defined when log 0 and 0
x x
3 x x 3
1 and 0
x x
3 x + – +
1  0
x 0 3
3  2x
 0 x  (0, 3)
x
2x  3
 0
x
+ – +
0 3/2
x  (0, 3/2]
domain of y = (0, 3/2]

174
 1  2x
51. y  log .
x3

1  2x
Sol. y  log
x3
1  2x 1  2x
y is defined when log 0 and 0
x 3 x 3
1  2x 2x  1
1 and 0
x 3 x3
12x + – +
 1  0
x 3 –3 1/2
 3x  2  1
 0 x    3,  ....(ii)
x3  2
3x  2
 0
x3
+ – +
–3 –2/3
x  (– 3, – 2/3] ....(i)
equation (i) & (ii)
domain of y = (– 3, – 2/3]

52. f (x)  4 x  x  log(x  2).

Sol. f (x)  4 x  x  log(x  2)

f(x) is defined when x – | x |  0 and x+2>0
x|x| x>–2

y = |x|

x
y=

x  [0, ) ....(i) x (– 2, ) ....(i)

from equation (i) & (ii)
x [0, )

175
 x 2  5x  6
53. y
log(x  10) 2

x 2  5x  6
Sol. y
log(x  10) 2
y is defined when x2 – 5x + 6  ,log (x +10)2 0 and x  10
(x – 3) (x – 2)  0 (x + 10)2  1
x  (– , 2]  [3, ) ....(i) x  – 11, – 9 ....(ii)
from equation (i) & (ii)
domain of y = (– , – 11) (– 11, –10) (– 10, – 9) (– 9, 2]  [3, )

log x
54. y .
x 2  2x  63
Sol. For log x
x>0
x2 – 2x – 63 > 0
(x – 9) (x + 7) > 0
x (– , – 7) (9, )
Taking intersection, we get
x (9, )

5x  x 2
55. y  log .
4

5x  x 2
Sol. y  log
4

5x  x 2 5x  x 2
y is defined when log 0 and 0
4 4
5x  x 2 x 2  5x
1 and 0
4 4
x 2  5x
 1
4
x 2  5x  4
1 and x  (0, 5) ....(ii)
4
(x  4) (x  1)
 1
4
 x  [1, 4] ....(i)
from (i) & (ii)
Domain y = [1, 4]

176
56. y  (x 2  3x  10) log 2 (x  3).
Sol. The value of (x  3) should be greater than 0 since it is operated by log,
 x  (3, ) -----(i)
(x 2  3x  10) log 2 (x  3)  0 (since, any value under root is either greater than or equal to 0)
 x 2  3x  10  0 (since log2(x – 3)will always be positive or 0 )
 x  (, 2]  [5,  ) ......(ii)
Taking intersection of (i) and (ii), Doamin of the function is [5, )

57. f (x)  log(1  4  x 2 ).

Sol. y  log (1  4  x 2 )

 2
y is defined when 1  4  x  0  and 4 –x2  0

1  4 – x2 x2  4
 1 > 4 – x2 x  [–2, 2] ....(ii)
 x2 > 3
x (– , – 3)  ( 3, ) ....(i)
from equation (i) & (ii)
domain of y  [– 2, – 3)  ( 3, 2]

58. y  log(5x 2  8x  4)  (x  3)0.5 .

Sol. log(5x 2  8x  4)
5x 2  8x  4  0
(x  2)(5x  2)  0

 2 
x   ,   (2, )
 5 
And
x 3  0
x  3
Taking intersection, we get
 2 
x   3,   (2,  )
 5 

177
 1  5x
59. y .
7x  7
Sol. For f(x) to be defined (i) 1  5x  0  1  5x  x  0
and 7  x  7  0
 x  1
 x  (, 1)
Or (ii) 1  5x  0  x  0
& 7  x  7  0  x  1
 x  [0,  )
Thus domain is x  (, 1)  [0,  )

60. y  4x  x 2  log(x 2  1).

Sol. y is defind when 4 x  x 2  0 and x 2  1  0
 x  [0, 4] and x  (, 1)  (1, )
hence domain of y is (1,4]

4x
61. y  1  log(x  1)  .
x2
4x
Sol. y  1  log(x  1) 
x2
4x
y is defined 1 – log (x – 1)  0 and 0
x2
x4
also x – 1 > 0, 1  log (x – 1) , 0
x2
x4
x > 1 ...(i) 10  x – 1 0
x2
11  x ....(ii) x  (– 2, 4] ....(iii)
from equation (i), (ii) & (iii)
domain of y = (1, 4]

x 1
62. y  log 0.3 .
x5
x 1 x 1
Sol. log 0.3  0 and 0
x 5 x 5
x 1
  1 and x  (, 5)  (1, )
x5
x 1 x  5
 0 .....(ii)
x5

178
 6
 0
x 5
x  [5,  ] .....(i)
From (i) & (ii)
x  [1, ]

63. y  log 0.4 (x  x 2 )

2
Sol. y is defined when log 0.4 (x  x 2 )  0 and x  x  0
x  x2  1
 x 2  x  1  0 and x(x  1)  0
xR and x  (0,1)
hence, domian is x  (0,1)

64. y  log 0.3 (x 2  5x  7).

Sol. y is defined when log 0.3 (x 2  5x  7)  0 and x 2  5x  7  0
x 2  5x  7  1 and always positive D < 0
x 2  5x  6  0
(x  3)(x  2)  0
x  [2,3]

65. y  log 0.5 (x 2  9)  4

Sol. y is defined when log0.5 (x2  9)  4  0 and  x 2  9   0

4
1
 x2  9    , x2  3
2
 x2  25
 5  x  5 x  ( , 3)  (3, )
D(y)  [5, 3)  (3,5]

x 1 1
66. y  log 0.4  2 .
x  5 x  36
x 1 x 1
Sol. y is defined when log 0.4  0, 0 , x 2  36  0
x5 x5

179
 x 1
  1,
x5
.6
  0, (1, ) x  6 ....(iii)
x 5
x  [ 5, )
from (i) & (ii) (iii) domain x  (1, 6)  (6, )

1
67. f (x)  log 0.5 ( x 2  x  6)  2
.
x  2x
1
Sol. f (x)  log 0.5 (  x 2  x  6)  2
x  2x
f(x) is defined when
log 0.5 (  x 2  x  6)  0,  x 2  x  6  0, x 2  2x  0
x 2  x  5  0, x 2  x  6  0 x  0, 2

1  21
x , (x  3)(x  2)  0
2

x   ,

1  21    1  21 
,   ....(i),
 x  ( 2,3) .....(ii)
 2   2 
 

From (i) & (ii)

x 

 , 
1  21    1  21 
,  
Domain 
 2   2 
 

 log 0.3 (x  1)
68. y .
 x 2  2x  8
Sol. y is defined when x  1  0,  x 2  2x  8  0,  log 0.3 (x  1)  0
x  1, x 2  2x  8  0, (x  1)  1
(x  4)(x  2)  0 x2
x  ( 2, 4)
intersection then x  [2, 4)

69. f (x)  16x  x 5  log 1 (x 2  1).

2

Sol. f(x) is defined when 16x  x 5  0 and x 2  1

x(x 4  16)  0 and x  ( , 1)  (1, ) ...(ii)

180
  x(x 2  4)(x 2  4)  0
 x(x 2  4)  0
 x(x  2)(x  2)  0

 x  (, 2]  [0, 2] ....(i)

from equation (i) & (ii)
x  (, 2]  (1, 2]

x
70. y  log 1 2
.
2
x 1
x x
Sol. y is defined when log 1 x 2  1  0, x 2  1  0
2

x
2
1
x 1
x  x2 1 x
 2
 0, 0
x 1 (x  1)(x  1)
  1  5   1  5 
 x    ,      ,   ....(i) and x 2  x  1  0, x  (1, 0)  (1, 0) ....(ii)
 2 2
     
from (i) and (ii)
1  5  1  5 
x , 0    ,  
 2   2 

3x 2 18x  29
71. f (x)  4 x 3
 26x 17 .
3x 2 18 x  29
Sol. f(x) is defined when 4 x 3
 2 6 x 17  0
6x 2  36x  58
 2 x 3
 26x 17
6x 2  36x  58
  6x  17
x 3
x7
 0
x 3
 x  ( , 7]  ( 3, )

72. y  log 0.5 (3x  8)  log 0.5 (x 2  4).

3x  8
Sol. y  log 0.5
x2  4

181
 3x  8
log 0.5 0
x2  4
As the base is less than 1
3x  8 8
0 2 1 x 
x 4 3
also, 3x  8  x 2  4
x 2  3x  4  0  x  R
8 
Taking intersection , we get x   ,  
3 

73. f (x)  4x  x 3  log(x 2  1).

Sol. f(x) is defined when 4x  x 3  0, x 2  1  0
x(x 2  4)  0, x 2  1
 x(x  2)(x  2)  0 .....(i) and x  (  , 1)  (1,  ) ...(ii)
 x  (, 2]  [0, 2]
hence ,domain is x  ( , 2]  (1, 2]

1
74. y 4 log 4 16  log8 (x 2  4x  3).
2
Sol. log 8  x 2  4x  3

 x 2  4x  3  0
 (x  3)(x  1)  0
 x  ( ,1)  (3,  )
and to define square root,
1
log 4 16  log 8 (x 2  4x  3)  0
2
2
 log 4 4  log8 (x 2  4x  3)  0
2
 1  log 8 (x 2  4x  3)  0

  x 2  4x  3   8

 x 2  4x  5  0
 (x  5)(x  1)  0
 x  [ 1, 5]
Taking intersection of both sets, we get,
 x  [1,1)  (3,5]

182
  2 x  1
75. f (x)  log 4  2  4 x 
 x  2 

4 2 x 1
Sol. y is defind when 2  x   0 and x > 0
x 2
 2 x  4  4 x3  2 4 x  2 x 1  0
 3 4
x3  2 4 x  0
Let  4
x  a, 3  a 3  2a  0
 a 3  2a  3  0
 (a  1)(a 2  a  3)  0
 a 1
 4 x 1 x 1
hence , domian = ( 0 , 1)

3x  4 x
76. y .
2x 2  x  8

3x  4x
Sol. 0
2x 2  x  8
Case I 3x  4 x  0  2x 2  x  8  0
x
 3  1  65   1  65 
   1  x   ,   ,  
 4  4   4 

 1  65   1  65 
x  0  x   ,   ,  
 4   4 

 1  65 
 x   ,  .....(1)
 4 

Case II 3x  4 x  0  2x 2  x  8  0
 1  65 1  65 
x  0  x   , 
 4 4 

 1  65 
 x   0,  .....(2)
 4 

 1  65   1  65 
hence , domain  , 4   0, 4 
   
183
   6  
77. f (x)  log 2   log 1 1  4   2 .
 2
 x 

  6  
Sol. y  log 2  – log 1 1  4  – 2 
 2  x 

 6
y is defind when log1 1 4  2  0  x  0  x  0
2 x

 6 
 log 1 1  4   2
2  x
2
6 1 6
 1 4     1 4  4
x 2 x
6
 4
 3  4 x  2  x  16
x
hence ,domian is (0,16)

6x  x 2  5
78. y .
5x  2  1

6x  x 2  5
Sol. y
5x  2  1
y is defined when 6x  x 2  5  0 and 5x  2  1  0
 x 2  6x  5  0 and 5x  2  50
 (x  5)(x  1)  0 and x  2  0
 x  [1,5] and x  2
hence, domain of y is [1, 2)  (2,5]

x
79. y .
2
x  5x  6
x
Sol. y
x 2  5x  6
y is defined when x 2  5x  6  0
 (x  3)(x  2)  0
 x   , 2    3,  

184
80. y   x 2  2x  3  log 3 (x  1)

Sol. y   x 2  2x  3  log 3 (x  1)
y is defined when  x 2  2x  3  0 and x  1  0
 x 2  2x  3  0
 (x  3)(x  1)  0

 x   1,3 and x  1,  

Hence, domain x  (1,3]

x
81. y  log – x – 3.
x–2
x
Sol. y  log – x–3
x–2
x
y is defined when  0 and x  3  0
x2
 x  (, 0)  (2, ) and  x  [3,  )
Hence, domain of y is  x  [3,  )

x 2 – 2x
82. f (x)  .
log 5 (x –1)

x 2 – 2x
Sol. f (x) 
log 5 (x –1)

f(x) is defined when x 2  2x  0 and log 5 (x  1)  0, x  1  0

 x(x  2)  0 and x  1  1, x  1
 x  ( , 0]  [2, ) x  2
Hence, domain f(x) is (2, )

83. f (x) = log2x–5 (x2 – 3x – 10).

Sol. f (x) = log2x–5 (x2 – 3x – 10)
f(x) is defined when x 2  3x  10  0 and 2x  5  1
 (x  5)(x  2)  0 x3
 x  ( , 2)  (5, )
Hence, domain is (5,  )

185
 2
6 (x –2)
84. f (x)  4x  8 3 – 52 – 22(x –1) .
2
Sol. f(x) is defined when 4x  8 3 (x  2)  52  22(x 1)  0

 22 x  22 x  4  22 x  2  52
 1 1
 22 x 1     52
 16 4 
 22 x  64  26  2 x  6
hence ,domian is [3,  )

1
 2 – f ' (x)  2 where f (x)  1 x 3 – 3 x 2 – 2x  3 .
85. y  log1.7  ,
 x  1  3 2 2
1
 2  (x 2  3x  2)  2
Sol. y  log1.7  
 x 1 
1
 4  3x  x 2  2
y  log1.7  
 x 1 

4  3x  x 2
y is defined when 0
x 1
x 2  3x  4
 0
x 1
(x  4)(x  1)
 0
(x  1)
 (x  4)  0 and x  1
Domain of y is x  ( , 1)  ( 1, 4)

log 0.3 | x – 2 |
86. y .
|x|

log 0.3 x  2
Sol. y is defined when  0 and x  0, x  2  0
x

 x  2 1 and x  ( , 2)  (2,  ) ....(ii)

 1  x  2  1
 1 x  3 .....(i)
Equation (i) & (ii)
x  (1, 2)  (2,3]

186
87. y  6 x  x 2 – 2x 3 .

Sol. y  6 x  x 2 – 2x 3

y is defined when x  x 2  2x 3  0

 x(x  1  2x 2 )  0

 x(2x 2  x  1)  0

 x(2x 2  2x  x  1)  0

 x(2x  1)(x  1)  0
– + – +
– 21 0 1

 1
Domain (y)    ,    [0,1]
 2

x
88. y x–4–  log (39 – x).
x –5

x
Sol. y x–4–  log (39 – x)
x –5
y is defined when x  4  0, x  5  0, 39  x  0
x  4 , x  5 ,39  x
x  [4, 5)  (5,39)

89. y = log (1 – log (x2 – 5x + 16)).

Sol. y is defined when 1  log  x 2  5x  16   0 and x 2  5x  16  0

1  log  x 2  5x  16  D  0 x  R ...(ii)
 10  x 2  5x  16
 x 2  5x  6  0
 (x  3)(x  2)  0
x  (2,3) ...(i)
from equation (i) & (ii)
x  (2,3)

187
  3x –1 
90. y  log 0.5  – log 2 .
 3x  2 
3x  1 3x  1
Sol. y is defined when  log 2 0 and 0
3x  2 3x  2

 1
3x  1 x  
log 2 0 and  3
 0
3x  2  2
x  
 3

3x  1  2 1 
 1 and x   ,     ,   ....(ii)
3x  2  3 3 
(3x  1)  (3x  2)
 0
3x  2
3
 0
3x  2
3
 0
3x  2
 2 
x   , ....(i)
 3 
from equation (i) & (ii)
1 
domain   ,  
3 

91. y  log log x – log (4 – log x) – log 3.

Sol. y is defined when log(log x)  log(4  log x)  log 3  0, log x  0
4  log x  0, x  0
log x
 log  0, x  1, 4  log x, x0
(4  log x)3
log x
  1, x  1, 104  x, x  0
12  3log x
Case (i) 12  3log3  0
log x  12  3log x
 log x  3
 x  10 3
and (ii) 3log x  12  x  104
Hence domain [103 ,104 ]

188
92. y  log x –2 (x 2 – 8x  15) .

Sol. y  log x –2 (x 2 – 8x  15)

y is defined when log x  2  x 2  8x  15   0, x  2  1 and x 2  8x  15  0

 x 2  8x  15  1, x  3 and (x  5)(x  3)  0
 x 2  8x  14  0

 
 x  4 2 x   4  2   0, x  3 , x   ,3  5,  
Hence, domain of y is  4  2,3   4  2,  

93. y  log  8–2 log x – 3 42–log x 

Sol. y  log  8–2 log x – 3 42–log x 
y is defined when 82log x  3 42log x  0
2  log x 3 2  log x 2
 8   4 
 863log x  44 2log x
1 3log x 1
 6
8  44  2log x
8 4
 83log x  4 2log x  44  86
 3log x  6 and 2 log x  4
 log x  2 and log x  2
 x  102 x  102
domain (100, )

2 log x  1
94. y  log100x .
–x
2 log x  1
Sol. y is defined when  0, 100x  1, x  0
x
2 log x  1 1
  0, x , x0
x 100

 x   0,101/ 2  , x  102

Hence, domain x   0,102   10 2 ,10 1/ 2 

189
   1  
95. y  log 2  – log 1 1  4  –1 .
 2
 x 

  1  
Sol. y  log 2  – log 1 1  4  –1
 2  x 

 1
y is defind when log1 1 4  1 0  x  0 x  0
2 x

 1 
 log 1 1  4   1
2  x
1
1 1 1
 1 4     1 4  2
x 2 x
1
 4
1 4 x 1 x 1
x
hence , domian is (0,1)

96. y = log|x| – 4 2.
Sol. y = log|x| – 4 2
y is defiend when x  5 and x 4
x  5, 5 x  4, 4
domain x  (, 5)  (5, 4)  (4, 5)  (5, )

97. y  sin x  16 – x 2 .
Sol. y  sin x  16 – x 2
y is defined when sinx  0 and 16  x 2  0
x  [ 4, ] and x 2  16
[0, ] x  [4, 4]
.....(i) .....(ii)
from equation (i) & (ii)
x  [ 4, ]  [0, ]

98. y = log (log2 x – 5 log x + 6)

Sol. y = log (log2 x – 5 log x + 6)
y is defined when log 2 x  5log x  6  0
 (log x  3)(log x  2)  0
 log x  (, 2)  (3, )
 x  (0,102 )  (103 , )
190
 x 1
99. y  log 1
2
3x  5

x 1 x 1
Sol. y is defined when log 1 3x  5  0 and 0
2 3x  5

x 1  5 
 1 and x   ,   (1, )
3x  5  3 

2x  6
 0 .....(i)
3x  5
x 3
 0
3x  5
 5 
 x   , 3   ,   .....(ii)
 3 
for equation (i) & (ii)
 5
x   ,    (1, )
 3

100. y  log sin(x  3)  16  x 2

Sol. y is defined when sin(x  3)  0,16  x 2  0
, x 2  16
x  [  4, 4] ...(i)
 2n  x  3   2n  1 
 2n  3  x  3  (2n  1)  ...(ii)
From equation (i) & (ii)
domain y is (3  2,3  )  (3, 4]

log x
101. y
x 2  2x  63
Sol. y is defined when x  0 and x 2  2x  63  0
(x  9)(x  7)  0
 x  (0, )  x  ( , 7)  (9, )
....(i) .....(ii)
from equation (i) & (ii)
x  (9, )

191
 x3
102. y  arcsin  log(4  x)
2
x3
Sol. y  arcsin  log(4  x)
2
x 3
y is defined when 1  1 and 4x  0
2
 2  x  3  2 and x4
 1 x  5
hence, domain x  [1, 4)

3  2x
103. y  3  x  arcsin
5
3  2x
Sol. y  3  x  arcsin
5
3  2x
y is defined when 3  x  0 and 1  1
5
x3 and 5  3  2x  5
 x  ( ,3] and 5  2x  3  5
....(i) and 1  x  4
x  [1, 4] .....(ii)
from equation (i) & (ii)
x  [1,3]

x 2  2x  3
log(0.5  x )
4x 2  4x 3
104. y  (x  0.5)
x 2  2x  3
log(0.5  x )
4x 2  4x 3
Sol. y  (x  0.5)

x 2  2x  3
y 2
4x  4x  3
2 1
y is defined when 4x  4x  3  0, x 
2
 4x 2  6x  2x  3  0
(2x  1)(2x  3)  0
1 3
x ,
2 2
 1 1 3 
so domain  R   , , 
2 2 2

192
 2 log x  2
105. y  log100x
x
2 log x  2
Sol. y  log100x
x
2 log x  2
y is defined when 100x  1 ,  0, x  0
x
2 log x  2
x  10 2 , 0
x
 x  10 2 x   0,10 1  ,

so, domain (0,102 )  (102 ,101 )

2x  1
106. y  arccos
2 2x
2x  1
Sol. y  arccos
2 2x
2x  1
y is defind when 1   1 , x  0 and x > 0
2 2x
 2 2x  2x  1  2 2x
 2 2x  2x  1 and 2x  1 2 2x
 4x2  4x 1  0 and 4x2  4x 1  0
1
inequality hold when 4x 2  4x  1  0  x =
2
hence , D(y)  {1/ 2}

2
107. y  arccos
2  sin x
2
Sol. y  arccos ,
2  sin x
2
1  1
2  sin x

 2  sin x  2 and 2  2  sin x

 sin x  4,  sin x  0
This verifies for all x  x   2n, (2n  1)
hence , D(y)  {[2n, (2n  1)] | n  z}

193
108. y  3sin x  1
Sol. y is defined when 3sin x  1  0
1
sinx 
3

 1 1 
 x  2n  sin 1 ;  2n  1   sin 1  ,n  z 
 3 3 

x
109. y  2sin
2
Sol. y is defind when
x
2 sin 0
2
x
sin 0
2


x   4n, 2  2n  1  | n  z 
1
110. y
4 cos x  1
Sol. 4 cos x  1  0
1
cos x  
4
 1  1 
 x   (2n  1)   cos 1   , (2n  1)   cos 1   
 4  4 

111. y  2 cos 2 x  3cos x  1

Sol. y  2 cos 2
x  3cos x  1
let cosx = P

then, y   2P 2
 3P  1

 2P  1 P  1  0
1/ 2  P  1
domain of function,
1/ 2  cos x  1
2n   / 3  x  2n   / 3

194
112. y  sin 2 x  sin x
Sol. y is defind when sin 2 x  sin x  0
sin 2 x  sin x
 sin x(sin x  1)  0

 sin 2 x  sin x when x  (4n  1) 2 , n  z

 sin 2 x  sin x when x  [(2n  1) , 2(n  1)]

hence, domain D(y)  {(4n  1) / 2 | n  z}  {[ (2m  1), 2(m  1)] | m  z}

Find the domains of definition and the ranges of the following functions (113 – 120).

x
113. y
|x|
x
Sol. y
|x|
Domain of y is R –{0}


1, x  0
Range of y  1, x  0 
Range  {1, 1}

114. f (x)  x  x 2
Sol. f (x)  x  x 2
f(x) is defined when x  x 2  0
 x2  x  0
 x(x  1)  0
x  [0,1]

 1 1
f (x)    x 2  x   
 4 4
2
1  1
f (x)  x  
4  2

1 1
max. value when x   f (x) 
2 2
 1
Hance,range is 0, 
 2

195
115. y  3x 2  4x  5
Sol. y  3x 2  4x  5
y is defined when 3x 2  4x  5  0
always greater then equal to zero because
D<0
2
 2  4
y   3x    5
 3 3

2
 2  11
y   3x    3
 3

2 11
Least value when x  y
3 3

 11 
hence, range is  3 ,  
 

116. y = log (3x2 – 4x + 5)

Sol. y = log (3x2 – 4x + 5)
y is defined when 3x 2  4x  5  0 is always positive because D < 0, so domain of y is R.
2
 2  11 
y  lof  3x    3
 3 

 11 
Hence, range is log ,  
 3 

117. y = log (5x2 – 8x + 4)

Sol. y = log (5x2 – 8x + 4)
y is defined when 5x 2  8x  4  0 is always positive because D > 0, so domain of y is R
2
 4  16 
y  log  5x    5  4
 5 
2
 4  4 
y  log  5x    
 5  5 

 4 
Hance, range is log ,  
 5 

196
118. f (x)  x  1  2 3  x
Sol. f (x)  x  1  2 3  x
f (x) is defined when x  1  0 and 3  x  0
x  1 and 3  x
 x  [1, 3]

1 1
y' 2 (  1)
2 x 1 2 3x

3  x 1 x 1
y'  0  0
4 (x  1)(3  x)

3  x  2 x 1
 3  x  4(x  1)  4x  4
7
x
5
7
Put x  , y  10 max
5
Put x  3, y  2 min

Range   2, 10 

sin x  cos x  3 2
119. f (x)  log 2
2

sin x  cos x  3 2
Sol. f (x)  log 2
2

sin x  cos x  3 2
Doamin when 0
2
 sin x  cos x  3 2  0
 sin x  cos x  3 2
 2  sin x  cos x  2
so, x  R
 
for any, f (x)  log 2 sin 1    3
 4
 
 1  sin  x    1
 4

197
  
Put sin  x    1  f (x)  1
 4

 
Put sin  x    1  f (x)  2
 4
hence, range = [1,2]

120. f (x)  2  x  1  x
Sol. f (x)  2  x  1  x
f(x) is defined when 2  x  0 and 1 x  0
x  2 and x  1

 x  [1, 2]
for range y  2  x  1  x

y 2  2  x  1  x  2 (2  x)(1  x)

y 2  3  2 (x 2  x  2)
2 2
3  1
y2  3  2     x  
2  2

 3
y 2  3  2 0, 
 2
y 2  3  [0,3]
y 2  [3, 6]

y   3, 6 

198
 Function Solved Exercise – 1
1. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions:
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
  1 
(i) 
f (x) = log2  log1/2 1    + log10  log10 x   log10 4  log10 x   log10 3




x
sin 100  
 

1 1 1
(ii) f (x) = + log1 – {x}(x2 – 3x + 10) + +
[x] 2 | x | sec(sin x)
1
 7 
(iii) f (x) = (5x  6  x ) ln x +
2
(7x  5  2x ) 2
+  ln   x 
 2 
(iv) f (x) = log  1
x 2  x  6  16x C2x 1  20 3x
P2x 5
x  x 
 

 3 
(v) f (x) = log10  log|sin x| (x 2  8x  23)  
 log 2 | sin x | 

Sol. (i) Let g(x)  log10 (log10 x)  log10 (4  log10 x)  log10 3

Domain :-

x0 

log10 x  0  x 1 

4  log10 x  0  x  104 

log10(log10x) – log10(4 – log10x) – log103  0

 log10 x  log10 x
 log10   0 1
 (4  log10 x)3  (4  log10 x)3

log10 x
 3
4  log10 x

log10 x log x  3
  3  0  10 0
4  log10 x log10 x  4
3 4
 3  log10x < 4  10  x <10

 Domain of g(x) is x  [1000, 10000)

  xo  
New, let h(x)  log 2  log 2 1  cosec 

  100  

199
    x 
 h(x)  log 2  log 2 1  cosec 
  18000  

For finding the domain of f(x), we have to take intersection of domain of g(x) & h(x) and for

x  [1000, 100000)

x   10  x
 ,   cosec 1
18000 18 18  18000

 Domain of f(x) is x  [1000, 100000)

(ii) Domain:-

1
y  [x]  0  x  0,1
[x]

 x  R   0,1 ….. (1)

2
y = log1-{x}(x – 3x + 10) ; Domain:-

x 2  3x  10  0   xR 
 
1  x  0   x  1  
 
1  x  1   x  0 

 xR–I …… (2)

1
y ; Domain:-
2 | x |

2 – |x| > 0  |x| < 2

 x  (–2, 2) …… (3)
1
y ; Domain:-
sec  sin x 

sec(sin x) > 0  x  R …… (4)

{ sin x  [–1 1]  sec(sin ) > 0}

 (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)  x  (–2, –1)  (–1, 0)  (1, 2)

200
(iii) y  (5x  6  x 2 )[{ln{x}}] ; {x}  (0, 1) ; x  I

 ln {x}  (–, 0)

 Domain :- x  R – I  {ln {x}}  (0, 1)

 [{ln {x}}] = 0

y  7x  5  2x 2
2
Domain :- –2x + 7x – 5  0


2
2x – 7x + 5  0  x  [1, 5/2) …… (2)

1
y ; Domain :-
7 
ln   x 
2 

7 / 2  x  0
  x  (, 7 / 2)  {5 / 2}
7 / 2  x 1 ..….(3)

 (1)  (2)  (3)  x  (1, 2)  (2, 5/2)

16-x
(iv) y= C2x–1 Domain :-

16  x  N 

2x  1 N 
16  x  2x  1


16  x  1   x  15 
   1 17 
 2x  1  0    x  1/ 2    x   , 
2 3 
3x  17  17 
x 
3 

 x = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} …… (1)
20–3x
y= P2x–5 Domain :-

20  3x  1 

2x  5  0 
20  3x  2x  5

201
 x  19 / 3
 5 
 x  5/ 2   x   ,5
 2 
x5 
 x = {3, 4, 5} …… (2)

y  log  1 x2  x  6
 x  x 


| x  x  6 |  0
2
  x  R  2,3
 1  
Domain :-  x  x   0   x0 
  xR 
 1  
 x   1 
x  
 x  (0, ) – {–2, 3} …… (3)

 (1)  (2)  (3)  x  {4, 5}

(v) Domain :-

x 2  8x  23  0  xR 

| sin x |  0  x  R  n 
| sin x |  1  x  R  (4  1) / 2 

2
log|sin x| (x – 8x + 23) – 3 log|sin x| 2 > 0

 x 2  8x  23
 log|sin x|   0
 8 

x 2  8x  23
 1 { 0 < |sin x| < 1}
8
2
 x – 8 x + 15 < 0  x  (3, 5)

 3 
 Domain of f(x) is x  (3,5)  , 
 2

2. Find the domain & range of the following functions.

(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
(i) y = 2  x  1 x
(ii) f (x) = log(cosec x - 1) (2  [sin x]  [sin x]2)

202
 x  4 3
(iii) f (x) =
x 5

Sol.(i) y  2  x  1  x

2  x  0
Domain :-    x  [1, 2]
1 x  0 

Now,

y  2  x  1 x

Square, y  2  x  1  x  2 (2  x)(1  x)
2

9
 
2
y2  3  2  x 1
4 2

 Domain is x  [–1, 2]

9 1
 y2max  3  2  , when x 
4 2
=6

 ymax  6

and,

9 9
y2min  3  2   , when x  2
4 4
=3

 ymin  3

 Range is y [ 3, 6]
2
(ii) f(x) = log(cosec x – 1) (2 – [sin x] – [sin x] )

Domain:-

cosec x  1  0 
  cosec x > 1 and cosec x  2
cosec x  1  1 

sin x  1 1
  0 and sin x 
sin x 2

203
 x  (0, ) – {/6, /2, 5/6} …. (1)
2
2 – [sin x] – [sin x] > 0
2
 [sin x] + [sin x] – 2 < 0

 –2 < [sin x] < 1

 [sin x] = –1 or [sin x] = 0

 –1  sin x  0 or 0  sin x < 1

x
O  2
–1

 x  [0, 2] – {/2} …. (2)

(1)  (2)  x  (0, ) – {/6, /2, 5/6}

 In general domain is,

   5 
x   2n,  2n  1    2n  , 2n  , 2n   ; n  I
 6 2 6
2
Now, y = log(cosec x – 1) (2 – [sin x] – [sin x] )
for x  (0, ) – {/6, /2, 5/6}

[sin x] = 0

& cosec x  (0, ) – {1}

204
  Range is y  loga 2 ; a  (0, ) – {1}

 y  (–, ) – {0}

x  4 3
(iii) f (x) 
x 5
Domain :-
x  4  0
   x  [4, )  {5}
x  5  0

x  4 3 x4 3
Now, y  
x 5 x4 3

x  49 1
y 
(x  5)( x  4  3) x4 3

 1 1 
 y  0,     ; at x = 5, y = 1/6
 3 6 

3. (a) Draw graphs of the following function, where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f (x) = x + [x] (ii) y = (x)[x] where x = [x] + (x) & x > 0 & x  3
(iii) y = sgn [x] (iv) sgn (x x)
Sol.(a) (i)

y
x  2 ; x  [2, 1) 4
 x 1 ; x  [1, 0)
 3
f (x)   x ; x  [0,1) 2
 x 1 ; x  [1, 2)
 1
 x  2 ; x  [2,3) x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

[x]
(a) (ii) y = (x) ; x = [x] + (x)  (x) = x – [x]
[x]
 y = (x – [x]) ; x  (0, 3]

205
  x0  1 ; x  (0,1)

 (x  1) ; x  [1, 2)
1
 
 (x  2) ; x  [2,3)
2


(3  3)  0 x 3
3
;

(a) (iii) y = sgn [x]

 1;[x]  0  x [1, )

 y  sgn([x])   0;[x]  0  x [0,1)
1;[x]  0  x  (, 1]

y

x
O 1
–1

(a) (iv) y = sgn (x – |x|)

 sgn(0)  0 ; x  0
 y  sgn(x  | x |)  
sgn(2x)  1 ; x  0

x
O
–1

206
 (b) Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical ?
(where [x] denotes greatest integer and {x} denotes fractional part function)
(i) f (x) = sgn (x2 – 3x + 4) and g (x) = e[{x}]
1  cos 2x
(ii) f (x) = and g (x) = tan x
1  cos 2x
(iii) f (x) = ln(1 + x) + ln(1 – x) and g (x) = ln(1 – x2)
cos x 1  sin x
(iv) f (x) = and g (x) =
1  sin x cos x
Sol. (b) (i)
2
f(x) =sgn (x – 3x + 4) ; Discriminant of
2
 f(x) = 1 ; xR x – 3x + 4 is D = – 7 < 0
2
 x – 3x + 4 > 0  x  R
[{x}]
g(x) = e ;  x  R, 0  {x} < 1
0
 g(x) = e = 1  [{x}] = 0

 g(x) = 1 ; xR

 Domain of f(x) & g(x) are equal and f(x) = g(x)  x  R

 f(x) & g(x) are identical.

1  cos 2x
(b) (ii) f (x) 
1  cos 2x

1  cos 2x
Domain :-  0 and 1+ cos 2x  0
1  cos 2x

 2x  (2n + 1) 
cos 2x  1
 0  x  (2n + 1)/2 ; n  I
cos 2x  1

 –1 < cos 2x  1

 Domain of f(x) is x  R – (2n + 1)/2 ; n  I

1  cos 2x 2sin 2 x
 f (x)   | tan x |
1  cos 2x 2cos2 x

Now, g(x) = tan x

Domain of g(x) is x  R – (2n + 1)/2 ; n  I

207
  range of f(x)  range of g(x)

 f(x) and g(x) are not identical function.

1  x  0
(b) (iii) f(x) = ln (1 + x) + ln (1 – x) ; Domain :- 
1  x  0

= ln ((1 + x) (1 – x))  x  (–1, 1)

2
 f(x) = ln (1 – x ) ; x  (–1, 1)
2 2 2
Now, g(x) = ln (1 – x ) ; Domain :- 1 – x > 0  x – 1 < 0

 x  (–1, 1)

 f(x) and g(x) are identical functions.

cos x
(b) (iv) f (x)  ; Domain :- 1 – sin x  0
1  sin x

 sin x  1
cos x
 f (x)  ; x  R – (4n + 1)/2 ; n  I
1  sin x

1  sin x
Now, g(x)  ; Domain :- cos x  0
cos x

 x  R – (2n + 1)/2 ; n  I

 Domain of f(x) & g(x) are not equal.

 f(x) & g(x) are not identical.

4. Classify the following functions f(x) definzed in R  R as injective, surjective, both or none .
x 2  4x  30
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = x3  6 x2 + 11x  6 (c) f(x) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x  3)
x 2  8x  18

12(x  1)
Sol.(a) f (x)  1 
x 2  8x  18

12( x 2  2x  26)
f '(x) 
(x 2  8x  18) 2

12(x 2  2x  26)

(x 2  8x  18)2

208
  Maxima & minima occurs

 f(x) is many one.

Now, for finding range.

x 2  4x  30
let 2 y
x  8x  18

 Range of f(x) is 16  9 3,16  9 3  R

 Range  co-domain

 f(x) is into.

 f(x) is neither injective nor surjective.

3 2
(b) f(x) = x – 6x + 11x – 6
= (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)

 f(x) is surjective but not injective.

209
 2 2
(c) f(x) = (x + x + 5) (x + x – 3)

  1  13     1  13  
 (x 2  x  5)  x      x   
  2    2 

1  13
 f(x) = 0 at x   Many – one.
2

 f(x) is a biquadratic equation,

 Range  R  Into.

 f(x) is neither surjective nor injective.

5. Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on functional equation.

(a) The function f (x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f  f (x) ·1  f (x)  = – f (x)
for all x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the value of f
(3).
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f (x + f (x)) = 4 f (x) and f (1) = 4. Find the value of f (21).
Let 'f' be a function defined from R+  R+ . If [ f (xy)]2 = x  f (y)  for all positive numbers x and
2
(c)
y and f (2) = 6, find the value of f (50).
(d) Let f (x) be a function with two properties
(i) for any two real number x and y, f (x + y) = x + f (y) and (ii) f (0) = 2.
Find the value of f (100).
(e) Let f be a function such that f (3) = 1 and f (3x) = x + f (3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of f
(300).
ax 8  bx 6  cx 4  dx 2  15x  1
(f) Suppose that f (x) is a function of the form f (x) = (x  0). If
x
f (5) = 2 then find the value of f (– 5).
Sol. 5 (a) f(f(x)) · (1 + f(x)) = – f(x)
Let at x = , f() = 3

 Put x =  in given equation

 f(f()) (1 + f()) = – f()

 f(3) (1 + 3) = – 3  f(3) = –3/4

210
(b) f(x + f(x)) = 4f(x) …. (i) and f(1) = 4
Put x = 1 in (i)  f(1 + f(1)) = 4f(1)

 f(5) = 16

Put x = 5 in (i)  f(5 + f(5)) = 4f(5)  f(21) = 4 × 16

 f(21) = 64
2 2
(c) (f(xy)) = x(f(y)) and f(2) = 6
Put x = 25 & y = 2
2
 (f(50)) = 25 × f2(2) = 25 × 36

 f(50) = 30 or f(50) = –30

+
Rejected,  Co-domain is R

 f(50) = 30

(d) f(x + y) = x + f(y) …. (i) and f(0) = 2

Put x = 100 & y = 0 in (i)

 f(100) = 100 + f(0) = 100 + 2

 f(100) = 102

(e) f(3x) = x + f(3x – 3) …. (i) and f(3) = 1

f(3) = 1

Put x = 2  f(6) = 2 + f(3) = 2 + 1

Put x = 3  f(9) = 3 + f(6) = 3 + 2 + 1

Put x = 4  f(12) = 4 + f(9) = 4 + 3 + 2 +1

Put x = 100  f(300) = 100 + 99 + …… + 3 + 2 + 1

100  101
  5050
2

ax8  bx 6  cx 4  dx 2  15x  1
(f) f (x) 
x

211
 ax8  bx 6  cx 4  dx 2  15x  1
f ( x) 
x
 f(x) + f(–x) = 30

Put x = 5  f(5) + f(–5) = 30

 f(–5) = 30 – 2 = 28

6. Suppose f (x) = sin x and g (x) = 1 – x . Then find the domain and range of the following
functions.
(a) fog (b) gof (c) fof (d) gog
Sol. f(x) = sin x  Domain :- x  R

g(x)  1  x  Domain :- x  0

(a) fog  f (g(x))  sin (1  x) ; Domain :- x  0

Range :- [–1, 1]

(b) gof  g(f (x))  1  sin x

Domain :- sin x  0  x  [2n, 2n + ] ; n  I

 Here, 0  sin x  1

 Range :- [0, 1]

(c) fof = f(f(x)) = sin (sin x) : Domain :- x  R

 sin x  [–1, 1]

 Range :- [sin (–1), sin 1] = [– sin 1, sin 1]

(d) gog  g(g(x))  1  1  x

x0   x  0
Domain :-     x  [0,1]
1  x  0  x 1

 x  [0, 1]

 Range : [0, 1]

212
     5
7. If f(x) = sin²x + sin²  x    cos x cos  x   and g    1 , then find (gof) (x).
 3  3 4
2 2
Sol. f(x) = sin x + sin (x + /3) + cos x · cos (x + /3)

    2  
 f (x)  1   cos 2  x    sin 2 x   cos x  cos  x  
  3  2  3

    1    
 1  cos  2x    cos   cos  2x    cos 
  3 3 2   3 3

 f(x) = 5/4

 (gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(5/4) = 1

 1 x 
8. A function f : R  R is such that f   = x for all x  – 1. Prove the following.
 1 x 
(a) f  f (x)  = x (b) f 1 x  = – f (x), x  0 (c) f (– x – 2) = – f (x) – 2.

 1 x 
f x
 1  x 
Sol.

 1 x 
1 x 1
  1 x
Replace x by  f  1 x  
1 x 1 x 1 x
 1  
1 x 

 1 x 1 x  1 x
f 
 1  x  1  x  1  x

1 x
 f  x 
1 x

(a) f(f(x)) = x

 1 x 
1 
 1 x   1  x 
 LHS  f  f  x    f  
 1  x   1 x 
1 
 1  x 

1 x 1 x
  x  RHS H.P.
1 x 1 x

213
(b) f(1/x) = – f(x) ; x  0
1  1/ x x  1
LHS  f (1/ x)  
1  1/ x x  1

 1 x 
   f (x)  RHS
 1  x 
H.P.

(c) f(– x – 2) = – f(x) – 2

1  ( x  2) x  3
LHS  f ( x  2)  
1  ( x  2)  x  1

 x  3  2x  2x    x  3  2x 
    
 x 1   x  1 

  x  1  2  2x  1  x  2(x  1) 
     
 x 1   x 1

1  x 
   2
1  x 
= – f(x) – 2 = RHS H.P.
x
9. (a) Find the formula for the function fogoh, given f (x) = ; g (x) = x10 and h (x) = x + 3. Find also
x 1
the domain of this function. Also compute (fogoh)(–1).
(b)Given F (x) = cos2(x + 9). Find the function f, g, h such that F = fogoh.
x 10
Sol. (a) f (x)  , g(x) = x , h(x) = x + 3
x 1

g(h(x))
 fogoh  f (g(h(x))) 
g(h(x))  1

(h(x))10 (x  3)10
 
(h(x))10  1 (x  3)10  1

(x  3)10
 f (g(h(x)))  ; Domain :- x  R
(x  3)10  1

(1  3)10 1024

 f (g(h(1)))  
(1  3)  1 1025
10

2
(b) F(x) = cos (x + 9) & F(x) = f(g(h(x)))
2
 f(x) = x
g(x) = cos x

214
 h(x) = x + 9

10. If f (x) = max  x,1 x  for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers a

and b. Define the function g(x) = f (x) · f 1 x  and plot its graph.

Sol.  From graph,

y
y=x

1/ x ; 0  x  1
f (x)   y = 1/x
 x ; x 1
x
O 1
 x ; x 1
 f (1/ x)  
1/ x ; 0  x  1

 g(x) = f(x) · f(1/x)

 xx ; x 1

 1 1 (Equality at x = 1 can be taking with any interval)
 x  x ; 0  x 1

 x2 ; x 1

 g(x)   1
 2 ; 0  x 1
x

11. (a) The function f (x) has the property that for each real number x in its domain, 1/x is also in its
domain and f (x) + f 1 x  = x. Find the largest set of real numbers that can be in the domain of
f (x)?
(b) Let f (x) = ax 2  bx . Find the set of real values of 'a' for which there is at least one positive real
value of 'b' for which the domain of f and the range of f are the same set.
Sol. (a) f(x) + f(1/x) = x …. (i)
Replace x by 1/x, we get

215
 f(1/x) + f(x) = 1/x …. (ii)
 From (1) & (2), x = 1/x  x=±1

 Domain :- x  {–1, 1}

(b) f (x)  ax 2  bx
2
Domain :- ax + bx  0
+
 x(ax + b)  0 ; b  R (Given)
case (i) a = 0

 Domain :- bx  0  x  0

Now, f (x)  bx

For x  0, Range of f(x) is [0, )

 Domain of f(x) = Range of f(x)

a=0
case (ii) a > 0

 Domain :- x (ax + b)  0

 x  (-, –b/a]  [0, )

But f (x)  ax 2  bx can never be – ve.

 Domain of f(x)  Range of f(x)

case (iii) a < 0

 Domain :- x (ax + b)  0

 x  [0, –b/a]

Now, f (x)  ax 2  bx
2
let y = ax + bx  Parabola downward

216
   b2 
for x  [0, –b/a], y  0, 
 4a 

 b2 
 Range of f(x) is 0, 
 4a 

For Domain of f(x) = Range of f(x)

b b2

a 4a

b2 b2
Square,    a  4
a2 4a

 For, Domain of f(x) = Range of f(x)

a = 0, – 4

 1  x if x  0  x if x 1

12. f (x) =  and g (x) =  find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x)
 x 2 if x  0  1  x if x 1

Sol. (i) y = f(g(x))

1  g(x) ; g(x)  0

y
 (g(x)) ; g(x)  0
2

217
  1  ( x) ; 0  x  1  x 2 ; x0
 
 f (g(x))  1  (1  x) ; x  1  1  x ; 0  x  1
  x x 1
 ( x) x0
2 ;
; 
(ii) y =g(f(x))

 f (x) ; f (x)  1
y
1  f (x) ; f (x)  1

 (x 2 ) ; 0  x 1  x ; x0
 
 g(f (x))  1  (1  x) ; x  0   x 2
; 0  x 1
 
 1  (x ) ; x 1 1  x ; x 1
2 2

13. Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none

(a) f(x) =
1  2  x 2

2x
x x
(b) f(x) = x  1
e 1 2
(c) f(x) = [(x+1)²]1/3 + [(x 1)²]1/3
 x 2n  e1/ x  e1/ x  
(d) f(x) =  2n 2n 1  1/ x 1/ x   , x 0 and n  N
 (x sgn x) e e  

Sol. (a) f (x) 

1  2  x 2

2x

1  2    2  1
x 2 x 2

f ( x)   f (x)  Even function.

2 x 2x
x x
(b) f (x)   1
e 1 2
x

x x  xe x x xe x x
 f ( x)   x  1   1  x  1
e 1 2 1 e x
2 e 1 2
218
 x(e x  1  1) x  1  x
   1  x 1  x    1
e 1
x
2  e  1 2

x x
   1  f (x)  Even function.
e 1 2
x

2 1/3 2 1/3
(c) f(x) = ((x + 1) ) + ((x – 1) )
2 1/3 2 1/3
 f(–x) = ((–x + 1) ) + ((–x – 1) )
2 1/3 2 1/3
= ((x – 1) ) + ((x + 1) )
= f(x)  Even function.

x 2n  e1/x  e1/x 
(d) f (x)  2n 1  1/x  ; x  0 n N
 x 2n sgn x 
 e  e1/x 

 e1/x  e1/x 
( x)2n
 f ( x)  2n 1  1/x
 e1/x 

( x)2n sgn ( x) e 
(x)2n  e1/x  e1/x 
  ( 1)  e1/x  e1/x 
 x  
2n 1
2n
  sgn (x)  

 e1/x  e1/x 
x 2n
 (1)   (1)  1/x 
 
2n 1
x 2n  sgn x  e  e1/x 

= f(x)  Even function.

14.(i) Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of
definition of the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + y= 2y
(ii) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0,1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.
(a) f (sin x) (b) f (2x+3)
(iii) Given that y = f (x) is a function whose domain is [4, 7] and range is [–1, 9]. Find the range and
1
domain of (a) g (x) = f (x) (b) h (x) = f (x – 7)
3
x y
Sol. (i) (a) 10 + 10 = 10
y x
 10 = 10 – 10

219
 x
 y = log10 (10 – 10 )
x x
Domain :- 10 – 10 > 0 = 10 < 10
x<1

(b) x + |y| = 2y

y0 y0 x / 3 ; x  0
y
y  x/3 y  x  x ; x0

Domain :- x  R
(ii) Domain of f(x) is [0, 1]

(a)  Domain of f(sin x) is

0  sin x  1

 x  [2n, (2n + 1)] ; n  I

(b)  Domain of f(2x + 3) is

0  2x + 3  1

 3 
 x   , 1
2 
(iii) y = f(x) : Domain :- [4, 7] and Range :- [–1, 9]
1
(a) g(x)  f (x)
3

 1 9   1 
 Domain :- [4, 7] and Range :-  ,    ,3
 3 3  3 
(b) h(x) = f(x – 7)

 Domain :- 4  x – 7  7  x  [11, 14]

Range :- [–1, 9]

220
15. Find the inverse of f (x) = 2log10 x  8 and hence solve the equation f (x) = f–1(x).

Sol. Let y  2log10 x  8

 2log10 x  y  8

 log10x = log2(y – 8)

 x = 10 log2(y – 8)

 f 1 (x)  10log2 (y8)

–1
Now, f(x) = f (x) = x

 2log10 x  8  x

 2log10 x  x  8

log10 x log10 (x  8)
 log10 x  log 2 (x  8)  
log10 10 log10 2

log10 x log10 10
 
log10 (x  8) log10 2

 logx – 8x = log210  x = 10

16. (a) Suppose that f is an even, periodic function with period 2, and that f (x) = x for all x in the interval
[0, 1]. Find the value of f (3.14).
(b) Find out for what integral values of n the number 3 is a period of the function :
f(x) = cos nx . sin (5/n) x.
Sol. (a) f(x) = x  x  [0, 1]

f(x) is Even function  Graph is symmetric about y-axis

f(x) is periodic with period 2.

 f(x) = – x + 4 ; x  [3, 4]

221
  f(3.14) = – 3.14 + 4 = 0.86
(b) f(x) = cos nx . sin (5/n)x

 f(x) is periodic with period 3,

 f(x + 3) = f(x)

 15 5   5x 
 cos(3n  nx)  sin   x  cos (nx)  sin  
 n n   n

This is only possible when,

15
3n  I and I
n

 n = ±1, ±3, ±5, ±15

17. Let f(x) = ln x and g(x) = x2 – 1

Column-I contains composite functions and column-II contains their domain. Match the entries of
column-I with their corresponding answer is column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) fog (P) (1, )
(B) gof (Q) (–, )
(C) fof (R) (–, –1) (1, )
(D) gog (S) (0, )
2
Sol. f(x) = ln x, g(x) = x – 1
2 2
(A) fog = f(g(x)) = f(x – 1) = ln (x – 1)
2
   Domain :- x – 1 > 0

x  (–, –1)  (1, )

2
(B) gof = g(f(x)) = g(ln x) = (ln x) – 1

 Domain :- x > 0
(C) fof = f(f(x)) = f(ln x) = ln(ln x)

 Domain :- ln x > 0  x > 1

2 2 2
(D) gog = g(g(x)) = g(x – 1) = (x – 1) – 1
 Domain :- x  R

222
18. The graph of the function y = f (x) is as follows.

Match the function mentioned in Column-I with the respective graph given in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) y = | f (x) | (P)

(B) y = f ( | x | ) (Q)

(C) y = f (– | x | ) (R)

1
(D) y = ( | f (x) | – f (x) ) (S)
2

Sol. (A) y = |f(x)|

223
(B) y = f(|x|)

(C) y = f(–|x|)

y = f(–x) y = f(–|x|)


1 2 –2 –1 1 2
x x
–1 O O

–1 –1

1
(D) y  (| f (x) | f (x))
2

224
 Function Solved Exercise – 2
1. Let f be a oneone function with domain {x,y,z} and range {1,2,3}. It is given that exactly
one of the following statements is true and the remaining two are false.
f(x) = 1 ; f(y)  1 ; f(z)  2. Determine f1(1)

Sol.  f(x) is one-one function.

f (x)  1  True 
Case (i)  Many  one
f (y)  1  False  f (y)  1
f(z)  2  False
 This case is rejected.
Case (ii) f(x) = 1  False  f(x) = 2 or f(x) = 3
f(y)  1  True  f(y) = 2 or f(y) = 3
f(z)  2  False  f(z) = 2
 If f(x) = 3, then f(y) = 3 or f(y) = 2
 Many-one
 This case is rejected.
Case (iii) f(x) = 1  False  f(x) = 2 or f(x) = 3
f(y)  1  False  f(y) = 1
f(z)  2  True  f(z) = 1 or f(z) = 3
for function to be one-one.
 f(x) = 2, f(y) = 3 or f(y) = 3
–1
 f (1) = y

2. Let x = log49 + log928

show that [x] = 3, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
1
Sol. x  log 4 9  log9 28  log 2 3  log3 28
2

x  log2 3  log3 28

log 2 2 2  log 2 3  log 2 4  1.5  log 2 3  2 

 Add
&log3 3 3  log3 28  log3 81  1.5  log3 28  2

 3  log2 3  log3 28  4  x (3, 4)

 [x] = 3

225
3. (a) A function f is defined for all positive integers and satisfies f(1) = 2005 and f(1)+ f(2)+ ... +
f(n) = n2f(n) for all n > 1. Find the value of f(2004).
(b) If a, b are positive real numbers such that a – b = 2, then find the smallest value of the constant
L for which x 2  ax  x 2  bx < L for all x > 0.
(c) Let f (x) = x2 + kx ; k is a real number. The set of values of k for which the equation f (x) = 0
and f  f ( x)  = 0 have same real solution set.
(d) Let P(x) = x6 + ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f be a polynomial such that P(1) = 1 ; P(2) = 2 ;
P(3) = 3; P(4) = 4; P(5) = 5 and P(6) = 6 then find the value of P(7).
(e) Let a and b be real numbers and let f (x) = a sin x + b 3 x + 4,  x  R. If f  log10 (log3 10)  =

5 then find the value of f  log10 (log10 3)  .

Sol. (a) f(1) = 2005

2
f(1) + f(2) + ….. + f(n) = n f(n) ; n > 1
f (1) f (1)
n = 2  f(1) + f(2) = 4f(2)  f (2)   
3 1 2
f (1) f (1) (1)
n = 3  f(1) + f(2) + f(3) = 9f(3)  8f (3)  f (1)   f (3)  
3 6 1 2  3

f (1) 2005
n  2004  f (2004)  
1  2  .....  2004 (2004)  (2005)
2
1
f (2004) 
1002
(b) Let f (x)  x 2  ax  x 2  bx
(a  b)x
 ; ab 2
x  ax  x  bx
2 2

2
 ; x  0 (given) (a, b  R  )
1 a / x  1 b / x
2
as x  , f (x)  1  L 1
11
2
(c) f(x) = x + kx = 0  x = 0, – K
2
f(f(x)) = (f(x)) + kf(x)
2 2 2
f(f(x)) = (x + kx) + k (x + kx)
2 2
f(f(x)) = (x + kx)(x + kx + k)
2 2
 x + kx = 0 or x + kx + k = 0
 x = 0, –k  This equation has no solution.
Which is also the
Solution of f(x) = 0 D<0
2
 k – 4k < 0
 k  [0, 4] and k = 0 will also be accepted.
 k  [0, 4)

226
 6 5 4 3 2
(d) P(x) = x + a x + bx + cx + dx + ex + f

 P(x) – x = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)(x – 4)(x – 5)(x – 6)

Put x = 7
 P(7) = 7 + 6.5.4.3.2.1 = 7 + 6! = 727
(e) f (x)  a sin x  b  3 x  4f (log10 (log 3 10))  5

f (  )  5

  1 
 f (log10 (log10 3))  f  log10 
  log3 10  
= f [log101 – log10(log310)] = f (–log10(log310)
 f(log10(log103)) = f(–) …… (1)
Now, f ()  a sin   b 3   4
 f ()  a sin   b 3   4
Add  f() + f(–) = 8  f(–) = 8 – 5 = 3 { f() = 5}
 from (1)
f(log10(log103)) = f(–) = 3

4. Column I contains functions and column II contains their natural domains. Exactly one entry
of column II matches with exactly one entry of column I.
Column I Column II
 x 2  3x  2 
(A) g (x) = ln   (P) (1, 3)  (3, )
 x 1 
1
(B) h (x) = (Q) (– , 2)
 x 1 
ln  
 2 
(C) (x) = ln  x 2  12  2 x  (R)
 1
 ,  
 2
(S) [–3, –1)  [1, )
 x 2  3x  2 
Sol. (A) g(x)  ln 
 x  1 

 x 2  3x  2 
Domain :- ln   0
 x 1 
x 2  3x  2 x 2  3x  2  x  1
 1 0
x 1 x 1

227
 x 2  2x  3
 0
x 1


 x  3 x  1  0
 x  1
 x  [–3, –1)  [1, )  option (S)
1
(B) h(x) 
 x  1
ln 
 2 
x 1   x 1
 0
2  
Domain :-  
x 1  
1  x  3
2 

 x  (1, ) – {3}  option (P)
(C) (x)  ln  x 2  12  2x 
x 2  12  0 

Domain :–   xR
x 2  12  2x  0 

and

x  0 x < 0
ᴖ

square, ᴖ  x  R
2 2
x + 12 > 4x  x  (–, 0) … (2)
2
x –4<0
 x  (–2, 2)
 x  [0, 2) … (1)
(1)  (2)  x  (–, 2)  option (Q)

5. Let [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If all the values of x such that the product
 1  1
 x  2   x  2  is prime, belongs to the set [x1, x2)  [x3, x4), find the value of
x12  x22  x32  x42 
 1 1  1 1 
Sol. Let y   x    x     x     x    1  Prime No.
 2  2  2  2 
 1  1
Case (i)  x    1 &  x  2   1  Prime.
 2 
1
x [1, 2)  2 = Prime.
2
 3 5
 x  , 
 2 2

228
  3 5
 x  ,  …. (1)
 2 2
 1  1
Case (ii)  x    1  1 &  x  2   (prime)
 2
 1
  x    2
 2
1
x [2, 1)  –2 = –(Prime)
2
 3 1
 x  , 
2 2
 3 1
 x  ,  …. (2)
2 2
 From (1) & (2)
 3 1  3 5 
x  ,    , 
 2 2   2 2
9 1 9 25
 x12  x 22  x 32  x 42      11
4 4 4 4

6. Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by
x – 1 is 1 and the remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r (x) is the remainder when
p(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x – 4), find the value of r (2006).

Sol. Remainder when P(x) is divided by (x – 1) is 1  P(1) = 1

Remainder when P(x) is divided by (x – 4) is 10  P(4) = 10
 r(x) be the remainder when P(x) is divided by (x – 1) (x – 4).
 Let r(x) = ax + b and Q(x) be the Quotient
 P(x) = (x – 1) (x – 4) · Q(x) + r(x)
 P(x) = (x – 1) (x – 4) · Q(x) + (ax + b)
 P(1) = 1 a+b=1
P(4) = 10  4a + b = 10
On solving, a = 3
b = –2
 r(x) = 3x – 2
 r(2006) = 3 × 2006 – 2 = 6016

229
 1
 |ln{ x }|
e  {x} |ln{ x }|
where ever it exists
7. Prove that the function defined as , f (x) = 

 {x} otherwise , then
f (x) is odd as well as even. (where {x} denotes the fractional part function )

  1 
1/2

  
Sol. f (x)  e |ln{x}|  {x} |ln{x}| ; xI
 {x}  0 ; xI

 when x  I
|ln{x}|

f (x)  e |ln{x}|
 {x} |ln{x}|

 ve
 log{x} e |ln{x}|
 f (x)  e  |ln{x}|
 {x}

 e |ln{x}|
 e |ln{x}|

f(x) = 0
 f(x) = 0  x  R
 f(x) is even as well as even.

1    1   x 
8. In a function 2 f(x) + xf    2f  2 sin    x     = 4 cos2 + x cos
x    
4   2 x

Prove that (i) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1 and (ii) f(2) + f(1) = 0
 1   1 1 
Sol. 2f (x)  xf    2f  2 sin  x  cos  x  
 x   2 2 
x 
 4 cos 2  x cos
2 x
 1 x 
 2f (x)  x f    2f  sin  x  cos  x   4cos 2  x cos
 x 2 x
Put x = 1  2f(1) + f(1) – 2f(|–1|) = –1  f(1) = – 1
Put x = 2  2f(2) + f(1/2) – 2f(1) = 4 {f(1) = – 1}
 f(2) + f(1/2) = 1 ….. (1)
1  1 1 1 1
Put x   2f    f  2  2f 1  4  
2  2 2 2 2
 1 1 1
 2f    f  2  ….. (2)
 2 2 2
On solving (1) & (2), we get
 1
f (2)  1 and f    0
 2
 1
  f (2)  f    1 and f (2)  f (1)  0
  2

230
9. A function f , defined for all x , y  R is such that f (1) = 2 ; f (2) = 8
& f (x + y)  k xy = f (x) + 2 y2 , where k is some constant . Find f (x) & show that :
 1 
f (x + y) f   = k for x + y  0.
x  y
2
Sol. f(x + y) – kxy = f(x) + 2y
Put x = y = 1  f(2) – k = f(1) + 2
 8 – k = 2 + 2  k = 4
2
 f(x + y) – 4xy = f(x) + 2y
Now, Put y = 1 – x
2
 f(1) – 4x (1 – x) = f(x) + 2(1 – x)
2 2
 2 – 4x + 4x = f(x) + 2 – 4 x + 2x
 f (x)  2x 2

 1  2
 f (x  y)  f    2(x  y) 2  4k
 x  y (x  y)2

10. Let f : R  R – {3} be a function with the property that there exist T > 0 such that
f ( x)  5
f (x + T) = for every x  R. Prove that f (x) is periodic.
f ( x)  3
f (x)  5
Sol. f (x  T) 
f (x)  3
f (x)  5
5
f (x  T)  5 f (x)  3
x  x  T  f (x  2T)  
f (x  T)  3 f (x)  5  3
f (x)  3
2f (x)  5
 f (x  2T) 
f (x)  2
2f (x  2T)  5
Again, x  x  2T  f (x  4T) 
f (x  2T)  2
 2f (x)  5 
2 5
 f (x)  2  f (x)
 f (x  4T)  
 2f (x)  5  1
 f (x)  2   2
 f(x + 4T) = f(x)
 f(x) is periodic.

231
11. If f (x) = 1 + x  2 , 0  x  4
g (x) = 2  x ,  1  x  3
Then find fog (x) & gof (x) . Draw rough sketch of the graphs of fog (x) & gof (x) .

Sol. f (x) = 1 + x  2 , 0  x  4
g (x) = 2  x ,  1  x  3
1  x ; 0  x  2 2  x ;  1  x  0
f x   & gx  
x  3 ; 2  x  4 2  x ; 0  x  3
Graph of f(x) =

2  f  x  ;
 1  g  x   0
g f  x   
2  f x ;
 0  f x  3

 2 1 x ; 1  x  2
 2 x 3
 ; 2x3

 2  1  x  ; 0  x  1
2   x  3 ; 3  x  4
1  x ; 0  x  1
3  x ; 1  x  2


 x 1 ; 2  x  3
5  x ; 3  x  4

Graph of g  x  

1  g  x  ; 0  g  x   2

f g  x   
g  x   3 ; 2  g  x   4

 1  2  x ; 1  x  0

 1   2  x  ; 0  x  2
 2 x 3 ; x  0

232
 1  x ; 1  x  0

 1  x ; 0  x  2
1  x ; x0

Graph of f(g(x))

Graph of g(f(x))

12. Let f (x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1. If f (x) is divided by x3 – x then the remainder is some
function of x say g (x). Find the value of g (10).
2
Sol. Let g(x) = a + bx + c
{ f(x) is divided by cubic polynomial}
3
Let Q(x) be Quotient when f(x) is divided by (x – x)
135 125 115 5
Now, f(x) = x + x – x + x + 1
3
 f(x) = (x – x) Q(x) + g(x)
2
 f(x) = x(x + 1) (x – 1) Q(x) + ax + bx + c
 Put x = 0  f(0) = c  c = 1
Put x = 1  f(1) = a + b + c  a + b + 1 = 3
 a + b = 2 ….. (1)
Put x = –1  f(–1) = a – b + c  a – b + 1 = –1
 a – b = –2 ….. (2)
On solving (1) & (2), a = 0, b = 2
 g(x)  2x  1
Put x = 10  g(10) = 21

13. Let {x} & [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively. Solve
4{x}= x + [x]
Sol. 4{x} = x + [x] Let [x] = I & {x} = f
Put x = I + f

233
 2I
 4f  I  f  I  f  ….. (1)
3
0f<1
2I 3
0  1  0I
3 2
I=0 or I=1 ; Put in (1)
2
f 0 or f
3
5
 x  I  f  0,
3

9x  1   2   3 
14. Let f (x) = then find the value of the sum f  + f  + f   + ....+ f
9 3
x
 2006   2006   2006 
 2005 
 
 2006 
9x
Sol. f (x) 
9x  3
91 x 9 3
 f (1  x)  1 x  
9  3 9  3 9 x
3  9x
 f (x)  f (1  x)  1
Now,
 1   2   2004   2005 
f  f    .....  f  f
 2006   2006   2006   2006 
 1   2   2   1 
f  f    .....  f 1   f 1 
 2006   2006   2006   2006 

  1   1    2   2   1003 
 f    f 1    f    f 1    .....  f 
  2006 

 2006     2006  
 2006    2006 
= 1 + 1 + 1 + …… (1002 times) + f(1/2)
91/2 1
 1002  1/2  1002   1002.5
9 3 2
15. Let f (x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 5 where x  [–6, 6]. If the range of the function is
[a, b] where a, b  N then find the value of (a + b).
Sol. y = (x + 1) (x + 4) (x + 2) (x + 3) + 5
2 2
= (x + 5x + 4) (x + 5x + 6) + 5
2 2
= (x + 5x + 5 – 1) (x + 5x + 5 + 1) + 5
2
2  5 5
Put x + 5x + 5 = t t  x   
 2 4
 y = (t – 1) (t + 1) + 5 –6  x  6
2 2 7 5 17
 y = t + 4 ; t  [0, 5041]  x 
2 2 2
2
 5 289
 y  [4, 5045] 0  x   
 2 4

234
 2
5  5 5
 Range is [4, 5045]   x     71
4  2 4
 5 
 a = 4, b = 5045  t   ,71
4 
 a + b = 5049

16. Find a formula for a function g (x) satisfying the following conditions
(a) domain of g is (– , ) (b) range of g is [–2, 8]
(c) g has a period  and (d) g (2) = 3

Sol. g(x) = 5 sin (k + 2x – 4) + 3 ; kI


3 4
17. The set of real values of 'x' satisfying the equality   +   = 5 (where [ ] denotes the
x x
greatest integer function) belongs to the interval  a, b c  where a, b, c  N and b c is in its
lowest form. Find the value of a + b + c + abc.
3 4
Sol.  x    x   5  x  0 (Must)
3 4
Case (i)    0 &  5
x x
3 4
0 1 & 56
x x
1 1 5 1 3
0  &  
x 3 4 x 2
 x  
3 4
Case (ii)    1 &  4
x x
3 4
1 2 & 4 5
x x
1 1 2 1 5
   & 1 
3 x 3 x 4
 x  
3 4
Case (iii)    2 &  3
x x
3 4
2 3 & 3 4
x x
2 1 3 1
  1 &  1
3 x 4 x
3 1  4
   1  x 1, 
4 x  3
3 4
Case (iv)    3 &  2
x x
1 4 1 1 3
1  &  
x 3 2 x 4

235
  x  
3 4
Case (v)    4 &   1
x x
4 1 5 1 1 1
   &  
3 x 3 4 x 2
x
 4
 From all the cases, x 1,   a = 1, b = 4, c = 3
 3 
 a + b + c + abc = 1 + 4 + 3 + 1 · 4 · 3 = 20
18. f (x) and g (x) are linear function such that for all x, f  g( x)  and g  f ( x)  are Identity
functions.
If f (0) = 4 and g (5) = 17, compute f (2006).
Sol.  f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) = x
 f(x) and g(x) are inverse of each other.
Let f(x) = ax + b
f(0) = 4  b = 4
 f(x) = ax + 4 = y (let)
y4
x
a
x  4
 g(x)  f 1 (x) 
a
1 1
 g(5)   17  a 
a 17
x
 f (x)  4
17
2006
 f (2006)   4  118  4  122
17

19. A is a point on the circumference of a circle. Chords AB and AC divide the area of the circle
into three equal parts. If the angle BAC is the root of the equation, f (x) = 0 then find f (x).
Sol. Let BAC = x
 BOC = 2x
Let radius of circle be ‘r’
 Chords AB & AC divides the area of circle into 3 equal parts,

236
  Area of arc BACE  1 (r 2 )
3
In AOB,

x OD x
sin   OD  r sin
2 r 2
x AD x
cos   AD  r cos
2 r 2
1
 Area of OAB   (AB)  OD
2
1  x  x
   2r cos   r sin 
2  2  2
1 2
 r sin x = Area of OAC
2
(By symmetry)
 
Now, Area of arc BOCE  1  2x  r 2  x r 2
2
 Area of arc BACE = Area of OAB + Area of OAC + Area of arc BOCE

1
3
  1 1
 r 2  r 2 sin x  r 2 sin x  x r 2
2 2

 sin x  x   0
3

 f (x)  sin x  x 
3

20. If for all real values of u & v, 2 f(u) cos v = f (u + v) + f (u  v), prove that, for all real values
of x.
(i) f (x) + f ( x) = 2a cos x (ii) f ( x) + f( x) = 0
(iii) f ( x) + f (x) =  2b sin x. Deduce that f (x) = a cos x  b sin x, a, b are arbitrary
constants.

Sol. 2f() cos  = f(u + ) + f(u – )

237
 (i) Put u = 0 and  = x
  2f(0) cos x = f(x) + f(–x)
Put f(0) = a
 f(x) + f(–x) = 2a cos x …… (1) Hence Proved.
(ii) Put u    x and   
2 2
       
 2f   x cos  f   x    f   x  
2  2 2 2  2 2
 f( – x) + f(–x) = 0 ……. (2) Hence Proved.
(iii) Put u   and     x
2 2
         
 2f   cos   x  f    x  f    x
 2 2  2 2  2 2 

Put f    b
2
 f( – x) + f(x) = – 2b sin x …… (3) Hence Proved.
(1) – (2) + (3)  2f(x) = 2 a cos x – 2 b sin x
 f (x)  a cos x  bsin x

21. Given X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, find all oneone, onto mappings, f : X  X such that,
f (1) = 1 , f (2)  2 and f (4)  4 .
[REE 2000, 3 out of 100]

Sol.

 Possible one-one onto mappings are,

(i) f(1) = 1, f(2) = 3, f(3) = 4, f(4) = 2
(ii) f(1) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 3, f(4) = 2
(iii) f(1) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 2, f(4) = 3

238
 Function Solved Exercise – 3
 4x  3   4x  3 
1. The period of the function f(x) = 4 sin4   + 2 cos   is :
 6   3 
2 2

32 33 4 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 3 3
 4x  3   4x  3 
Sol. f(x) = 4 sin4   + 2 cos  
 6   3 
2 2

4x  3
Put 
6 
 y  4sin 4   2cos 2 ss
2
 1  cos 2 
 4   2cos 2
 2 
 (1  cos 2)  2cos 
2

 1  cos2 2
1  cos 4
 1
2
3 cos 4 3 1   4x  3  
    cos  4  
  6  
2
2 2 2 2
3 1  8x  6 
  cos  
 3 
2
2 2
2 33
 Period = 
8 / 32 4

 1 x 
2. If 2f(x – 1) – f   = x, then f(x) is :
 x 
1 1  (1  x)
(A) 2(1  x)   (B) 2(x – 1) –
3 (1  x)  x
1 1 1 
(C) x2 + +4 (D) (x  2)  
x2 4 (x  2) 
 1 x 
Sol. 2f(x – 1) – f   =x
 x 
 x 
x  x  1  2f  x  – f    x 1 ….(1)
 x 1
x  x  1
x  2f   – f (x)  ….(2)
x 1  x 1  x 1
2 × (1) + (2)
1
 3f(x) = 2(x +1) +
x 1
1 1 
 f (x)   2(x  1) 
3 x  1

239
3. If f : R  R be a function satisfying f(2x + 3) + f(2x + 7) = 2,  x  R, then period of f(x)
is :
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
Sol. f(2x + 3) + f(2x + 7) = 2 ….(1)
xx+2
 f(2x+ 7) + f(2x + 11) = 2 ….(2)
(1) – (2)  f(2x + 3) – f(2x + 11) = 0
 f(2x + 11) = f(2x + 3)
x 3
x   
2 2
f(x + 8) = f(x)
 f(x) is periodic with period 8 

1 
4. If 2 < x2 < 3, then the number of positive roots of {x2} =   , (where {x} denotes the
x 
fractional part of x) is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
1 
Sol. {x2} =  
x 
1
x2  2 
x
x  2x  1  0
3

(x  1)(x 2  x  1)  0
1 5
x
2
1 5
x = 1.6
2
2(e x  e  x )(sin x  tan x)
5. f(x) = is (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
 x  2 
2 3
  
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither even nor odd (D) both even and odd

Sol. Case i > If x = n, then f(x) = 0  f(x) is even as

Case ii > If xn, then well odd
x
2(e  e )(sin x  tan x)
x
f(x) =
 x
2 2    3
 
x
2(e  e )(sin x  tan x)
x
f(x) =
x
1 2  


240
 2(e x  e x )((sin x  tan x))
 f(– x) =
 x 
1 2  
  
x
2(e  e )(sin x  tan x)
x
x
= ; n
 x 
1  2  1    
 
2(e x  e  x )(sin x  tan x)
=
x
1 2  

f(– x) = – f(x)  f(x) is odd
 from case i > & case ii > ; f(x) is an odd function

6. If f(x + ay, x – ay) = axy, then f(x, y) equals :

x 2  y2 x 2  y2
(A) (B) (C) x2 (D) y2
4 4
Sol. f(x + ay, x – ay) = axy
Put x + ay = m & x – ay = n
mn mn
x & y
2 2a
 mn mn  m n
2 2
 f (m, n)  a .  
 2 2a  4
x y
2 2
 f (x, y) 
4

7. If f : R  R, f(x) = ex, & g : R  R, g(x) = 3x – 2, then the value of (fog)–1 (x) is equal to
2  ln x  x 3
(A) log(x – 2) (B) (C) log   (D) None of these
3  2 
Sol. f(x) = e x & g(x) = 3x – 2
 fog(x) = f(g(x) =f(3x – 2) = e3x – 2 = y(let)
1
 3x – 2 = n y  x = (n y + 2)
3
1
 fog    2  n x 
1

3

x  [x]
8. Let f(x) = , then range of f(x) is ([.] = G.I.F.) :
1  [x]  x
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 1/2] (C) [1/2, 1] (D) [0, 1/2)
x  [x] {x} 1
Sol. f (x)    1
1  (x  [x]) 1  {x} 1  {x}
 1
f (x)  0,  Ans.  {x} [0, 1)
 2

9. If f(x) be a polynomial satisfying f(x) . f(1/x) = f(x ) + f(1/x) and f(4) = 65 then f(6) = ?

241
 (A) 176 (B) 217 (C) 289 (D) None of these
1 1
Sol. f(x)  f    f (x)  f  
x x
 f(x) = 1 ± x n

f(4) = 65  1 + 4n = 65 or 1 – 4n = 65
 4n = 64 or 4n = – 64
n=3 ×
 f(x) = 1+ x  f(6) = 1 + 63 = 217 Ans.
3

10. The range of the function f(x) = sin(cos x)  cos(sin x) is :

(A) 1,1  cos1 (B)  cos1,1  cos1
(C)  cos1,1  sin1 (D) 1,1  sin1
Sol. f(x) = sin (cos x)  cos (sin x)
Domain : -
sin(cos x)  0 and cos(sin x)  0
 [– 1, 1]  [– 1, 1]
but for cos x  [– 1, 0), xR
sin(cos x) is – ve
 sin(cos x) to be  0 cos x  [0, 1)
 x  [0, /2] and x  R
 
 Domain of f(x) is x   n, n   ; n  I
 2
Now, f (x)  sin (cos x)  cos (sin x)
cos (cos x) (– sin x) (– sin (sin x)) cos x
f '(x)  
sin (cos x) cos (sin x)
 
f (x) < 0  x  0, 
 2
 
 f(x) is decreasing function  x  0, 
 2
  
 Range  f   , f (0) 
 2 
f(x)   cos1,1  sin1

11. Let f(x) = cot(5  3x)(cot(5)  cot(3x))  cot 3x  1 , then domain is :

 n  
(A) R –   , n  I (B) (2n + 1) , n  I
3  6
 n n  5   n  5 
(C) R –  , , n  I (D) R –  n  I
3 3   3 
Sol. f (x)  cot(5  3x) (cos5  cot 3x) – cot 3x  1

242
 Domain : - cot 3x  0 ….(1) 
& cot (5 +3x) (cot 5 + cot 3x) – cot 3x  1  0 n

cos(5  3x) sin (5  3x)
   1  cot 3x
sin (5  3x) sin 5sin 3x
cos5  cos3x
  cot 3x
sin 5  sin 3x
 cot 5  cot 3x  cot 3x; 5  IVth quadrant
 cot 5 cot 3x  cot 3x
– ve
0

 cot 3x  0 ….(2)
 From (1) & (2), cot 3x = 0
 
 3x  (2 n  1)  x  (2 n  1) ; n  I
2 6

12. If f(x) is even, periodic function defined for all x  R and has period 1, then
 1 1  2 
(A) f  x   = f(x) (B) f   x   f   x 
 2 3  3 
(C) f(x + 1) = f(2x + 1) (D) f(0) can not be zero
Sol. f(x) is even and periodic function with period
 f(– x) = f(x) & f(x + 1) = f(x)
 f(x +1) = f(– x)
2 1  2 
xx–  f   x  f  x
3 3  3 

13. The number of bijective functions f : A  A, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} such that f(1)  3,
f(2)  1, f(3)  4, f(4)  2 is :
(A) 11 (B) 23 (C) 12 (D) 9
Sol. f : A A ; Bijective function
f(1)  f(2)  1, f(3)  4, f(4)  2
No. of bijective function = Derangement of 4
 1 1 1 1
 4! 1     
 1! 2! 3! 4!
=9

n(n  1)
14. The period of the function, f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] +.....+ [nx] – x, where n  N
2
and [] denotes the greatest integer function, is :
1
(A) 1 (B) n (C) (D) Non periodic
n
n (x  1) x
Sol. f(x) = [x] + [2x] +……(nx] –
2
n (n  1)
= (x – {x}) + (2x – {2x}) + …. + (nx – {nx}) – x
2
= – ({n}) + {2x} +….+ {nx})
243
  1 1
LCM 1, ,......,   1
 2 n
 Period = 1

15. Let set A consists of 5 elements and set B consists of 3 elements. Number of functions that
can be defined from A to B which are not surjective is :
(A) 99 (B) 93 (C) 123 (D) None
Sol.
f

a 1
b
c 2
d 3
e

A B
n(A) = 5, n(B) = 3
No. of Into function’s
= 3C2 × 25 – 3C1 × 15
= 3 × 32 – 3 = 93 Ans.

x 3
16. Let f(x) = , x  –1. Then f2010(2014) [where fn(x) = fof.....of (x)] is :
x 1 n times

(A) 2010 (B) 4020 (C) 4028 (D) 2014

x 3
Sol. f (x) 
x 1
x 3
3
f (x)  3 x  1 x 3
fof (x)  f(f(x))   
f (x)  1 x  3  1 x  1
x 1
3 x
3
 3  x  1 x
 fofof(x) = f(f(fx)) = f    x
 1 x  3  x 1
1 x
 fofof (x)  fofo......of (x)  fofo......f (x) 
6 times 9 times

  fofo......of (x)  x
2010
Multiple of 3

 f2010 (x) = x  f2010(2014) = 2014

17. Let f(x) = sin x , then

(A) f(x) is periodic with period 2 (B) f(x) is periodic with period 
(C) f(x) is periodic with period 42 (D) None of these
Sol. f (x)  sin x

244
  f(x + T) = f(x)  x  R for some +ve T
 f(x) is non-periodic

18. Let f be a real valued function such that

 2002 
f (x) + 2f   = 3x
 x 
for all x > 0. The value of f (2), is
(A) 1000 (B) 2000 (C) 3000 (D) 4000

 2002 
Sol. f (x)  2f    3x ….(1)
 x 
2002
Replace x 
x
 2002  3x 2002
 f   2f (x)  ….(2)
 x  x
4004
On solving (1) & (2) for f(x), we get f (x)  x
x
4004
Put x = 2, f(2) =  2  2000 Ans
2

19. Which one of the following depicts the graph of an odd function?

Sol. Graph of odd function is symmetric about origin,  option (D) is correct

 x   x 
20. The period of the function f(x) = sin 2x + sin    sin   is
 3   5 
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 15 (D) 30

 
x 
 
x
Sol. f (x)  sin 2x  sin    sin  
 3   5 

 2 2 2 
LCM  , , 
 2 /3 /5
 LCM (1, 6, 10) = 30 Ans.

245
 8 8 4 4
21. Given f (x) =  and g (x) =  then g(x) is
1 x 1 x f (sin x) f (cos x)
(A) periodic with period /2 (B) periodic with period 
(C) periodic with period 2 (D) aperiodic
8 8 16 4
Sol. f (x)    
1 x 1 x 1 x 2
1 x2
4 4
g(x)  
f (sin x) f (cos x)
4 4
  1  sin 2 x   1  cos 2 x
4 4
g(x) = |sin x| + |cos x|

which is periodic with period Ans.
2

n
k
22. Suppose, f(x, n) =  log x   , then the value of x satisfying the equation f(x, 10) = f(x,
k 1 x
11) is
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) none

k n
 
n
Sol. f (x, n)   log x     log x k  1
k 1  x  k 1
n
f (x, n)   log x k  n
k 1

 f(x, 10) = f(x, 11)

10 11
  log x k  10   log x k  11
k 1 k 1

 –10  log x 11  11  log x 11  1  x = 11 Ans.

x ln x
23. f(x) = and g(x) = . Then identify the CORRECT statement
ln x x
1 1
(A) and f(x) are identical functions (B) and g(x) are identical functions
g(x) f (x)
1
(C) f(x) . g(x) = 1  x > 0 (D) =1 x>0
f (x) . g(x)

x nx
Sol. f (x)  & g(x) 
nx x
x0 
1   x0
(A) Let y    Domain : - nx n
g(x)  n x   0  x 1
  x 
 x 
 x  (0, ) – {1}

246
 x x0 x0
Let y = f(x) =  Domain : - n
nx x  0  x 1
 x (0, ) – {1}
1 1 x
 Domain of & f(x) are equal and  f (x)   Identical function.
g(x) g(x) nx

f (x)
24. Let f be a function satisfying f(xy) = for all positive real numbers x and y. If f(30) =
y
20, then the value of f(40) is :
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60

(x)
Sol. f(xy) = f
y
f (10)
Put x = 10, y = 3  f(30) = f(10) = 60
3
f (10) 60
Put x = 10, y = 4  f(40) =   15 Ans
4 4

25. Let f (x) = sin2x + cos4x + 2 and g (x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x). Also let period of f (x) and
g (x) be T1 and T2 respectively then
(A) T1 = 2T2 (B) 2T1 = T2 (C) T1 = T2 (D) T1 = 4T2

Sol. f(x) = sin2x + cos4x + 2


LCM (, ) = 
 But fundamental period can be , /2,/3….
 
Check f  x    cos 2 x  sin 4 x  2
 2
= cos2x + (1 – cos2x)2 + 2
= cos2x + 1 cos4x – 2 cos2x + 2
= cos4x + 1 – cos2x + 2
= cos4x + sin2x + 2 = f(x)

 Fundamental Period (T1) =
2
Now g(x) = cos (cos x)  cos (sin x)
 

LCM (2, 2) = 2

 But Fundamental period can be 2, , 2/3,/2……
Check : - f(x + ) = cos (– cos x) + cos(– sin x)
= cos (cos x) + cos(sin x) = f(x)
 
Check : - f  x    cos (– sin x)  cos (cos x)
 2
= cos (sin x) + cos(cos x) = f(x)

247
  fundamental period (T2) = x/2
 T1 = T2 Ans.

2
26. Let f (x) = ; g (x) = cos x and h (x) = x  3 then the range of the composite
x 1
function fogoh, is
(A) R+ (B) R – {0} (C) [1, ) (D) R+ – {1}

2
Sol. f (x)  , g(x)  cos x, h(x)  x  3
x 1
Let y = f (g(h(x)))  f(g( x  3))  f(cos x  3)
2 
y :Domain:  x  3  0 
cos ( x  3)  1 
1  cos x  3  0 

 cos ( x  3)  1  (0, 2]
 y  [1, ) Ans.

If f (x, y) =  max(x, y) 
min(x,y)
27. and g (x, y) = max(x, y) – min(x, y), then
  3 
f  g  1,   , g(4,  1.75)  equals
  2 
(A) – 0.5 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D) 1.5

Sol. f(x, y) = (max (x, y))min(x, y) & g(x, y) = max (x, y) – min (x, y)
 3   3  3 1
 g  1,   1     1  
 2   2  2 2
g (– 4, 1.75)  1.75  ( 4)  1.75  4  2.25
  3   1 
 f  g  1,  , g(– 4,  1.75)   f  , 2.25 
  2   2 
= (2.25)1/2 = 1.5 Ans

28. If the solution set for f (x) < 3 is (0, ) and the solution set for f (x) > – 2 is (– , 5), then
the true solution set for  f (x)   f (x) + 6, is
2

(A) (– , + ) (B) (– , 0] (C) [0, 5] (D) (– , 0]  [5, )

Sol. f(x) < 3  x  (0, )

f(x) > – 2  x  (– , 5)
(f(x))2 – f(x) – 6  0
f(x) – 3)f(x) +2)  0
 f(x)  3 or f(x)  – 2
x  (– , 0] or x  [5, )  x  (– , 0] [5, ) Ans.

29. The graph of the function y = g (x) is shown.

248
 1
The number of solutions of the equation g ( x)  1  , is
2
(A) 4 (B) 5

(C) 6 (D) 8
Sol.
y = |g(x)|
4
2

–2 –1 0 1 2 

y = |g(x)| – 1
3
1

–1


y = ||g(x)| - 1|
3

y = 1/2
x
–1

 No. of solution of ||g(x)| – 1| = 1/2

are 8 Ans

30. Let R be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the x and y axis and the graphs of f(x)
9
= x + b and y = f–1(x). If the area of R is 49, then the value of b, is
25
18 22 28
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
5 5 5

Sol.

249
 y = f –1 (x)
y
y = f(x)
25b , 25b
(0,b) 16 16
x
O (b, 0) 25b ,
(0, 0) 0
16
0, – 25b
9

9x
f(x) = b
25
9x 25 25
Let b y  x  y b
25 9 9
25 25b
 f 1 (x)  x 
9 9
 Area of shaded region = 49
1 25b  25b 1 25b 9b
 b      49
2 16  16 2 16 16
49 16 28
 b2   b Ans.
25 5

31. Consider the functions

f:XY and g:YZ
then which of the following is/are incorrect ?
(A) If f and g both are injective then gof : X  Z is injective
(B) If f and g both are surjective gof : X  Z is surjective
(C) If gof : X  Z is bijective then f is injective and g is surjective
(D) none

Sol. (A), (B)

f g

x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2
x3 y3 z3
x4 y4 z4
x y z

For g(f(x)) : x z

x = x1  y = g(f(x1)) = g(y1) = z2
x = x2  y = g(f(x2)) = g(y2) = z1
x = x3  y = g(f(x3)) = g(y3) = z3
x = x4  y = g(f(x4)) = g(y4) = z4
 we can say that if f & g are one-one then gof is also one-one and if f & g are onto then
gof is also onto.

250
32. Which of the following statements are incorrect ?
I If f(x) and g(x) are one to one then f(x) + g(x) is also one to one
II If f(x) and g(x) are one-one then f(x) . g(x) is also one-one
III If f(x) is odd then it is necessarily one to one
(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) III and I only (D) I, II and III

Sol. Let f(x) = x and g(x) = – x be two one-one functions

* f(x) + g(x) = 0, which is many-one function
* f(x) + g(x) = – x2, which is many-one function
 I and II are incorrect
Again, for III, Let f(x) = sin x, which is an odd function but it is many-one
 III is incorrect.

0 if x is rational 0 if x is irrational
 
33. Let f (x) =  and g (x) = 
 
x if x is irrational x if x is rational
Then the function (f – g) x is
(A) odd (B) even
(C) neither odd nor even (D) odd as well as even

 – x; x  Q
Sol. Let h(x) = (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) = 
x ; x  Q '
Case-I : x  Q  h(x) = – x
 h(– x) = x = – h(x)  odd function
Case-II : x  Q  h(x) = x
 h(– x) = – x – h(x)  odd function
 From Case-I & II h(– x) = – h(x)  x  R
 h(x) = f(x) – g(x) is an odd function.

34. Let a > 1 be a real number and f(x) = logax2 for x > 0. If f–1 is the inverse function of f and
b and c are real numbers then f–1(b + c) is equal to
1 1
(A) f–1(b) . f–1(c) (B) f–1(b) + f–1(c) (C) (D) 1
f (b  c) f (b)  f 1 (c)
Sol. f (x)  loga x 2 ; x  0
 f (x)  2loga x  y (Let)
 x = ay/2 = g(y)
 f –1(x) = g(x) = ax/2
bc
–1
Now, f (b + c) = a 2  a b/2 .a c/2  f 1 (b).f 1 (c)

35. Period of f(x) = nx + n – [nx + n], (n  N where [] denotes the greatest integer function is

(A) 1 (B) 1/n (C) n (D) none of these

251
Sol. f(x) = nx + n – [nx + n]
= nx + n – ([nx] + n) ( n  N)
= nx – [n]
f(x) = {nx}
 Fundamental period = 1/n Ans.

36. Let f(x) = sin [a] x (where [] denotes the greatest integer function). If f is periodic with
fundamental period , then a belongs to :
(A) [2, 3) (B) {4, 5} (C) [4, 5] (D) [4, 5)

Sol. f (x)  sin( [a]x )

2
 Fundamental Period =   (given)
[a]
 [a] = 4 a  [4, 5) Ans.

37. Given f (x) is a polynomial function of x, satisfying f(x) . f(y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) – 2 and
that f (2) = 5. Then f (3) is equal to
(A) 10 (B) 24 (C) 15 (D) none

Sol. f(x)f(y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) – 2 ….(1)

Put x =1 & y = 2
 f(1)f(2) = f(1) + f(2) + f(2) – 2
 5f(1) = f(1) + 8  f(1) = 2
Now, y  1/x in (1)
f(x)f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) + f(1) – 2 { f(1) = 2}
 f(x)f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x)
 f(x) = xn ± 1

 f(2) = 5  f(x) = x2 + 1,  f(3) = 9 + 1 = 10 Ans.

38. The function f is one to one and the sum of all the intercepts of the graph is 5. The sum of
all of the graph of y = f–1(x) is
(A) 5 (B) 1/5 (C) 2/5 (D) – 5
Sol.  The function is one-one,  there exist only one x & y-intercept.
Let a be the y-intercept of the function f(x)  f(0) = a but then we have f–1(a) = 0.
 a is the x-intercept of f–1(x)
Similarly, the x-intercept of f(x) is the y-intercept of f–1(x)
 The sum of intercepts of the function f is same as the sum of intercepts of the function
f–1 which is equal to 5. Ans.

39. The period of the function f(x) = sin(x + 3 – [x + 3]), where [] denotes the greatest integer
function is

252
 (A) 2 + 3 (B) 2  (C) 1 (D) 3

Sol. f(x) = sin ([x + 3] – [x + 3])

= sin ({x + 3})
= sin ({x})
 Fundamental period = 1

40. If f(x) = x2 + bx + c and f(2 + t) = f(2 – t) for all real numbers t, then which of the
following is true ?
(A) f(1) < f(2) < f(4) (B) f(2) < f(1) < f(4) (C) f(2) < f(4) < f(1) (D) f(4) < f(2) < f(1)
Sol. f(2 + t) = f(2 – t)  function is symmetric about line x = 2
Ä y

 f(4) > f(1) > f(2) Ans.

Ä x
Ä 1 2 3 4

41. The solution set for [x]{x} = 1 where {x} and [x] are fractional part & integral part of x, is
(A) R+ – (0, 1) (B) R+ – {1}
 1   1 
(C) m  m  I  {0} (D) m  m  N  {1}
 m   m 
Sol. [x] {x} = 1 ; Put x = I + f ; I = [x]
If = 1 f = {x}  (0, 1)
1
f ….(1) { If x  I, then given equation becomes 0 = 1}
I
 0<f<1
1
 0 1
I
 I > 1 or I < 0
 I = 2, 3, 4…. or I = ……, – 3, – 2, – 1
Put in (1)
1 1 1 1 1
 f  , , ,.... or f  ...., , , –1
2 3 4 3 2
Not possible
 x=I+f
1 1 1
 2  , 3  , 4  ,....
2 3 4
1
 x  n  ; where n  N –{1}
n

253
42. If f(x) = px + q and f  f  f (x)   = 8x + 21, where p and q are real numbers, then p + q
equals
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 11
Sol. f(x) = px + q
f(f(f(x))) = 8x + 21
 f(f(px + q)) = 8x + 21
 f(p(px + q) + q) = 8x + 21
 (p(p(px + q) + q) + q = 8x + 21
 (p(p2x + pq + q) +q = 8x + 21
 p3x + pq(p + 1) + q = 8x + 21
 p3 = 8 & pq(p + 1) + q = 21
 p = 2  2q(3) + q = 21
7q = 21  q = 3
 p + q = 5 Ans.

43. If f(x) = 2 tan 3x + 5 1  cos 6x ; g(x) is a function having the same time period as that of
f(x), then which of the following can be g(x).
(A) (sec2 3x + cosec2 3x)tan2 3x (B) 2sin 3x + 3cos 3x
(C) 2 1  cos2 3x + cosec 3x (D) 3 cosec 3x + 2 tan 3x

Sol. f (x)  2 tan 3x  5 1  cos 6x


  2  
  LCM  ,  
3 6  3

 Fundamental period of f(x) is
3
From options : -
(A) (sec23x + cosec23x)tan23x

   
 LCM  , ,   ; which is period of f(x)
3 3 3 3
 option (A) is correct.

8
44. The range of the function y = is
9  x2
8   8 8 
(A) (–, ) – {± 3} (B)  ,   (C)  0,  (D) (–, 0)   ,  
9   9 9 

8
Sol. y ;x3
9  x2
8 8
 9  x 2   x 2  9 
y y

254
 8 8
 x   9 It’s domain is 9   0
y y
9y  8
 0
y
8 
y  (– , 0)   ,   which is range of given function.
9 

{x}
45. Range of the function f (x) = where {x} denotes the fractional part function is
1  {x}
 1  1  1
(A) [0 , 1) (B) 0,  (C) 0,  (D)  0, 
 2  2  2
{x} 1  {x}  1
Sol. f (x)  
1  {x} 1  {x}
1
 f (x)  1  ; {x}  [0, 1)
1  {x}
 1
 f(x)  0,  Ans.
 2
46. Given the graphs of the two functions, y = f(x) & y = g(x).
In the adjacent figure from point A on the graph of the
function y = f(x) corresponding to the given value of the
independent variable (say x0), a straight line is drawn
parallel to the X-axis to intersect the bisector of the first and
the third quadrants at point B. From the point B a straight
line parallel to the Y-axis is drawn to intersect the graph of
the function y = g(x) at C. Again a straight line is drawn
from the point C parallel to the X-axis, to intersect the line
NN ' at D. If the straight line NN ' is parallel to Y-axis, then
the co-ordinates of the point D are
(A) (f(x0), g(f(x0))) (B) (x0, g(x0))
(C) (x0, g(f(x0))) (D) (f(x0), f(g (x0)))
Sol. From the figure, A (x0, f(x0))
Equation of AB is y = f(x0)
It intersects the line y = x at point B (f(x0), f(x0))
Now, equation of BC is x = f(x0)
It intersects the curve y = g(x) at point c (f(x0), g(f(x0)))
Again, equation of CD is y = g(f(x0))
It intersects the line x = x0 at D(x0, g(f(x0)))

 y y
47. If f  x  , x   = xy then f(m, n) + f(n, m) = 0
 8 8
(A) only when m = n (B) only when m  n
(C) only when m = – n (D) for all m & n

255
  y y
Sol. f  x  , x    xy ….(1)
 8 8
y y
Let m  x  & n = x 
8 8
On solving, we get
mn
x & y = 4(m – n)
z
mn
 from (1), f (m, n)   4(m – n)  2(m2  n 2 )
2
& f(n, m) = z(n – m2)
2

 f(m, n) + f(n, m) = 0  m, n R Ans.

x rx
48. Let f(x) = and let g(x) = . Let S be the set of all real numbers r such that f(g(x))
1 x 1 x
= g(f (x)) for infinitely many real number x. The number of elements in set S is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5

Sol. f(g(x)) = g(f(x))

rx  x 
r 
1 x 
 1 x  
1
rx  x 
1  
1 x  1 x 
rx rx
   rx(1 + rx – x – 1) = 0
1  rx  x 1
 r(r – 1)x2 = 0 r = 0, 1 Ans.

49. Let [x] denote the greatest integer in x. Then in the interval [0, 3] the number of solutions
of the equation, x2 – 3x + [x] = 0 is
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 0

Sol. x2 – 3x + [x] = 0 ; x  [0, 3]

case-I : x  [0, 1)
 x2 – 3x = 0  0, 3
×
 x=0
Case-II : x  [1, 2)
x2 – 3x +1 = 0
3 5 3 5
 x ,  x  
2 2
   × ×
 Case-III : x  [2, 3)
 x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
 x = 1, 2
×

256
 x=2
Case-IV : x = 3
 9 – 9 + 3 = 0 3 = 0 × x
 x = 0, 2 Ans.

x3  1
50. The domain of function, satisfying f(x) + f(x–1) = , is
x
(A) An empty set (B) a singleton (C) a finite set (D) an infinite set

 1  x 1
3
1
Sol. f (x)  f     x2  ; x  0
x x x
1 1 1
x   f  2 x
x x x
1 1
 x 2   2  x
x x
 1  1 
  x   x   1  0
 x  x 
x – 1 = 0 or x2 – x + 1 = 0
2

x = ± 1 D<0
 Only x = 1, – 1 will satisfy given expression
 Domain is x  {– 1, 1} Ans.

51. Let f(x) = ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – (tan x)sgn x, be an even function for
all x  R, then sum of all possible values of ‘a’ is
(where [ ] and { } denote greatest integer function and fractional part functions
respectively)
17 53 31 35
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 3 3
2 3 2
Sol. f(x) = ([a] – 5[a] + 4)x – (6{a} – 5{a} + 1)x – tan xsgn(x)
f(– x) = – ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4) x3 + (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – tan xsgn(x)
 f(x) is an even function
 f(– x) = f(x)  x R
 2([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – 2(6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x = 0 x  R
[a]2 – 5[a] + 4 = 0 and 6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1 = 0
 [a] = 1, 4 and {a} = 1/2, 1/3
 a = [a] + {a}
 1 + 1/2, 1 + 1/3, 4 + 1/2, 4+ 1/3
= 3/2, 4/3, 9/2, 13/3
Sum of all possible values of ‘a’.
3 4 9 13 35
     Ans.
2 3 2 3 3
k f 4 (k) 2009
52. Let f(k) =
2009
and g(k) =
(1  f (k)) 4  (f (k)) 4
then the sum  g(k) is equal :
k 0
(A) 2009 (B) 2008 (C) 1005 (D) 1004
257
 k f 4 (k)
Sol. f (k)  & g(k) 
2009 (1  f(k))4  (f(k))4
k  2009 – k
2009  k
 f (2009  k) 
2009
________________________add
 f (k)  f(2009  k)  1 ….(1)
(f(k)) 4
 g(k)  ; from (1)
(f(2009  k)) 4  (f(k)) 4
k  2009 – k
(f(2009  k)) 4
 g(2009  k)  Add
(f(k))4  (f(2009  4)) 4
 g(k) + g(2009 – k) = 1
2009
  g(k)  g(0)  g(1)  g(2)  ......g(2007)  g(2008)  g(2009)
k 0

 g(0)  g(1)  g(2)......  g(2009  2)  g(2009  1)  g(2009  0)

= 1 + 1 + 1 + ……+ 1 (1005 times)

= 1005 Ans
| sin x |  | cos x |
53. The period of the function f(x) = is
| sin x  cos x |
(A) /2 (B) /4 (C)  (D) 2

| sin x |  | cosx |  LCM (, )  

Sol. f (x) 
| sin x  cos x |  2
 Period is LCM (, 2) = 
  Fundamental period can be 2, , /2, 2/3……
* If  is the period, then
  sin x |  |  cos x |  sin x |  | cos x |
f (x  )  
|  sin x  cos x | | sin x – cos x |
f(x + ) = f(x)
* If /2 is the period, then
   | cos x |  | – sin x |
f x     f (x)
 2 | cos x  sin x |
 Fundamental period is  Ans.

54. A function f(x) = 1  2x + x is defined from D1  D2 and is onto. If the set D1 is its
complete domain then the set D2 is
(A) (B) (–, 2) (C) (–, 1) (D) (–, 1]

258
Sol. f (x)  1  2x  x : D1  D2
Domain : - 1 – 2x  0  x  ½
 1
 D1 =  – , 
 2
Now,
Let 1  2x  x  y
 1  2x  y  x
Square.
 1 –2x = y2 + x2 – 2xy
 x2 –2(y – 1) x + y2 – 1 = 0
2(y 1)  4(y  1)2  4(y 2  1)
 x
2
 x  (y 1)  2(1  y) 
 For this to define 2 (1 – y)  0  y  1
 Range of f(x) is (– , 1]
 For f(x) to be onto Range = co-domain (D2)
 D2 = (– , 1] Ans.

55. Which of the following is true for a real valued function y = f (x), defined on [– a, a] ?
(A) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of two even functions
(B) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of two odd functions
(C) f (x) can be expressed as a sum or a difference of an odd and an even function
(D) f (x) can never be expressed as a sum or a difference of an odd and an even function

1
Sol. y  f (x)  (2f(x))
2
1
  f (x)  f(x)  f( x)  f( x) 
2
 f (x)  f( x)   f (x)  f( x) 
y  
 2   2 
 
Even function oddfunction

 f (x)  f( x)   f ( x)  f(x) 

or y    
 2   2 
 
Even Function odd function

 f(x) can be expressed as a sum or difference of an odd and an even function.

x 1
56. If for all x different from both 1 and 0 we have f1(x) = , f2(x) = , and for all
x 1 1 x
 f n 1  f1 (x)  if n is odd
integers n  1,we have fn+2(x) =  then f4(x) equals
 f n 1  f 2 (x)  if n is even
(A) x (B) x – 1 (C) f1(x) (D) f2(x)

259
 x 1
Sol. f1 (x)  & f 2 (x) 
x 1 1 x
f n 1 (f1 (x)) ; n is odd
f n  2 (x)  
f n 1 (f 2 (x)) ; n is even
 1  1
If n = 1  f3 (x)  f 2 (f1 (x))  f 2  
 x 1  1  x
x 1
 f3(x) = 1 – x
if n = 2  f4(x) = f3(f2(x)) = 1 – f2(x)
1 1  x 1
 1 
1 x 1 x
x
f 4 (x)   f1 (x) Ans.
x 1

57. Suppose that f(n) is a real valued function whose domain is the set of positive integers and
that f(n) satisfies the following two properties
f(1) = 23 and f(n + 1) = 8 + 3 . f(n), for n  1
It follows that there are constants p, q and r such that f(n) = p . qn – r, for n = 1, 2,.....
then the value of p + q + r is
(A) 16 (B) 17 (C) 20 (D) 26
Sol. f(1) = 23 & f(n + 1) = 8 + 3f(n) ; n  1
* n = 1  f(2) = 8 + 3 f(1) = 8 + 3 × 23 = 77
* n = 2  f(3) = 8 + 3f(2) = 8 + 3 × 77 = 239
Now,  f(n) = p  qn – r ; n = 1, 2,……
n = 1  f(1) = pq – r = 23 ….(1)
n = 2  f(2) = pq – r = 77
2
.…(2)
n = 3  f(3) = pq – r = 239
3
….(3)
(2)-(1)  pq (q – 1) = 54
d Divide q = 3
(3)-(2)  pq2(q – 1) = 162
p = 9 Put in (1)
r=4
 p = 9, q = 3, r = 4
 p + q + r = 16 Ans.

58. The domain of f(x) = x  2  2 x  3  x  2  2 x  3 is

(A) [3, 5] (B) (3, 5) (C) [5, ) (D) [3, )

Sol. f (x)  x  2  2 x  3  x  2  2 x  3
Domain
x 3  0  x 3 
 
x  2  2 x  3  0   x  2  2 x  3 
 
x  2  2 x  3  0  x  2  2 x  3  0
Now, for x 3, x – 2 + 2 x  3  0

260
  x 2  2 x 3
 ve  ve
Square, x + 4 – 4x  4x – 12
2

 x2 – 8x + 16  0 (x – 4)2  0
xR
 Domain : - x  [3, ) Ans.

e2x 1  1   2   3   2008 
59. If f(x) = , then the value of f  f  f   + ..... + f  is
1  e2x 1  2009   2009   2009   2009 
(A) 1002.5 (B) 1001.5 (C) 1003 (D) 1004

e2x 1
Sol. f (x) 
1  e2x 1
Replace x  1 – x
e2(1x)1 e(2 x 1)
f (1  x)  
1  e2(1x)1 1  e(2 x 1)
1
f (1  x)  2x 1 …..(2)
e 1
(1) + (2)  f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1
 1   2   2007   2008 
 f f    .......  f  f  
 2009   2009   2009   2009 

 1   2   2   1 
f f    .......  f 1    f 1  
 2009   2009   2009   2009 

= 1 + 1 + …….+ 1(1004 times)

= 1004 Ans.

 0 ; x 1
60. f(x) = 
 2x  2 ; x  1
then number of solution(s) to the equation f(f(f(f(x)))) = x
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 0

0 ; 2x – 2  1
Sol. y  f (f(x))  
2(2 x– 2) – 2 ; 2x – 2  1
0 ; x  3/ 2
 y  f (f(x))  
4x – 6 ; x  3 / 2
0 ; 2x – 2  3 / 2
 y  f (f(f(x)))  
4(2x – 2) – 6 ; 2x – 2  3 / 2
0 ; x  7/4
 y  f (f(f(x)))   
8x –14 ; x  7 / 4

261
 0 ; x 2x  2  7 / 4
Now, y  f (f(f(f(x))))  
8(2x – 2)  14 ; 2x  2  7 / 4
 0; x  15 / 8
y  f (f(f(f(x))))  
16x  30 : x  15 / 8
Ä y=x

Ä y Ä 

Ä  Ä x
Ä O Ä 15
Ä 8

 f(f(f(f(x)))) = x  2 solutions Ans.

Paragraph for question nos. 61 to 64

Let f (x) = x2 – 2x – 1  x  R. Let f : (– , a]  [b, ), where 'a' is the largest real
number for which f (x) is bijective.
61. The value of (a + b) is equal to
(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) 1
62. Let f : R  R, g (x) = f (x) + 3x – 1, then the least value of function y = g(| x |) is
(A) – 9/4 (B) – 5/4 (C) – 2 (D) – 1
63. Let f : [a, )  [b, ), then f –1(x) is given by
(A) 1 + x  2 (B) 1 – x  3 (C) 1 – x  2 (D) 1 + x 3
64. Let f : R  R, then range of values of k for which equation f (| x |) = k has 4 distinct real
roots is
(A) (– 2, – 1) (B) (– 2, 0) (C) ( – 1, 0) (D) (0, 1)
2 2
Sol. f(x) = x – 2x – 1 = (x – 1) – 2
 f: (– , a]  [b, )
 The largest value of a for which f(x) is bijective is a = 1
 f : (– , 1] [– 2, )
+ y

+ 1 +
+ x
+ + 0
+ –1
+ –2

Sol.61 a = 1 & b = – 2

262
  a + b = – 1 Ans

Sol.62 f(x) = x2 – 2x – 1 : R  R
g(x) = f(x) + 3x – 1
2 2
 1 1  1 9
g(x) = x + x – 2 =  x    2    x   –
2

 2 4  2 4
+ y = g(x) + y = g(|x|)
+

+ –1/2 + 0 + x + 
+ 0
+ –2
+ –9/4 + –2

 Minimum value of g(|x|) is – 2 Ans.

Sol.63 f : [a, )  [b, )

 f : [1, )  [– 2, )
 f(x) = x2 – 2x – 1 ; [1, )  [– 2, )
Let x2 – 2x – 1 = y
 x2 – 2x – 1 – y = 0
2  4  4(1  y)
 x  1 y  2
2
 x  1  y  2 or x  1  y  2
Rejected
 f (x)  1  x  2 Ans  x  1
1

Sol.64 y = f(|x|) f(|x|) = k

+
+ y = f(|x|)

+ 2 roots + y=k

+ x

+ –1
+ 4 roots + y=k
+ –2

263
 For 4 real & distinct roots of equation f(|x|) = k,
k  (– 2, – 1) Ans.

Paragraph for question nos. 65 to 67

Define a function  : N  N as follows : (1) = 1, (Pn) = Pn–1(P – 1) if P is prime and n 
N and (mn) =(m) (n) if m & n are relative prime natural numbers.
65. (8n + 4) where n N is equal to
(A) (4n + 2) (B) (2n + 1) (C) 2(2n + 1) (D) 4(2n + 1)
66. The number of natural numbers ‘n’ such that (n) is odd is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) none

67. If (7n) = 2058 where n N, then the value of n is

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

Paragraph-65
(1) = 1, (Pn) = Pn–1 (P – 1) : P  Prime & n  N
(mn) = (m)  (n) if m & n are relatively prime.

Sol.65 (8n + 4) = (4(2n + 1))

(8n + 4) = (4) (2n + 1)  2n + 1  odd
 4 & 2n + 1 are co-prime
Now, Put P = 2 & n = 2 is (Pn) = Pn-1(P – 1)
 (4) = 2 × 1 = 2
 (8n + 4) = (4)  (2n + 1)
(8n + 4) = 2 (2n + 1) Ans.

Sol.66 (Pn) = Pn-1(P – 1) ; (1) = 1

Case-I : P  Even i.e. P = 2
then (2n) = 2n–1 × 1 = odd  n = 1
 (2) = 1
Case-II : P  odd  P – 1 = Even
 (Pn) = pn–1 × (P – 1)  odd
 (1) = 1 & (2) = 1 are the only two values such that (n) = odd Ans.

Sol.67 (pn) = Pn–1 × (P – 1)

Put P = 7
 (7n) = 7n–1 × 6 = 2058 (given)
 7n–1 = 343 n – 1 = 3  n = 4 Ans.

[REASONING TYPE]
68. Consider the function

264
 f(x) = (x+1C2x–8) (2x–8Cx+1)
Statement-1 : Domain of f(x) is singleton.
because
Statement-2 : Range of f(x) is singleton.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is NOT the correct
explanation for Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true

Sol. f (x)  x 1C2x 8  2x 8

Cx 1
x 1  N  2x  8  N 
 
Domain 2x – 8  W   and x 1  W 
x  1  2x – 8 2x  8  x  1
 x + 1 = 2x – 8
Domain  x = 9 Ans.
Now, Range = f(9) = 1 0C10  1 0C10  1 Ans.

[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

69. A continuous function f(x) on R  R satisfies the relation
f(x) + f(2x + y) + 5xy = f(3x – y) + 2x2 + 1 for x, y  R
then which of the following hold(s) good ?
(A) f is many one (B) f has no minima
(C) f is neither odd nor even (D) f is bounded
2
Sol. f(x) + f(2x + y) + 5xy = f(3x – y) + 2x + 1
2x + y = 3x – y  y = x/2
x  x
 Put y = x/2  f(x) + f(2x + x/2) + 5x  = f  3x    2x 2  1
2  2
 5x  5x  5x 
2
 f (x)  f     f    2x 2  1
 2  2  2 
2
5x
 f (x)  2 x 2  1
2
x2
 f (x)  1 
2
 f(x) is many-one and even function which has no minima. Ans.

70. Which of the following function (s) is/are Transcendental ?

2sin 3x
(A) f(x) = 5 sin x (B) f(x) = 2
x  2x  1
(C) f(x) = x 2  2x  1 (D) f(x) = (x2 + 3) . 2x
Sol. A function not expressible as a finite combination of the algebraic operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division or raised to a power and extracting a root, are called
transcendental function. The exponential function, logarithm, trigonometric function,
hyperbolic function and their inverse are examples of transcendental function.

265
  A, B, D

71. The functions which are aperiodic are :

(A) y = [x + 1] (B) y = sin x2 (C) y = sin2 x (D) y = sin–1 x
where [x] denotes greatest integer function
Sol. (A) y = [x + 1] = [x] + 1  Step-up function
 Aperiodic
2
(B) y = sin x
It does not satisfy the definition
f(x + T) = f(x) x  Df(x) ; T > 0
 Aperiodic function
(C) y = sin2x  Periodic function
(D) y = sin–1x  Increasing function
 Aperiodic function Ans.

72. Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic with period .

(A) f(x) = |sin x| (B) f(x) = [x + ] (C) f(x) = cos(sin x) (D) f(x) = cos2 x
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
Sol. (A) f(x) = |sin x|  Period = 
 (B) f(x) = [x + ]  Aperiodic 
 (C) f(x) = cos |sin x|  Periodic 
 (D) f(x) = cos2x  Period 

73. Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic ?

(A) f(x) = x – [x] (B) g(x) = sin(1/x), x  0 & g(0) = 0
(C) h(x) = x cos x (D) w(x) = sin–1(sin x)
Sol. (A) f(x) = x – [x] = {x}  Periodic 
 (B) f(x) = sin 1/x  Aperiodic 
 (C) f(x) = x cos x  Aperiodic
 (D) w(x) = sin–1(sin x)  Periodic

74. Which of the functions defined below are one-one function(s) ?

(A) f(x) = (x + 1), (x  – 1) (B) g(x) = x + (1/x), (x > 0)
(C) h(x) = x + 4x – 5, (x > 0)
2 (D) f(x) = e–x, (x  0)
Sol. (A) f(x) = x + 1; x – 1
one-one

266
 +
+ y

+ 1

+ x
+ –1 + 0

1
(B) g(x)  x  ; x  0
x
1 (x  1)(x  1)
g '(x)  1  2   Minima occurs at x = 1
x x2
 Many-one
(C) h(x) = x2 + 4x – 5 ; x > 0
h(x) = 2x + 4 > 0  x  (0, )  one-one
(D) f(x) = e–x ; x  0
 one-one
+
+ y

+ 1

+ x
+ 0

75. Which of the following functions are not homogeneous ?

y xy
(A) x + y cos (B)
x x  y2
x  y cos x x y y x
(C) (D) ln    ln  
y sin x  y y x x y
Sol. (B) & (C) are not homogeneous

76. If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying the condition f(x)  f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) and f(2)
= 9 then
(A) 2f(4) = 3f(6) (B) 14f(1) = f(3) (C) 9f(3) = 2f(5) (D) f(10) = f(11)

1 1
Sol. f(x)  f    f (x)  f  
x x

267
  f(x) = 1 ± x2
 f(2) = 9,  9 = 1 ± 2n8 = 2n or 8 = – 2n
n = 3
 f(x) = 1 + x 3

Now check by options.

1  sin x
77. The values of x in [–2, 2], for which the graph of the function y = – sec x
1  sin x
1  sin x
and y = – + sec x, coincide are
1  sin x
 3   3   3     3 
(A)  2,     , 2 (B)   ,     , 
 2   2   2 2 2 2 
     3 
(C)   ,  (D) [–2, 2] –  ,  
 2 2  2 2

1  sin x 1  sin x  1  sin x 

Sol. y  sec x    – sec x
1  sin x 1  sin x  1  sin x 
|1  sin x | 1  sin x
y  sec x   sec x
| cos x | | cos x |
1  sin x
 cos x  sec x  tan x; x  I IV quadrant
st th


 y
1  sin x  sec x  2sec x  tan x ; x  II nd & III rd quadrant
 cos x
Similarly
1  sin x  (1  sin x)
y  sec x   sec x
1  sin x | cos x |

 tan x ; x  I & IV quadrant
st th
y
2sec x – tan x ; x  II & III quadrant

nd rd

 In Ist & IVth quadrant, the given functions becomes identical i.e. y = tan x; except
when cos x 0
     3 
 y = tan x ; x   –2, – 3 / 2    ,    , 2 Ans.
 2 2  2 

78. If the function f(x) = ax + b has its own inverse then the ordered pair (a, b) can be
(A) (1, 0) (B) (–1, 0) (C) (–1, 1) (D) (1, 1)

Sol. f(x) = ax + b = y(Let)

yb
 x   g(y)
a
xb
f–1(x) = g(x) =
a

268
 x b
f(x) = f–1(x), ax + b = 
a a
1 b b
 a  & b a=±1&b=
a a a
If a  1, then b  –b  b  0 
 Now check by options
If a  –1, then b  b  b  R 

79. Suppose the domain of the function y = f(x) is –1  x  4 and the range is 1  y  10.
Let g(x) = 4 – 3f(x – 2). If the domain of g(x) is a  x  b and the range of g(x) is c  y  d
then which of the following relations hold good ?
(A) 2a + 4b + c + d = 0 (B) a + b + d = 8
(C) 5b + c + d = 4 (D) a + b + c + d + 18 = 0
Sol. y = f(x) : [– 1, 4]  [1, 10]
g(x) = 4 – 3f(x – 2)
Domain : - – 1  x – 2  4 x  [1, 6]
Range : - g(x)  [4 – 30, 4 – 3]  g(x) [ – 26, 1]
 a = 1, b = 6, c = – 26, d = 1
Now check by options

80. Suppose f (x) = ax + b and g (x) = bx + a, where a and b are positive integers. If
f  g(50)   g  f (50)  = 28 then the product (ab) can have the value equal to
(A) 12 (B) 48 (C) 180 (D) 210
Sol. f(x) = ax + b & g(x) = bx + a
f(g(x)) = a(bx+ a) + b = abx + a2 + b
& g(f(x)) = b(ax + b) + a = abx + b2 + a
Now, f(g(50)) – g(f(50)) = 2b
 (50ab + a2 + b) – (50ab + b2 + a) = 28
 a2 – b2 + b – a = 28
 (a – b) [a + b – 1] = 28; a, b  I+
Only possible when both a + b & a – b are even or odd
case-I : a – b = 1 & a + b – 1 = 28
 a – b = 1 & a + b = 29
 a = 15, b = 14  a.b = 210
(ii) a–b=4&a+ b–1=7
 a–b=4&a+b=8
 a = 6, b = 2  a b = 12

81. f : R  R ; f(x2 + x + 3) + 2f(x2 – 3x + 5) = 6x2 – 10x + 17 x  R then

(A) f is strictly decreasing (B) f(x) = 0 has a root in (0, 2)
(C) f(x) is an odd function (D) f(x) is invertible

269
Sol. 2f (x 2  x  3)  2f (x 2 – 3x  5)  6x 2  10x  17 ……..(1)
  
2 degree 2 degree 2 degree
Polynomial Polynomial Polynomial

 f(x) must be a linear polynomial.

 f(x) = ax + b
 From (1)
a(x2 + x + 3) + b + 2[a(x2 – 3x + 5)] + b = 6x2 – 10x + 17
 (3a)x2 + (– 5a)x + (13a + 2b) = 6x2 – 10x + 17
 3a = 6 & –5a = – 10 & 13a + 2b = 17
 a = 2 & b = – 9/2
9
 f (x)  2 x 
2
 x 2  2x 3 
The domain of definition of the function, f(x) =  2 tan x 
log 2tan x   2
82.  4x 4x 3  where []
 
 1 1
denotes the greatest integer function is given by the interval  n  , n   where n  I
 4 2
then n can be equal to
(A) –5 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1
Sol. Domain : -
 
[2 tan x]  0   tan x  [1/ 2, ) 
 
[2 tan  x]  1   tan x   1/ 2,1 
 (x  3)(x  1) 
x  2x  3 
2
  0
4x  4x  3 
2
(2 x  1) (2 x  3) 

 x   n  1/ 4, n  1/ 2  ; n  I 

 
 x  (– , – 3)  (1/ 2,1)  (3 / 2, ) 

 1 1
 Domain is x   n  , n   ; n  I – –3, – 2, –1,1 Ans.
 4 2
83. f(x) = sin 2  
[a] x , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, has fundamental
period  for
3 5 2 4
(A) a = (B) a = (C) a = (D) a =
2 4 3 5
Sol. f (x)  sin(2( [a]) x)
2
Period =   [a]  1
2 [a]
 [a] = 1
 a  [1, 2) Ans.
x 2  sin x cos x x(1  sin x)
84. The number of solutions of the equation = 0 is greater than
x  cos x x 1
or equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
270
 x 2  sin x cos x x(1  sin x)
Sol. 0
x  cos x x 1
(x +1) (x2 + sin x cos x) – x( 1 + sin x) (x + cos x) = 0
x3 + x sin xcos x + x2 + sin x cos x – x2 – x cos x – x2sin x – x sin x cos x = 0
 x3 – x2 sin x – x cos x + sin x cos x = 0
 x2(x – sin x) – cos x(x – sin x) = 0
 (x – sin x) (x2 – cos x) = 0
 x = sin x  x = 0 & x2 = cos x  2 solutions
No. of solutions = 3 Ans.

85. Let f(x) = max(1 + sin x, 1, 1 – cos x), x [0, 2] and g(x) = max(1, |x – 1|), x R, then
(A) g(f(0)) = 1 (B) g(f(1)) = 1 (C) f(g(1)) = 1 (D) f(g(0)) = sin 1

+ y

+ y = 1+ sin x +
+ 2
+ y = 1– cos x
+ 1 + y=1

+  + x
+ 2
+ + + +
Sol.

1  sin x ; 0  x  3 / 4

 3 3
 f (x)  1  cos x ; x
 4 2
 3
1 ; 2  x  2
+ y

+ y = –x + 1 + y=x–1
+ + +
+ y =1
+ 1
+ x
+ 0 1 2

 (A) g(f(0)) = g(1 + sin 0) = g(1) = 1

(B) g(f(1)) = g(1 + sin 1) = 1
(C) f(g(1)) = f(1) = 1 + sin 1
(D) f(g(0)) = f(1) = 1 + sin 1

271
 4 2
86. Let R = {(x, y) : x, y  R, x2 + y2  25} and R' = {(x, y) : x, y  R, y  x } then
9
(A) domain of R  R' = [–3, 3] (B) Range of R  R' = [0, 4]
(C) Range of R R' = [0, 5] (D) R  R' defines a function
Sol. On solving
9y
x2 + y2 = 25 & x2 =
4
we get x = ± 3

+ y

+ (0,5)
+ Common Region
+ x
+ (–3,0)
+ (–5,0) + (3,0)+ (5,0)

9y
x2 + y2  25, x 2 
4
 Domain of R R= [– 3, 3]
& Range of R  R= [0, 5] Ans.

[MATCH THE COLUMN]

1 x 1
87. Let f(x) = x + and g(x) = .
x x2
Match the composite function given in Column-I with their respective domains given in
Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) fog (P) R – {–2, –5/3}
(B) gof (Q) R – {–1, 0}
(C) fof (R) R – {0}
(D) gog (S) R – {–2, –1}
1
Sol. f (x)  x   Domain :  x  R –{0}
x
x 1
g(x)   Domain:  x  R –{– 2}
x2
(A) y = f(g(x))  Domain : - x  – 2
1
& f(x)  – 2  x   – 2
x
 (x + 1)  0  x  – 1
2

 Domain of f(g(x)) is x R – {– 2, – 1}

(B) y = g(f(x))
Domain : - x  0

272
 x 1
g(x)  0  0 x–1
x2
 Domain of g(f(x)) is x R – {– 1, 0}
(C) y = f(f(x)
Domain : - x  0
1
f(x)  0  x   0 x 
x
  Domain of f(f(x)) is x  R – {0}
(D) y = g(g(x))
Domain : - x  – 2
x 1
g(x)  – 2   – 2 x +1  – 2x – 4
x2
x  – 5/3
 5
  Domain of g(g(x)) is x  R –  – 2, 
 3 

88. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying the equation

 x   2x   y   4y  7x 21
 2    3    4    5   6  20 y where 0 < x, y < 30 and [.] denotes greatest integer
function is equal to

 x   2x   y   4y  x 2x y 4y
Sol.  2    3    4    5   2  3  4  5
x  x  2x  2x  y  y  4y  4y 
        0
2  2  3  3  4  4  5  5 

 x   2x   y   4y 
       0
2  3  4  5 
only possible when
x 2x y 4y
I & I & I & I
2 3 4 5

 
x = 6 ;   I & y = 20 k ; k  I
 x, y 
 x = {6, 12, 18, 24} & y = {20}
 Total number of ordered pairs (x, y) = 4 × 1 = 4 Ans.


x
1/3
x 1
89.  2 
Let f : R  R f(x) = n  x  x  1  and g : R  R, g(x) =  , then the
  
1 x
x 1
2e
number of real solutions of the equation, f–1(x) = g(x) is

Sol. Let f(x) = n [x  x 2  1)  y

273
  x  x 2  1  ey
 x 2  1  e y  x
e y  e y
Square & Simplify  x 
2
ex  e x
 f 1 (x)  y
2
dy e x  e x
  0 xR
dx 2
+ y

+ y = ex – e–x
+ 2 + 2

+ y = 2e1–x
+ x
+ 0 1

  f–1(x) is increasing  x  R
 No. of solutions of f–1(x) = g(x) are 4 Ans.

90. If the function f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 24x + c has 3 real and distinct roots ,  and , find the
sum of all possible distinct values of [] + [] + [], where [.] denote greatest integer
function.
Sol. Let y = g(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 24x
dy
 3x 2  18x  24  3(x  2)(x  4)
dx

+ + – +
2 2 4

2 Max. 2 Min.
+ y = g(x)

+ 20

+ 18 + y = g(x) + c
+ y = g(x) + c
+ 16
+ + + + + + 
+ 1 2 3 4 5

g(0) = 0

274
 g(1) = 16
g(2) = 20  Maxima
g(3) = 18
g(4) = 16  Minima
g(5) = 20
 f(x) = g(x) + c
 For 3 real and distinct roots of
f(x) = 0, c (– 20, – 16)
Either   (1, 2),  (3, 4), r  (4, 5)
 [] + [] + [] = 1 + 3 + 4 = 8
or  (1, 2),  (2, 3),   (4, 5)
 [] + [] + [] = 1 + 3 +4 = 8
 Sum of possible values of [] + [] + []
=8+7
= 15 Ans.

91. Find the number of values of x of the form 6n ± 1, where n  N, in the domain of the
64  x 2
function f(x) = x ln |x – 1| + .
sin x

64  x 2
Sol. f (x)  x n | x  1| 
sin x
| x  1|  0   x  R – {1}| 
 
Domain : - 64 – x 2  0    x  [–8,8]  
sin x  0  
  x  k; k  I 
 x  [– 8, 8] – {– 2, – , 0, 1, , 2}
 Values of x of the form (6n ± 1) ; n N in the domain are x = 5, 7 i.e. 2 values Ans.

92. If N be the numbers of natural numbers less than 2009 which can be expressed in the form
of [x[x]] for some positive real x then sum of the digits of N. ([.] denotes greatest integer
function).
Sol. If n  x < n + 1; n  N
then [x] = n
 n2  x[x] < n2 + n
 [x[x]] = n2, n2 + 1, n2 + 2,…. n2 + n – 1
 n = 1  [x[x]] = 1  1 value
n = 2 [x[x]] = 4, 5  2 values
n = 3 [x[x]] = 9, 10, 11  3 values
n = 2 [x[x]] = 16, 17, 18, 19  4 values

275
 n = 44 [x[x]] = 1936, 1937,……1979  44 values.
 Total no. of natural nos. (< 2009) = 1 + 2 + 3 +……+ 44
 N = 990
 Sum of digits of N = 9 + 9 + 0 = 18 Ans.

93. If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x  1), then f1(x) is
[JEE '99, 2]
x (x 1)
1
(A)  
2
(B)
1
2
1  1  4log 2 x  (C)
1
2

1  1  4log 2 x  (D) not defined

Sol. f (x)  2x(x 1) : [1, )  [1, )

Let y = 2x(x–1)
 log 2 y  x 2  x  x 2  x  log 2 y  0
1  1  4log 2 y
 x
2
1  1  4log 2 y
 x { x  1}
2
1
 f 1 (x)  1  1  4log 2 x 
2 
94. The domain of definition of the function, y (x) given by the equation, 2x + 2y = 2 is
(A) 0 < x  1 (B) 0  x  1 (C)  < x  0 (D)  < x < 1
[JEE 2000 Scr.), 1 out of 35]
Sol. 2 +2 =22 =2–2
x y y x

 y = log2(2 – 2x)
 Domain : -
2 – 2x > 0 2x < 2 x  (– , 1) Ans.

1 , x  0

95. Let g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] & f (x) =  0 , x  0 . Then for all x , f (g (x)) is equal to
 1 , x  0
(A) x (B) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Sol. g(x) = 1 + x – [x] = 1+ {x}
 –1 ; 1  {x}  0  x  

f (g(x))  0 ; 1  {x}  0  x  
1 ; 1  {x}  0  x  R

f(g(x)) = 1  x  R
1
96. If f : [1 , )  [2 , ) is given by , f (x) = x + , then f 1 (x) equals
x
x x2  4 x x  x2  4
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1  x2  4
2 1  x2 2

276
 1
Sol. f(x) = x  ; [1, )  [2, )
x
1
Let y = x 
x
 x – xy + 1 = 0
2

y  y2  4
 x
2
y  y2  4
 x  g(y) { x  1}
2
x  x2  4
 f–1(x) = g(x) = Ans.
2

log 2 (x  3)
97. The domain of definition of f (x) = is :
x 2  3x  2
(A) R – { 1,  2} (B) ( 2, )
(C) R – { 1,  2,  3} (D) ( 3, ) – { 1,  2}

x 3  0   x  –3
Sol. Domain : - 
x 2  3x  2  0  x  – 2, –1
 x  (– 3, ) – {– 2, – 1} Ans.
98. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4 } & F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8

1 1 1 1
2 2
Sol. Into function  3 or 3 2
4 2 4

E F E F
No. of onto functions = Total no. of function – into function
= 24 – 2 = 14 Ans.

x
99. Let f (x) = , x  1 . Then for what value of  is f (f (x)) = x ?
x 1
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) 1 (D)  1.
[JEE 2001 (Screening) 5  1 = 5]

Sol. f(f(x)) = x

277
  x 
 
 f (x) x 1
 x   x
f (x)  1 x
1
x 1
2 x
  x   = – 1 Ans.
x(  1)  1

100. Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x  –1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of
the graph of f (x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
1
(A) – x – 1, x > 0 (B) , x > –1 (C) x  1 , x > –1 (D) x – 1, x > 0
(x  1) 2

Sol. f(x) = (x +1)2 ; x  – 1

Let y = (x + 1)2  x + 1 = ± y
 x=–1+ y or x = – 1 – y
× {  x  – 1}
 f–1(x) = – 1+ x ; x0

101. Let function f : R R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sinx for x  R. Then f is

(A) one to one and onto (B) one to one but NOT onto
(C) onto but NOT one to one (D) neither one to one nor onto
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3 + 3]
Sol. f (x) = 2x + sin x
f (x) = 2 + cos x > 0  x  R
 f(x) is increasing  x  R
 f(x) is one-one
Range  (– , )  onto
 f(x) is one-one and onto Ans.

x2  x  2
102. Range of the function f (x) = is
x2  x 1
 7  7
(A) [1, 2] (B) [1,  ) (C)  2,  (D) 1, 
 3  3
x2  x 11 1
Sol. f (x)   1 2
x  x 1
2
x  x 1
2
1  1
 f (x)  1  ; x    0
1 3  2
2

x   
 2 4
 1 
 1, 1   f (x)  1, 7 / 3 Ans.
 3 / 4 

278
 x
103. Let f (x) = defined from (0, )  [ 0, ) then by f (x) is
1 x
(A) one- one but not onto (B) one- one and onto
(C) Many one but not onto (D) Many one and onto
[JEE 2003 (Scr),3+3]

x 1
Sol. f (x)   1 : (0, )  [0, )
1 x 1 x
1
f '(x)   0  x  (0, )
(1  x)2
 f(x) is increasing  x  (0, )  one-one
1
f (x)  1  ; x  (0, )
1 x
 Range  (0, 1)  co-domain Into

104. Let f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 – 1. Thus g ( f (x) ) is invertible for x 
          
(A)   , 0  (B)   2 ,  (C)   ,  (D) 0, 
 2   4 4  2
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
Sol. y = g(f(x)) = g(sin x + cos x)
= (sin x + cos x)2 – 1
= sin 2x
For this to be invertible 2x  [– /2, /2]
 x  [– /4, /4]

279
 Function Solved Exercise – 4

1. 
The function , f  x   log x  x 2  1 is  [JEE Main 2003]
(A) neither an even nor an odd function (B) an even function
(C) an odd function (D) a periodic function
Ans. (C)

Sol. 
f (x)  log x  x 2  1 
 x  1  x    
 x2  1  x 
  
f ( x)  log  x  x 2  1  log 

2




x2  1  x 
 

 x2  1 x2 
 log 
 x 1  x 
2 
   log x  x  1
2

f(–x) = – f(x)  odd function.

3
2. Domain of definition of the function f (x)   log10 (x 3  x) , is [JEE Main 2003]
4x 2

(A) (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, ) (B) (a, 2)

(C) (–1, 0)  (a, 2) (D) (1, 2)  (2, )
Ans. (A)
3
Sol. f (x)   log10 (x 3  x)
4x 2

Domain :-


x 3  x  0  x(x  1)(x  1)  0  x  (1, 0)  (1, ) 

4  x 2  0  x  2 


 x  (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, )

n
3. If f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y R and f(1) = 7, then  f (r) is
r 1
[JEE Main 2003]
7n(n  1) 7n 7(n  1)
(A) (B) (C) (D) 7n + (n +1)
2 2 2
Ans. (A)
Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
 f(x) = kx

f(1) = 7  k = 7
280
  f(x) = 7x
n n
n(n  1)
  f (r)  7 r  7 
r 1 r 1 2

4. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by

 n 1
 , when n is odd
 2
f (n)   is [JEE Main 2003]
 n , when n is even

 2
(A) neither one-one nor onto (B) one-one but not onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) one-one and onto both
Ans. (D)

 n 1
 ; n  odd
 2
Sol. f (n)   f(n) : N  I
  n ; n  Even

 2

n = 1  f(1) = 0

n = 2  f(2) = –1

n = 3  f(3) = 1

n = 4  f(4) = –2

n = 5  f(5) = 2

n = 6  f(6) = –3



 f(x) is one-one and onto.

5. The range of the function f(x) = 7–xPx–3 is [JEE Main 2004]

(A) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (D) {1, 2, 3}
Ans. (D)

7  x 1 
7 –x 
Sol. f(x) = Px – 3 : Domain :– x  3  0  
7  x  x  3

x [3, 5]

 Range  {f(3), f(4), f(5)}  x  {3, 4, 5}

4 3 2
 { P0, P1, P2}

281
  {1, 2, 3}

6. If f : R  S, defined by f (x)  sin x  3 cos x  1 , is onto, then the interval of S is

[JEE Main 2004]
(A) [–1, 3] (B) [–1, 1] (C) [0, 1] (D) [0, 3]

Ans. (A)

Sol. f (x)  sin x  3 cos x  1 : R  S

1 3   
 2  sin x  cos x  1  2sin  x    1
2 2   3

 [–1, 1]

 Range  [–1, 3] = Codomain (For onto function)

   S = [–1, 3]

7. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then [JEE Main 2004]
(A) f (x) = –f (–x) (B) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)
(C) f (x) = f (–x) (D) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2)
Ans. (B)
Sol. For a function to be symmetric about the line
x = 2, f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)

sin 1 (x  3)
8. The domain of the function f (x)  is [JEE Main 2004]
9  x2
(A) [1, 2] (B) [2, 3) (C) [1, 2) (D) [2, 3]
Ans. (B)

sin 1 (x  3)
Sol. f (x) 
9  x2

1  x  3  1
 2x4 
Domain :–    x  [2,3)
9x  0 
2
  3  x  3

9. A function is matched below against an interval where it is supposed to be increasing. Which

of the following pairs is incorrect matched? [JEE Main 2005]
Inter Function
(A) (–) x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 3
(B) [2, ) 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6

282
  1
(C)  ,  3x2 – 2x +1
 3
(D) (–, – 4) x3 + 6x2 + 6
Ans. (C)
3 2
Sol. Let f(x) = x – 3x + 3x + 3
2 2
 f ‘(x) = 3(x – 2x + 1) = 3 (x – 1)  0

 f(x) is increasing  x  R
3 2
Let f(x) = 2x – 3x – 12x + 6
2 2
 f ‘(x) = 6x – 6x – 12 = 6 (x – x – 2)

= 6(x – 2) (x + 1)

f(x) is increasing for x  (–, –1]  [2, )

2
Let f(x) = 3x – 2x + 1

 f ‘(x) = 6x – 2

f(x) is increasing for x  [1/3, )

3 2
Let f(x) = x + 6x + 6

2
 f ‘(x) = 3x + 12x = 3x (x + 4)

f(x) is increasing for x  (–, –4]  [0, )

10. A real valued function f(x) satisfied the functional equation

f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y)
where a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, f(2a – x) is equal to [JEE Main 2005]
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x) (C) f(a) + f(a – x) (D) f(–x)
Ans. (A)
Sol. f(x – y) = f(x) · f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y)
2 2
Put x = y = 0  f(0) = f (0) – f (a)  f(a) = 0
Put x = a & y = x – a

 f(2a – x) = f(a) · f(x – a) – f(0) · f(x)

 f(2a – x) = – f(x) { f(0) = 1 & f(a) = 0}

283
11. Let f : N  Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3 where Y = {y  N : y = 4x + 3 for some x
N}. Show that f is invertible and its inverse is [JEE Main 2008]
3y  4 y3 y3 y3
(A) g(y)  (B) g(y)  4  (C) g(y)  (D) g(y) 
3 4 4 4
Ans. (D)
y3
Sol. y  4x  3  x   g(y) let
4
y3
 Inverse of f(x) is g(y) 
4
12. Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 1, x  –1
Statement-1 : The set {x : f(x) = f–1 (x) = {0, –1}}
Statement-2 : f is a bijection. [JEE Main 2009]
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true. Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(C) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true. Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
Ans. (B)
2
Sol. f(x) = (x + 1) – 1 ; x  –1
–1
 f(x) = f (x) = x
2
 f(x) = x  (x + 1) – 1 = x
2
 (x + 1) = (x + 1)

 (x + 1) [x + 1 – 1] = 0

 x = 0, – 1  statement 1 is True.

 Co-domain is not given.

 Statement 2 is false.

13. For real x let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then [JEE Main 2009]

(A) f is onto R but not one-one (B) f is one-one and onto R
(C) f is neither one-one nor onto R (D) f is one-one but not onto R
Ans. (B)
3
Sol. f(x) = x + 5x + 1
2
 f ‘(x) = 3x + 5 > 0  f(x) is increasing  x  R

 Range  (–, ) = R  one - one

 Onto it co-domain is R.

284
 1
14. The domain of the function f (x)  is [JEE Main 2011]
| x | x

(A) (0, ) (B) (–0) (C) (–) (D) (–)

Ans. (B)
1
Sol. f (x) 
| x | x

Domain :– |x| – x > 0

x0 x0
 x  x  0  0  0  0 
x0 00

 x  (–, 0)

15. If a  R and the equation – 3(x – [x])2 + 2(x – [x]) + a2 = 0 [IIT Mains 2014]
(where [x] denotes the greatest integer  x) has no integral solution, then all possible values of
'a 'lie in the interval
(A) (– , – 2)  (2, ) (B) (– 1, 0)  (0, 1)
(C) (1, 2) (D) (– 2, – 1) 
Ans. (B)
2 2
Sol. –3[x – [x]] + 2[x – [x]] + a = 0
2 2
 a = 3{x} – 2{x} ( {x} = x – [x])

2 2
Put {x} = t  a = 3t – 2t ; t  (0, 1) ; As x  I

 2
Let f (t)  3t  t  
 3

1
  a2  1
3
 a  (–1, 1) – {0}

285
16. If X = {4n – 3n – 1 : n  N} and Y = {9(n – 1) : n  N}, where N is the set of natural numbers,
then X  Y is equal to : [JEE Main 2014]
(A) Y (B) N (C) Y – X (D) X
Ans. (A)
n
Sol. x = {4 – 3n – 1 ; n  N} = {0, 9, 54, 243, …..}

y = {9(n – 1) ; n  N} = {0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, …..}

xy=y

1
17. If f(x) + 2f   = 3x, x  0, and S = {x  R : f(x) = f(–x)} ; then S : [IIT Main 2016]
x
(A) is an empty set (B) contains exactly one element
(C) contains exactly two elements (D) contains more than two elements
Ans. (C)

 1
Sol. f (x)  2f    3x …… (1)
 x

1
Replace x 
x

 1 3
 f    2f (x)  …… (2)
 x x

On solving (1) & (2), we get

2
f (x)  x
x
Now, f(x) = f(–x)
2 2 4
 x   x   2x  x   2
x x x
 Exactly two solutions.

 1 1 x
18. The function f : R    ,  defined as f(x) = is [JEE Mains 2017]
 2 2 1 x2
(A) invertible (B) injective but not surjective
(C) surjective but not injective (D) neither injective nor surjective
Ans. (C)

 1 1
Sol. f (x) : R    , 
 2 2

286
  From graph, f(x) is many-one and onto.

19. Let a, b, c  R. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is such that a + b + c = 3 and f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)+xy,
10
 x, y  R, then  f (n) is equal to [JEE Mains 2017]
n 1

(A) 330 (B) 165 (C) 190 (D) 255

Ans. (A)
2
Sol. f(x) = ax + bx + c
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy
2 2 2
 a(x + y) + b(x + y) + c = (ax + bx + c) + (ay + by + c) + xy

 2axy = c + xy  x, y  R

 (2a – 1)xy – c = 0  x, y  R

 a = 1/2, c = 0
5
 a + b + c = 3, b 
2

x 2 5x
 f (x)  
2 2
10
1 10 2 5 10
  f (n)   n   n  330
n 1 2 n 1 2 n 1

1 1
20. For x  R – [0, 1], let f1(x)  , f 2 (x)  1  x and f3 (x)  be three given functions. If a
x 1 x
function, J(x) satisfies (f2oJof1 ) (x) = f3(x) then J(x) is equal to :
[JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-1)]
1
(A) f1(x) (B) f3 (x) (C) f2(x) (D) f3(x)
x
Ans. (A)
Sol. f2(J(f1(x))) = f3(x)

 1 – J(f1(x)) = f3(x)

287
  1 1
 1 J   
 x  1 x

 1 1 x
 J    1 
 x 1 x 1 x

1
1  1
x   J(x)  x   f3 (x)
x 1 1 x
1
x

2403 k
21. If the fractional part of the number is , then k is equal to :
15 15

[JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-1)]

(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 14
Ans. (C)
 2403   8(24 )100 
Sol.   =  
 15   15 
 8(15  1)100 
  k=8
 15 

2x
22. Let A = {x R: x is not a positive integer}. Define a function f: A  R as f(x) = then f
x 1
is:- [JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) neither injective nor surjective (B) surjective but not injective
(C) injective but not surjective (D) not injective
Ans. (A)
2x 2
Sol. f (x)   2
x 1 x 1
1
 f '(x)  0  f(x) is decreasing  x  R
(x  1)2

 one-one
2x
Now, f (x)  will never attain value of the
x 1
2n
from , n N,  Range  R
n 1

 Into

 f(x) is injective but not surjective.

288
23. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f and g be defined as f, g : N N such
 n 1
 if n is odd
 2
that f  n    and g (n) = n – (– 1)n. Then fog is:
 n
if n is even

 2
[JEE Main 2019 (10-01-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) both one - one and onto (B) neither one one nor onto
(C) one - one but not onto (D) onto but not one - one
Ans. (D)
n 1
 ; n  odd
 2 n  1 ; n  odd
Sol. f (x)   & g(x)  
 n ; n  Even n  1 ; n  Even

 2

f (g(1))  f (2)  1
 Many  one
f (g(2))  f (1)  1

Now,
2n  1  1
f (g(2n))  f (2n  1)  n
2
&
2n  2
f (g(2n  1))  f (2n  2)   n 1
2
 f(g(x)) is onto.

x
24. Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = , x R. Then the range of f is
1  x2
[JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-1)]
 1 1  1 1
(A) (–1,1) –{0} (B) R    ,  (C)   ,  (D) R – [–1,1]
 2 2  2 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. f(0) = 0 & f(x) is odd.

Further, If x > 0 then

1  1
f(x) =   0, 
1  2
x
x
 1 1
Hence, f(x)    , 
 2 2

289
 1
25. Let a function f : (0, )  (0, ) be defined by f (x)  1  .Then f is :
x

[JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-2)]

(A) Injective only (B) Not injective but it is surjective
(C) Both injective as well as surjective (D) Neither injective nor surjective
Ans. (Bouns)
Sol. f : (0, )  [0, )

1
f (x)  1 
x

 f(x) is many-one and into. { Range = [0, )}

26. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, ....... , 20} onto {1, 2, 3, ..........., 20} such that f(k) is a
multiple of 3, whenever k is a multiple of 4, is :
[JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-2)]
6 5
(A) 5 × 15 (B) 6 × (15)! (C) (15)! × 6! (D) 5! × 6!
Ans. (C)

Sol.  k is multiple of 4

 k = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}

 f(k) can take values form the set {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
6
in C5 × 5! = 6!

and the remaining elements of A is 15! Ways.

 Total number of onto functions = 6! × 15!

 1 x   2x 
27. If f (x)  log e   ,| x |  1 , then f  is equal to :
 1 x   1 x2 

[JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-1)]

2
(A) (f(x)) (B) 2f(x) (C) –2f(x) (D) 2f(x2)
Ans. (A)

290
  1 x 
f (x)  ln 
 1  x 
Sol.

 2x 
1  (1  x) 2 
 2x   1 x2 
f   
 1  x 2 
ln  ln
2x   (1  x)2 
 
 1 
 1 x2 

 1 x 
 2ln   2f (x)
 1  x 

28. The sum of the solutions of the equation x –2 + x  

x – 4 + 2 = 0 ,  x > 0  is equal to
:
[JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) 12 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 4
Ans. (C)
Sol. | x –2|+ x  
x –4 +2=0

x  2 x – 2+x – 4 x +2 = 0
(i) For
x–3 x =0
x  x –3 =0 
x = 0 | x = 9 x = 9 is solution
(ii) For x < 2  2 – x + x – 4 x + 2 = 0
x–5 x +4=0
 x–4  
x – 1 = 0  x = 1 | x = 16  x = 1 is solution
 sum of solution = 1+9 = 10

29. Let f(x) = ax (a > 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x), where f1(x) is an even function and
f2(x) is an odd function. Then f1(x + y) + f1(x – y) equals :
[JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) 2f1(x) f1(y) (B) 2f1(x + y) f2(x – y)
(C) 2f1(x + y) f1(x – y) (D) 2f1(x)f2(y)
Ans. (A)
x
Sol. f(x) = a (a > 0)
A function can be written as a sum of two functions of which one is odd & other is even as,

 f (x)  f ( x)   f (x)  f ( x) 
f (x)      
 2 2

291
  
Even function Odd function

 
f1(x) f2(x)

 f1(x + y) + f1(x – y)

a x  y  a  (x  y) a x  y  a  (x  y)
 
2 2


a x y
 
 a xy  a xy  a xy 
2


  
a x a y  ay  ax ay  a y 
2

 
1 x
2

a  ax a y  ay 
= 2f1(x) · f1(y)

x2
30. If the function f : R – {1, –1}  A defined by f (x)  , is surjective, then A is equal to
1 x2
[JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-1)]

(A) [0,  ) (B) R– {–1} (C) R – [–1, 0) (D) R – (–1, 0)

Ans. (A)

x2
Sol. Let f (x)   y  x 2  y  yx 2
1 x 2

y
 x2  0 { x 2  0}
y 1

 y  (–, –1)  [0, ) Which is range of f(x)

Now, for f(x) to be onto,
Range = Co-domain (A)

 A = (–, –1)  [0, )

 A = R – [–1, 0)

292
  
10
31. Let ,  f (a  k)  16 210  1 where the function f satisfies f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all natural
k 1
numbers x, y and f (1) = 2, then the natural number 'a' is :
[JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-1)]

(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 16

Ans. (B)
Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y)
x
 f(x) = b

 f(1) = 2,  2 = b
x
 f(x) = 2
Now,
10
 f (a  k)  16(210  1)
k 1

10
 2a  2k  16(210  1)
k 1

a 2 3 10 10
 2 [2 + 2 + 2 + ….. + 2 ] = 16 (2 – 1)

 210  1
 2  2
a
 2 1 
  16 210  1  
a+1 4
2 = 16 = 2

a=3

+ log10  x 3 – x  is :
1
32. The domain of the definition of the function f(x) =
4 – x2
(A)  – 2, –1   –1, 0   2,   (B)  –1, 0   1, 2    3,  
(C)  –1, 0   1, 2    2,   (D) 1, 2    2,  

[JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-2)]

Ans. (C)
1
Sol. f(x) =
4  x2
 log10 x3  x  
4 – x2  0
x2 ± 2 ....(1)
x3 – x > 0
x(x2 – 1) > 0
x(x – 1)(x + 1) > 0
x   1,0  1,   ...(2)

293
 From (1) & (2)
x   1,0  1,2  2,  

33. Let f(x) = x2, x  R. For any A  R , define g(A) = {x  R : f(x)  A}. If S = [0, 4], then
which one of the following statements is not true ? [JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) g(f(S)) S (B) f(g(S))  f(S) (C) f(g(S)) = S (D) g(f(S)) =g(S)
Ans. (D)
2
Sol. f(x) = x , x  R and g(A) = {x  R : f(x)  A} ; S = [0, 4]

g(S) = {x  R : f(x)  S}

2
= {x  R : 0  x  4}

= {x  R : –2  x  2}

 g(S) = [–2, 2]
f(g(S)) = [0, 4] = S

f(S) = [0, 16]  f(g(S))  f(S)

g(f(S)) = [–4, 4]  g(S)  g(f(S)) = g(S) is wrong.

1
34. All the pairs (x, y) that satisfy the inequality 2  1 also satisfy the equation:
sin 2 x – 2sinx +5.
sin 2 y
4
[JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) sin x = |sin y| (B) sin x = 2 sin y (C) 2 sin x = sin y (D) 2|sinx| = 3siny
Ans. (A)
2y
sin x 12  4  4sin
Sol. 2
 sin x  1  4  2sin 2 y
2

2 2

This is possible only if sin x  1& sin y  1

35. Let f(x) = loge(sinx), (0<x< ) and g(x) = sin–1 (e–x), (x 0), If  is a positive real number
such that a = (fog)' () and b = (fog) (), then : [JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) aα + bα + a = 0
2
(B) aα + bα – a = –2α2
2

(C) aα2 – bα – a = 0 (D) aα2 – bα – a = 1

Ans. (D)
Sol. f(g(x)) = loge (sin(sin-1e-x))
= loge(e-x)
f(g(x)) = – x

294
 f'(g(x))=-1
a  1 b  
Satisfy a  b  a  1
2

 3 1 – x2
36. For x   0,  , let f(x) = x , g(x)= tan x and h  x  = . If   x  =  hof  og)  x  , then
 2 1 + x2
π
   is equal to : [JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-1)]
3
5π π 7π 11π
(A) tan (B) tan (C) tan (D) tan
12 12 12 12

Ans. (D)
Sol. 
  x   hof  og  x  
= h{f(g(x)}


g   3
3

f  3  3 1/4

1 3

h 31/4 
1 3
1  3 
    2 3
1  3   
 
  11 
=  tan = tan  
12  12 

37. For , let [x] denote the greatest integer x, then the sum of the series
 –1  –1 1   –1 2   –1 99 
 3  +  3 – 100  +  3 – 100  + .... +  3 – 100 
       
[JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-1)]

(A) -133 (B) -135 (C) -131 (D) -153

Ans. (A)

 1  1 1   1 99 
Sol.  – 3    – 3 – 100   .....  – 3 – 100 

 1 66   1 67 
 .........   – –  – –  .....[ ]
 3 100   3 100 
= – 67 – 33 × 2
= – 67 – 66

295
 = – 133

5
38. If g(x) = x2 + x – 1 and (gof)(x) = 4x2 – 10x + 5, then f   is equal to :
4
[JEE Main 2020 (07-01-2020-Shift-1)]
1 3 3 1
(A)  (B) (C)  (D)
2 2 2 2
Ans. (A)
Sol. g(f(x)) = f2(x) + f(x) 1
2
  5  5 5 5
g  f     4    10.  5 
4
   4
  4 4

  5  5 5
g  f     f2    f    1
  4  4  4

5  5
  f2    f    1
4 4
  4

 5 1
f2    f     0
4
  4 4

2
 5 1
f      0
 4 2

5 1
f   
4
  2

82x  82x
39. The inverse function of f (x)  , x  (1,1) , is ____.
82x  82x
[JEE Main 2020 (07-01-2020-Shift-1)]
1  1 x  1  1 x 
(A) (log8 e) loge   (B) log e  
4  1 x  4  1 x 
1  1 x  1  1 x 
(C) (log8 e) loge   (D) log e  
4  1 x  4  1 x 
Ans. (A)

82x  82x 84x  1

Sol. f (x)    y(let)
82x  82x 84x  1
4x 4x
 8 – 1 = y(8 + 1)
4x
 (1 – y) 8 = y + 1
y 1
 84x 
1 y

296
 1  y  1
 x  log8 
4  1  y 

1  1 x 
 f 1 (x)  log8 
4  1  x 

x  x
40. Let f : (1, 3)  R be a function defined by f(x) = , where [x] denotes the greatest integer
1  x2
 x. Then the range of f is : [JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-2)]

 2 1   3 4  2 4 3 4  2 3  3 4 
(A)  ,    ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D)  ,    , 
 5 2   5 5  5 5 5 5  5 5  4 5 
Ans. (A)
x x 
Sol. f:(1,3)  R , f(x) =
1  x2

 x
 , x  1,2 
1  x2
f(x) = 
 2x , x  [2,3)
1  x2


 
 1  x2 1  x 2x 
 , x  1,2 

 
2
2
 1  x
f'(x) = 
 
 1  x2 2   2x 2x 
 , x  [2,3)
 
2
 1  x 2


 1  x2
 , x  1, 2 
 
2
 1  x2
f'(x) = 
 2  2x2
 , x  [2, 3)
1  x 
2
2



 f(x) is decreasing function

2 1  6 4
 Rf   ,    , 
 5 2   10 5 

41. Let S be the set of all real roots of the equation, 3x(3x – 1) + 2 = |3x – 1| + |3x – 2|. Then S :
[JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) is a singleton (B) contains at least four elements.
(C) contains exactly two elements (D) is an empty set.
Ans. (A)
Sol. 3x(3x – 1) + 2 = |3x – 1| + |3x – 2|
put 3x = t

297
 t(t – 1) + 2 = |t – 1| + |t – 2|
t2 – t + 2 = |t – 1|+ |t – 2|
from graph

1 1 2
2

let  is real solutions

 = 3x
x = x  log3    only one solution
 singleton set

42. The number of distinct solutions of the equation, log 1 sin x  2  log 1 cos x in the interval
2 2
[0, 2] is ....... [JEE Main 2020 (09-01-2020-Shift-1)]
Ans. (8)
Sol.

0 2

log1 sin x  2  log1 cos x

2 2

1
sin x cos x 
4
1
sin2x  
2

43. If A = {x  R : |x| < 2} and

B = {x  R : |x – 2|  3} ; then : [JEE Main 2020 (09-01-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) A  B  [–1, 2) (B) B – A = R – (–2, 5)
(C) A  B  (–2, –1) (D) A  B  R – (2,5)
Ans. (B)
Sol. A  {x  (–2,2)}
B  {| x– 2 |  3}
 (x – 2)  3 U (x – 2)  – 3
x 5 U x  – 1

298
 –2 –1 2 5

 | x | 5 
44. The domain of the function f  x   sin 1  2  is (, a]  [a, ). Then a is equal to :
 x 1 
[JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-1)]

17  1 17 1  17 17
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 2 2
Ans. (C)

 | x | 5 
Sol. f (x)  sin 1  2 
 x 1

| x | 5
Domain:- 1  1
x2  1
2 2
 – x – 1  |x| + 5  x + 1
2 2
 x + |x| + 6  0 & x – |x| – 4  0
2
xR and |x| – |x| – 4  0

  1  17     1  17  
 | x |     | x |   2   0
  2    

1  17  1  17 
x or x   
2  2 

 1  17  1  17 
 x   ,  ,  
 2   2 
45. Let f : R  R be a function which satisfies f (x  y)  f (x)  f (y) x, y  R . If f(1) = 2 and
(n 1)
g(n)   f (k), n  N then the value of n, for which g(n) = 20, is:
k 1
[JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) 9 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 20
Ans. (B)
Sol. f(x) = tx
f(1) = t = 2
f(x) = 2x
g(n)=f(1)+f(2)+.........+f(n-1)
= 2 + 4 + 6 + ........+ 2(n-1)
(n 1).n
=2
2
= n2–n

299
 Given g(n) = 20  n2 – n = 20
n2 – n–20 = 0
n=5

46. Let [t] denote the greatest integer t. Then the equation in x, [x]2 + 2[x + 2]  7 = 0 has :
[JEE Main 2020 (04-09-2020-Shift-1)]
(A) exactly four integral solutions (B) infinitely many solutions
(C) no integral solution (D) exactly two solutions
Ans. (B)
Sol. [x]2 + 2[x + 2] – 7 = 0
[x]2 +2[x] – 3 = 0
let [x] = y
y2 + 3y – y – 3 = 0
(y – 1)(y + 3) = 0
[x] = 1 or [x] = – 3
x  1,2 & x   3, 2

47. Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3,4}. Then the number of elements in the set
C  {f : A  B | 2  f (A) }and f is not one–one is_______
[JEE Main 2020 (05-09-2020-Shift-2)]

Ans. (19)

Sol. Case (i) Only ‘2’ in range  1 function

Case (ii) one element out of 1, 3, 4 is in the range with ‘2’

3
 No. of ways of selecting one out of 1, 3, 4 = C1

Now, we have two elements 2 & 1 (let says).

3!
 distribute a, b, c in two   2!
2!1!
3!
 No. of ways  3C1   2!  18
2!1!
From case (i) & case (ii)
Total no. of functions = 1 + 18 = 19

300
 
48. If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and  f (x)  2 , x, yN, where N is the set of all natural number, then
x 1

f (4)
the value of is : [JEE Main 2020 (06-09-2020-Shift-1)]
f (2)

2 1 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 3 9
Ans. (D)
x
Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = a

  f (x)  2
x 1


  a x  2  a  a 2  a 3  .....    2
x 1

a 2
  2a 
1 a 3

f (4)  2 / 3
x 4
 2 4
 f (x)      
 3 f (2)  2 / 3 2
9

ax
49. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f: R–{–a} R be defined by f (x)  .
ax
 1
Further suppose that for any real number x – a and f(x)  –a, (fof)(x) = x. Then f    is
 2
equal to:
[JEE Main 2020 (06-09-2020-Shift-2)]

1 1
(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) (D) –
3 3
Ans. (B)
ax
Sol. f (x) 
ax

Now,  f(f(x) = x

–1
 f (x) = f(x)

 1 x  a  x
 a 
 1 x  a  x

301
 a 2  ax  a 2 x  ax 2  a  x  ax  x 2
a 2  a  x 1  a   x 2 1  a   0
2

a  a  1  x 1  a   x 2 1  a   0
2

1  a   a  x 1  a   x 2   0
a 1

1 x
 f (x) 
1 x

1  1/ 2
 f  1/ 2  3
1  1/ 2

50. Suppose that function f : R  R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y R and f(1)=3. If
n

 f (i)  363 , then n is equal to .......

i 1
[JEE Main 2020 (06-09-2020-Shift-2)]

Ans. (5)
x
Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = a

 f(1) = 3,  a = 3

x
 f(x) = 3
Now,
n n
 f (i)  363   3i  363
i 1 i 1

 3  32  33  .....  3n  363
G.P.

 3n  1
 3   363  3n  243
 3 1 

 n = 5

1
x–
51. Let ƒ : R  R be defined as ƒ(x) = 2x – 1 and g : R – {1}  R be defined as g (x)  2.
x –1
Then the composition function ƒ(g(x)) is :
[JEE Main 2021 (24-02-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) onto but not one-one (B) both one-one and onto
(C) one-one but not onto (D) neither one-one nor onto
Ans. (C)
302
  2x  1 
Sol. f (g(x))  2g(x)  1  2   1
 2(x  1) 
x 1
 1
x 1 x 1
Range of ƒ(g(x)) = – {1}
Range of ƒ(g(x)) is not onto
& ƒ(g(x)) is one-one
So ƒ(g(x)) is one-one but not onto.

52. If a +  = 1, b +  = 2 and
 1
f(x)  f  
 1   x
af(x)  f    bx  , x  0, then the value of expression is_________.
 x x 1
x
x

[JEE Main 2021 (24-02-2021-Shift-2)]

Ans. (2)

 1 
Sol. af(x)  f    bx  ……(1)
 x x

1
replace x by
x

 1 b
af    f(x)   x ……(2)
 x x

(1) + (2)

 1 1
(a   )f(x)  (a   )f    x(b  )  (b  )
 x x

 1
f(x)  f  
x  b  2  2
1 a 1
x
x

53. Let f, g : N  N such that f(n + 1) = f(n) + f(1) n  N and g be any arbitrary function. Which
of the following statements is NOT true? [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) If fog is one-one, then g is one-one (B) If f is onto, then f(n) = n n N
(C) f is one-one (D) If g is onto, then fog is one-one
Ans. (D)
Sol. f(n + 1) – f(n) = f(1)

 f(n) = nf (1)

 f is one-one

303
 Now, Let f (g(x2)) = f(g(x1))

 g(x2) = g(x1) (as f is one-one)

 x1 = x2 (if fog is one-one)

 g is one-one
Now, f(g(n)) = g(n) f(1)
may be many-one if
g(n) is many-one

5x
54. A function f(x) is given by f  x  , then the sum of the series
5x  5

 1  2  3  39 
f    f    f    .....  f   is equal to : [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-2)]
 20   20   20   20 

19 49 29 39
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2

Ans. (D)
5x 5
Sol. f  x  f  2  x 
5x  5 5x  5

f(x) + f(2 – x) = 1

 1  2  39 
 f    f    ....  f  
 20   20   20 

  1   39     19   21  20  
  f    f     ....   f    f    f   
  20   20     20   20   20  

1 39
 19  
2 2

55. Let x denote the total number of one-one functions from a set A with 3 elements to a set B with
5 elements and y denote the total number of one-one functions from the set A to the set A × B.
Then : [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) y = 273x (B) 2y = 91x (C) y = 91x (D) 2y = 273x
Ans. (B)
5
Sol. x = C3 × 3! = 60
15
y = C3 × 3! = 15 × 14 × 13 = 30 × 91

 2y = 91x

304
 k  1 if k is odd
56. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} and f : A  A be defined as f(k)  
 k if k is even

Then the number of possible functions g : A  A such that gof = f is

[JEE Main 2021 (26-02-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 105 10
(B) C5 (C) 55 (D) 5!
Ans. (A)
 x  1, if x is odd
Sol. f(x)  
 x, if x is even

 g : A  A such that g(f(x)) = f(x)

 If x is even then g(x) = x ...(1)
If x is odd then g(x + 1) = x + 1 ...(2)
from (1) and (2) we can say that
g(x) = x if x is even
 If x is odd then g(x) can take any value in set A
5
so number of g(x) = 10 × 1

–1 x2  x  2
57. Let f(x) = sin x and g(x)  . If g(2)  lim g(x) , then the domain of the function fog is :
2x 2  x  6 x 2

[JEE Main 2021 (26-02-2021-Shift-2)]

(A)  , 2   ,  (B)  , 2   1,  (C)  , 2   ,  (D)  , 1   2, 
3 4
2   3 

Ans. (C)
–1
Sol. Domain of fog(x) = sin (g(x))
3
 g(x)  1 , g(2) 
7

x2  x  2
1
2x 2  x  6

 x  1 x  2 1
 2x  3 x  2
x 1 x 1
 1 and  1
2x  3 2x  3

x  1  2x  3 x  1  2x  3
 0 and 0
2x  3 2x  3

x2 3x  4
 0 and 0
2x  3 2x  3

305
  4 
x   , 2    , 
 3 

58. The number of elements in the set {x   : (|x| – 3) |x + 4| = 6} is equal to :

[JEE Main 2021 (16-03-2021-Shift-1)]
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 1
Ans. (2)
Sol. x–4
(|x| – 3) |x + 4| = 6
6
| x | 3 
|x4|

No. of solutions = 2

59. The inverse of y = 5log x is : [JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-1)]

1 1
logy log5
(A) x = 5 (B) x = y (C) x  y log5
(D) x  5 log y

Ans. (C)
log x
Sol. y=5
log5
y=x
1
y log 5  x

cosec 1 x
60. The real valued function f(x)  , where[x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
x  [x]

equal to x, is defined for all x belonging to : [JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-1)]

(A) all reals except integers (B) all non-integers except the interval [–1,1]
(C) all integers except [0,–1,1] (D) all reals except the Interval [–1,1]
Ans. (B)
cosec 1x
Sol. f(x) 
{x}

Domain  (–,  1]  [1, )

306
 {x} 0 so x integers

61. If the functions are defined as f (x)  x and g(x)  1  x, then what is the common domain
of the following functions :
f (x)
f + g, f – g, f/g, g/f, g – f where (f ± g) (x) = f (x)  g(x), (f / g)(x) 
g(x)
[JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 0  x  1 (B) 0  x < 1 (C) 0 < x < 1 (D) 0 < x  1
Ans. (C)

Sol. f(x)  g(x)  x  1  x, domain [0, 1]

f(x)  g(x)  x  1  x, domain [0, 1]

g(x)  f(x)  1  x  x, domain [0, 1]

f(x) x
 , domain [0, 1)
g(x) 1 x

g(x) 1 x
 , domain (0, 1]
f(x) x

So, common domain is (0, 1)

x2
62. Let f : R – {3}  R – {1} be defined by f (x)  . Let g : R  R be given as g(x) = 2x – 3.
x 3
13
Then, the sum of all the values of x for which f 1  x   g 1  x   is equal to
2
[JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 7 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 3
Ans. (C)
x2
Sol. f(x)  y 
x3

3y  2
 x
y 1

3x  2
 f 1(x) 
x 1

& g(x) = y = 2x – 3
y3
 x
2

x3
 g1(x) 
2

307
 13
f 1(x)  g1 (x) 
2

x1
2
 x – 5x + 6 = 0
x2

 sum of roots x1 + x2 = 5

63. Let [x] denote the greatest integer  x, where x  R. If the domain of the real valued function

x  2
f (x)  is (,a)  [b,c)  [4, ),a  b  c, then the value of a + b + c is :
x  3
[JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 1 (B) –2 (C) 8 (D) –3
Ans. (B)
[x]  2
Sol.  0  [x]  3  0
[x]  3

Let t  [x] , t  0

t2
 0
t 3
 t   , 2   3,    t  0

 [x] [0, 2]  (3, )

 [x]   , 3  [2, 2]   3,  

 x   , 3  [2,3)   4,  

So a = –3, b = –2 , c = 3
So a + b +c = –2

  5x  3
64. Let f : R –    R be defined by f(x) = . Then the value of a for which (f0f)(x) = x,
6 6x  
 
for all x  R    , is: [JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-2)]
6
(A) No such  exists (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 5
Ans. (D)
5x  3
Sol. f (x) 
6x  

308
  5x  3 
5 3
 6x   
f(f (x))  x
 5x  3 
6 
 6x   

25x  15  18x  3
 x
30x  18  6x   2

 25x 15 18x  3  30x 2 18x  6x 2   2x 

  25x 15  3  30x 2  6x 2   2x 

  (30  6) x 2  (2  25) x  3  15  0 

  6(5  ) x 2  (  5)(  5) x  3(  5)  0 

 


65. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then, the value of x  R satisfying
the equation [ex]2 + [ex + 1]–3 = 0 lie in the interval : [JEE Main 2021 (22-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) [0,1/e) (B) [1, e) (C) [loge2, loge3) (D) [0, loge2)

Ans. (D)
Sol. [ex]2 + [ex + 1] –3 = 0
[ex]2 + [ex] –2 = 0
Let [ex] = t
t2 + t –2 = 0
(t + 2) (t – 1) = 0
t = 1, –2
[ex] : 1, –2 (–2 is not possible)
[ex] = 1
x  [0, n2)

66. Let A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Then the number of bijective functions f : A  A such that
f(1) + f(2) = 3 – f (3) is equal to- [JEE Main 2021 (22-07-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (720)
Sol. f(1) + f(2) = 3 – f(3)
 f(1) + f(2) + f(3) = (3)
 {(f(1),f(2), f(3)} = {(0,1,2) (0,2,1)(1,0,2) (1,2,0) (2,1,0) (2,0,1)} = 3! = 6
And {f(0), f(4), f(5), f(6), f(7)} = 5!
Total such function = 5! × 3!= 720

67. Let g : N  N defined as [JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-1)]

g(3n + 1) = 3n + 2,
g(3n + 2) = 3n + 3,
g(3n + 3) = 3n +1, for all n  0.
Then which of the following statements is ture ?
(A) gogog = g
309
 (B) There exists a function f : N  N such that gof = f
(C) There exists a one-one function f : N  N such that fog = f
(D) There exists an onto function f : N  N such that fog = f
Ans. (D)
Sol. g(3n + 1) = 3n + 2
g(3n + 2) = 3n + 3
g(3n + 3) = 3n +1, n  0
For x = 3n + 1
(1) gogog (3n + 1) = gog(3n + 2) = g(3n + 3) = 3n + 1
Similarly
gogog (3n + 2) = 3n + 2
gogog (3n + 3) = 3n + 3
So gogog (x) = x  x  N
(2) As f : N  N, f = 3n + 1
= 3n + 2
= 3n + 3
So, g(3n + 1) = 3n + 2, g(3n + 2) = 3n + 3, g(3n + 3) = 3n + 1
So g(f(x))  f(x)
(3) If f : N  N and f is a one-one function such that f(g(x)) = f(x) then
g(x) = x
but g(x)  x
(4) If f : N  N and f is an onto function such that f(g(x)) = f(x) then
One of its possibilities is by taking f(x) as onto function

a x  3n  1

f (x)  a x  3n  2, aN
a x  3n  3

 f  g  x    f (x)x  N

68. Consider function f : A  B and g : B  C (A, B, C  R) such that (gof)–1 exists, then :
[JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) f is onto and g is one-one
(B) f is one-one and g is onto
(C) f and g both are onto
(D) f and g both are one-one
Ans. (B)
Sol. Let f is not a one-one function then
Let f(x1) = f(x2) = y  B and g(y) = z
 gof(x1) = g(f(x1)) = g(y) = z
and gof(x2) = g(f(x2)) = g(y) = z
x1
 (gof)–1 (z) = does not exists
x2
Hence f must be one-one
Again let g is not onto function and f is one-one then clearly (gof)–1 does not exists.
Hence (2) correct.

310
 100
 (1)n n 
69. If [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then    is equal to :
n 8  2 
[JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 0
Ans. (C)
100
 n n
Sol. n 8
(1) 2   [4]  [4.5]  [5]  [–5.5]  .......  [49]  [–49.5]  [50]
–1 –1

 –1 × 46 + 50 = 4

70. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then the number of possible function f : S  S such that
f(m.n) = f(m).f(n) for every m, n  S and m·n  S is equal to ……….
[JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (490)
Sol. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
F : S  S such that f(m.n) = f(m). f(n)  m, n  S and m·n  S
Then
Case. I m = 1 , then f(n) = f(1) f(n)
 f(n) (1 – f(1)) = 0
 f(1) = 1
When m = n = 2  f(4) = f(2) f(2)
f (2)  1  f (4)  1

= f (2)  2  f (4)  4
f (2)  3  f (4)  9  s

Hence f(2) can be 1 or 2
Put m = 2, n = 3
 when f (2)  1 , f (3)  1, 2,3,........7
 f(6) = f(2) f(3) =  f (6)  1, 2,3,.........7 f (4)  4
 f (2)  2 f (3)  1, 2,3
 then
Also f(5) & f(7) may take any value from {1, 2, 3, …. 0 …… 7}
So total number of such function = 1 × 1 × 7 × 1 × 7 × 1 × 7 + 1 × 1 × 3 × 1 × 7 × 1 × 7
= 49(7 + 3) = 490

71. Let f : R  R be defined as

1 20
1
f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x) f(y), f   = –1. Then the value of  is equal to
2 k 1 sin  k  sin  k  f (k) 

: [JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-2)]

2 2
(A) sec (21) sin (20) sin (2) (B) sec (1) sec (21) cos (20)
2
(C) cosec (1) cosec (21) sin (20) (D) cosec2 (21) cos (20) cos (2)
Ans. (C)
Sol. f : R R

311
 1
f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x) f(y), f   = –1
2
Put y = 0  2f(x) = 2f(x) f(0)
 2f(x)(f(0)–1) = 0
 f(0) = 1 or f (x) = 0  x.
1
But f   = –1  f(x) = 0  x Rejected.
2
Hence f (0) = 1
Now put x = 0 in given equation we have
f(y) + f (–y) = 2f (0) f (y)
 f(y) + f (–y) = 2 f(y)
 f(–y) = f (y)  f is even function
Put x = y  f(2x) + f (0) = 2f2 (x)
 f(2x) + 1 = 2 f2(x)
 f(1) + 1 = 2 f2   = 2
1
2
 f(1) = 1 ……………..(1)
Put y = 1 is given function equation we have
f(x + 1) + f (x – 1) = 2f(x) ……………..(2)
 f(x + 1), f(x), f(x –1) are in AP  x.
f(0) = 1 & f(1) = 1
 f(2) = f(3) = ………..= f (20) = 1
20
1
Hence 
k 1 sin k sin  k  f (k) 
20
1
=  sin k sin  k  1
k 1

20
1 sin  (k  1) – k 
=  sin1 sin k sin  k  1
k 1

= Cosec 1 {(cot 1 – cot2) + (cot2 – cot3) + (cot3 – cot4) + …….+(cot20 – cot 21)}
= Cosec 1 . {cot 1 – cot21}
sin (21 –1)
= Cosec 1 .
sin1.sin 21
2
= Cosec 1. Sin20 Cosec 21

 1 x 
72. The domain of the function cos ec1   is: [JEE Main 2021 (26-08-2021-Shift-2)]
 x 
 1   1 
(A)   ,    0 (B)   ,    0
 2   2 
 1  1 
(C)  1,     0,   (D)   , 0   1,  
 2  2 
Ans. (B)

312
 1 x 1 x
Sol.  1 or 1
x x
1 x  x 1 x  x
0 or 0
x x
2x  1 1
0 or 0
x x

 1 
x   ,0 or x   0,  
2 
 1 
x    ,    0
 2 

73.  
If A  x  R : x  2  1 , B  x  R : x  3  1 , C  x  R : x  4  2 and Z is the set of
2

all integers, then the number of subsets of the set  A  B  C   Z is ______.

C

[JEE Main 2021 (27-08-2021-Shift-1)]

Ans. (256)
Topic- Function
Sol. A   ,1   3,  
B   , 2    2,  
C   , 2  6,  
So, A  B  C   , 2   6,  

z   A  B  C   2, 1,0, 1, 2,3, 4,5

Hence, number of its subsets  28  256

74. Which of the following is not correct for relation R on the set of real numbers?
(A)  x, y   R  x  y  1 is reflexive and symmetric
(B)  x, y   R  0  x  y  1 is neither transitive nor symmetric
(C)  x, y   R  x  y  1 is reflexive but not symmetric
(D)  x, y   R  0  x  y  1 is symmetric and transitive
[Jee main 2021 (31-08-2021-shift-1)]
Ans. (D)
0  x  y  1
Sol.  is symmetric
0  y  x  1
Let 0  x  y  1 …… (1)

313
 1, 2   R and  2,3  R satisfy the equation (1)
But 1,3  R not satisfied
Hence, 0  x  y  1 is symmetric but not transitive relation.

75. Let f : N  N be a function such that f  m  n   f  m   f  n  for every m, n  N . If f(6) = 18

then f  2   f  3 is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (31-08-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 18 (B) 36
(C) 6 (D) 54
Ans. (D)
Sol. f  3  3  f  3  f  3  f  3  9
f  3  f  2  1  f  2   f 1
 f 1  1  f 1
 f 1  f 1  f 1
9  3f 1  f 1  3
f  2   f 1  1  f 1  f 1  6
f  2   f  3   6  9   54

76. The range of the function [JEE Main 2021 (01-09-2021-Shift-2)]

  3       3 
f  x   log 5  3  cos   x   cos   x   cos   x   cos   x   is
  4  4  4   4 
 1 
(A)  , 5 
 5 
(B)  0, 5 
(C)  0, 2 (D)  2, 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. f  x   log 5 3  2 sin x  2 cos x 

2   2 sin x  2 cos x  2 

 1  3  2 sin x  2 cos x  5 
 log 5 1  f  x   log 5 5
 0  f x  2

2
77. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f  k    for k = 2, 3, 4, 5. Then the value of
k
52 – 10 f(10) is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (01-09-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (26)
Sol. Let kf(k) + 2 = a (k – 2) (k – 3) (k – 4) (k –5) …… (i)

314
Put k = 0
2 = a (–2) (–3) (–4) (–5)
1
a
60
1
Put a  in (i), we get
60
1
kf  k   2   k  2  k  3 k  4  k  5 
60
Now, put k = 10
1
10f 10   2   8  7  6  5
60
10f 10   26
So, 52  10f 10   26

315
 Function Solved Exercise – 5
1. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Then the set of all x satisfying
(f o g o g o f)(x) = (g o g o f)(x), where (f o g)(x) = f(g(x)), is [JEE Adv. 2011]
(A) ± n , n  {0, 1, 2, ....} (B) ± n , n  {1, 2, ....}

(C) + 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....} (D) 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....}
2
Ans. (A)
Sol. f(x) = x2 & g(x) = sin x
 (fogogof)(x) = sin2(sin x2)
and (gogof)(x) = sin(sin x2)
Now, (fogogof)(x) = (gogof)(x)
 sin2(sin x2) = sin (sin x2)
 sin(sin x2) [sin(sin x2) – 1] = 0
 sin (sin x2) = 0 or sin (sin x2) = 1
 sin x2 = nor sin x2 = (4n + 1) /2; n  I
  
 sin x2 = 0 Rejected  (4n  1)  [1, 1]
 2 
 x2 = m ; m  {0, 1,2,3,……} Ans.

2. The function f : [0, 3] [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is
[JEE Adv. 2012]
(A) one-one and onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) one-one but not onto (D) neither one-one nor onto
Ans. (B)
Sol. f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1
f (x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 6(x – 2)(x – 3)

+ + – +
2 2 3

2 Max. 2 Min.
 f(0) = 1
f(2) = 29

316
 f(3) = 28
 for x  [0, 3]

Range of f(x) is [1, 29] = co-domain

+ y

+ 29

+ 28

+ + + + x
+0 2 + 3

 f(x) is many-one and onto Ans.

  
3. Let f :   ,   R be given by f(x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3 . Then [JEE Adv. 2014]
 2 2
(A) f(x) is an odd function (B) f(x) is a one-one function
(C) f(x) is an onto function (D) f(x) is an even function
Ans. (ABC)
Sol. f(x) = (n (sec x + tan x))3
f(–x) = (n(sec x – tan x))3
ba
=
5!
=   n(sec x  tan x)    f (x)
3

 f(x) is an odd function

Now,
sec x tan x  sec 2 x
f (x) = 3(n (sec x + tan x)2 ×
(sec x  tan x)
   
= 3 (n (sec x + tan x))2 × sec x > 0 x   , 
 2 2
 One-one function
x x
1  tan 2 2 tan
2  2
2 x 2 x
1  tan 1  tan
2 2

317
 x
1  tan
2
x
1  tan
2
 x
Increasing  tan   
4 2
Increasing
 
tan  0, 
 2
n  0,  

 ,  
3

 ,  
 Inc 
3
 Inc

4. Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7 elements. If a is the
number of one-one functions from X to Y and b is the number of onto functions from
ba
Y to X, then the value of is. [JEE Adv. 2018]
5!
Ans. (119)
Sol. n(x) = 5 and n(y) = 7
a = Number of one-one functions from X to Y
= 7C5 × 5 ! = 2! × 5!

b = Number of onto functions from y to x

+ 7 + 7
or
+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2

 7! 1 7! 1 1
 b 4       5!
 (1!)  3! 4! (1!)  (2!) 3! 2!
3 2

= (140) × 5!
ba
  140  21  119 Ans.
5!

318
5. If the function f : R R is defined by f(x) = |x| (x–sinx), then which of the following
statements is TRUE ? [JEE Adv. 2020]
(A) f is one-one, but NOT onto (B) f is onto, but NOT one-one
(C) f is BOTH one-one and onto (D) f is NEITHER one-one NOR onto
Ans. (C)
Sol. f(x) = |x| (x – sin x)
 f(– x) = |x| (– x + sin x) = – |x| (x – sin x)
 f(– x) = – f(x) odd function.
Now, x  0, f(x) = x2 – x sin x
 f (x) = 2x – x cos x – sin x
 f '(x)  (x  sin x)  x (1  cos x)  0  x  0
 ve  ve

 f(x) is increasing  x  0
Now, x < 0, f(x) = – x2 + x sin x
 f (x) = –2x + x cos x + sin x
 f '(x)  (x  sin x)  x (1  cos x)  0  x  0
 ve  ve

+ y

+ x
+ (0,0)

one-one & onto Ans.

4x
6. Let the function f : [0, 1] R be defined by f (x)  .Then the value of is
4x  2
 1   2   3   39   1 
f    f       ......f    f   [JEE Adv. 2020]
 40   40   40   40   2 
Ans. (19)
4x
Sol. f(x) =
4x  2
41 x 4 / 4x 2
f (1  x)  1 x
 
4  2 4 / 4  2 2  4x
x

 f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1

319
Now,
 1   2   20   2   1  1
 f    f    ......  f    ......f 1    f 1    f  
 40   40   40   40   40   2 

  1   1    2   2    19   19  
 f    f 1     f    1     ......  f    f 1   
  40   40     40   40     40   40  
= 1 + 1 + 1……+ 1 (19 times)
= 19 Ans.

320
BRAHMASTRA
FINAL REVISION MODULE BEFORE EXAMINATION

321
 FUNCTION
1. GENERAL DEFINITION

A relation R from set A to set B is called a function iff

(a) Every element of A should be associated with B but vice – versa is not essential.
(b) Every element of A should be associated with a unique (one and only one) element of B but any
element of B can have two or more relations in A.

f ( x)  y
x
Pictorially :   f  , y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y under f.
input output

Every function from A  B satisfies the following conditions .

(i) f AxB (ii)  a  A  (a, f(a))  f and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c

2. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION

Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of
f . The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f . Thus :
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain . If only the rule of function is given then
the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers, where function is defined. For a
continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.

3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a non
negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a polynomial
function of degree n .

NOTE
(a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) . They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1  xn, where n is a positive integer.

(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn1 + ....... + Pn1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 Where n is a positive integer and P0 (x), P1 (x)
........... are Polynomials in x. e.g. x3 + y3 – 3xy = 0 or
y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y²  x² = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not
algebraic is called TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTION .

322
(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION
g ( x)
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where
h( x )
g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h (x)  0.

(IV) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. The inverse of
the exponential function is called the logarithmic function .
i.e. g(x) = loga x.
For f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.
1
For f (x) = e x domain is R – {0} and range is R+ – {1}.
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown.

(v) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolut e value function or Modulus function. It is
 x if x  0
defined as : y = x  
  x if x  0
 For f (x) = | x |, domain is R and range is R+  {0}.
1
For f (x) = , domain is R – {0} and range is R+.
|x|

(vi) SIGNUM FUNCTION

A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows

1 for x0

y = f (x) = 0 for x0

 1 for x0

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ;

x  0 ; f (0) = 0
(vii) GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2
and so on .

323
 1 1 y

1 1 4
1 1 3
1 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 x
1 11 -114 1- 3 1- 2 1- 1 1 11 112 13 4
1 1 -1
1 1 -2
1 1 -3
1 1 -4

Properties of greatest integer function :

(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and
x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer .
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer
=  1 otherwise .

(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION

It is defined as :
g (x) = {x} = x  [x] .
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is
0.3. The period of this function is 1 and graph of
this function is as shown .

1 1 y

1 1 x
1 1 -4 -21 1 0 2 4

324
4. DOMAINS AND RANGES OF COMMON FUNCTION

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

A. Algebraic Functions

(i) xn , (n  N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd

R  {0} , if n is even
+

1
(ii) , (n  N) R – {0} R – {0} , if n is odd
xn
R+ , if n is even

(iii) x1/n , (n  N) R , if n is odd R, if n is odd

R  {0} , if n is even
+
R  {0} , if n is even
+

1
(iv) , (n  N) R – {0} , if n is odd R – {0} , if n is odd
x1/ n
R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is eve

B. Trigonometric Functions
(i) sin x R [–1, 1]
(ii) cos x R [–1, 1]

(iii) tan x R – (2k + 1) , k I R
2

(iv) sec x R – (2k + 1) , k I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
2
(v) cosec x R – k , k  I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
(vi) cot x R – k , k  I R

C. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logax , (a > 0 ) (a 1) R+ R
1
(ii) logxa = R+ – { 1 } R–{0}
log a x
(a > 0 ) (a  1)

D. Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught )

   
(i) sin–1 x [–1, 1]   2 , 2 
(ii) cos–1 x [–1, 1] [ 0, ]
  
(iii) tan–1 x R  , 
 2 2
   
(iv) cosec –1x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )   ,
2 2 
–{0}

325
  
(v) sec–1 x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  ) [ 0, ] – 
2 
(vi) cot –1 x R ( 0, )

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

E. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
(ii) e1/x R–{0} R+ – { 1 }
(iii) ax , a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x , a > 0 R –{0} R+ – { 1 }

F. Integral Part Functions

(i) [x] R I
1 1 
(ii) R – [0, 1 )  , n  I  {0} 
[ x] n 

G. Fractional Part Functions

(i) {x} R [0, 1)

1
(ii) R–I (1, )
{x}
H. Modulus Functions
(i) |x| R R+  { 0 }
1
(ii) R–{0} R+
| x|

I. Signum Function
| x|
sgn (x) = ,x0 R {–1, 0 , 1}
x
=0,x=0

J. Constant Function

say f (x) = c R {c}

5. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION

Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :

(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain. eg.
1 x
f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions .
x x
326
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

One  One Function (Injective mapping)

A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different
elements of A have different f images in B . Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1) ,
f(x2)  B , f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2) .
Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR
Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is oneone .
(ii) If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is oneone .

Many–one function
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have
the same f image in B . Thus f : A  B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2 .
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum,
then f(x) is manyone . In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of
the function atleast at two points, then f is manyone .
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa .

Onto function (Surjective mapping)

If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of atleast one
element in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b 
B,  some a  A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR
Note that : if range = codomain, then f(x) is onto.

327
 Into function
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of
any element in domain, then f(x) is into .
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR
Note that : If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree even
will always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :
(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

Note : (i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non singular or bi uniform
functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions
defined from AA is nn & out of it n ! are one one.

Identity function
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is denoted by
IA.
It is easy to observe that identity function is a bijection .
Constant function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image
in B . Thus f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function. Note that the range of a
constant function is a singleton and a constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or
into .

328
7. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, then both f & g are
defined in A  B. Now we define f + g , f  g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows :
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)

(ii) (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)

f  f ( x)
(iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x  A  B such that g(x)  0} .
g g ( x)
8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS

Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the function gof : A  C defined by

(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g .
x f ( x)
Diagramatically    g (f(x)) .
Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage of x .
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take
its g-image. Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset of
the domain of g.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that
fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh .
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that
gof is defined, then gof is also a bijection.

9. BOUNDED FUNCTION
A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity .

10. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B . Then g is said to be inverse of f .
Thus g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f} .
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique .
(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection & g : B  A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.

Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the line
y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x ',y ' ) corresponding to y = x2 (x >0)
changes to (y ',x ' ) corresponding to y   x , the changed form of x = y.

329
 (iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection .
(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C then the inverse of gof exists
and
(gof)1 = f1 o g1 .

13. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS

If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3 .
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .
NOTE : (a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is symmetric
about the origin.
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x)  f (  x) f ( x)  f (  x)
e.g. f ( x)  
2 2

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the
same time is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any
one of them is odd then f.g will be odd .
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION

A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the period of
the function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
NOTE : (a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period .
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist .
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that
f (x) + g (x) must have a period T . e.g. f (x) = sinx+ cosx.
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f ( x) also has a period p.
f ( x)
(f) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).

15. GENERAL
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn, n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

330
 SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by is
 n 1
 , when n is odd
 2
f (n)   [JEE Main 2003]
 n , when n is even

 2
(A) neither one-one nor onto (B) one-one but not onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) one-one and onto both

Ans. (D)
 n 1
 2 ; n  odd
Sol. f (n)   f(n) : N  I
  n ; n  Even
 2

n = 1  f(1) = 0

n = 2  f(2) = –1

n = 3  f(3) = 1

n = 4  f(4) = –2

n = 5  f(5) = 2

n = 6  f(6) = –3



 f(x) is one-one and onto.

2. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then
[JEE Main 2004]
(A) f(x) = –f(–x) (B) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) (C) f(x) = f(–x) (D) f(x + 2) = f(x – 2)

Ans. (B)
Sol. For a function to be symmetric about the line

x = 2, f(2 + x) = f(2 – x)

331
3. The range of the function f(x) = 7–xPx–3 is [JEE Main 2004]
(A) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (D) {1, 2, 3}

Ans. (D)
7  x 1 

Sol. f(x) = 7 –x
Px – 3 : Domain :– x  3  0   x [3, 5]
7  x  x  3

 Range  {f(3), f(4), f(5)}  x  {3, 4, 5}

 {4P0, 3P1, 2P2}

 {1, 2, 3}

sin 1 (x  3)
4. The domain of the function f (x)  is [JEE Main 2004]
9  x2
(A) [1, 2] (B) [2, 3) (C) [1, 2) (D) [2, 3]

Ans. (B)
sin 1 (x  3)
Sol. f (x) 
9  x2

1  x  3  1
 2x4 
Domain :– n n  x  [2,3)
9x  0 
2
  3  x  3

5. A real valued function f(x) satisfied the functional equation

f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y)
where a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, f(2a – x) is equal to [JEE Main 2005]
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x) (C) f(a) + f(a – x) (D) f(–x)

Ans. (A)
Sol. f(x – y) = f(x) · f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y)

Put x = y = 0  f(0) = f2(0) – f2(a)  f(a) = 0

Put x = a & y = x – a

 f(2a – x) = f(a) · f(x – a) – f(0) · f(x)

 f(2a – x) = –f(x) { f(0) = 1 & f(a) = 0}

332
 x x
6. The period of the function f(x) = sin 2x + sin    sin   is
 3   5 
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 15 (D) 30

Ans. (D)
 x   x 
Sol. f (x)  sin 2x  sin    sin  
 3   5 



 2 2 2 
LCM  , , 
 2 /3 /5

 LCM (1, 6, 10) = 30

7. The period of the function, f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] +.....+ [nx] – x, where n  N and []
denotes the greatest integer function, is :
1
(A) 1 (B) n (C) (D) Non periodic
n

Ans. (A)
n (x  1) x
Sol. f(x) = *x+ + *2x+ +……+*nx+ –
2
n (n  1)
= (x – {x}) + (2x – ,2x-) + …. + (nx – {nx}) – x
2

= – (,n- + ,2x- +….+ ,nx-)

 1 1
LCM 1, ,......,   1
 2 n

 Period = 1

8. If f : R  R, f(x) = ex, & g : R  R, g(x) = 3x – 2, then the value of (fog)–1 (x) is equal to
2  ln x  x 3
(A) log(x – 2) (B) (C) log   (D) None of these
3  2 
Ans. (B)
Sol. f(x) = e x & g(x) = 3x – 2

 fog(x) = f(g(x) =f(3x – 2) = e3x – 2 = y(let)

1
 3x – 2 = n y  x = (n y + 2)
3
1
 fog   2  n x  Ans.
1
 
3
333
9. If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x  1), then f1(x) is
[JEE 99]
x ( x 1)
1
(A)  
2
(B)
1
2

1  1  4log 2 x (C) 
1
2

1  1  4log 2 x  (D) not defined

Ans. (B)
Sol. f (x)  2x(x 1) : [1, )  [1, )

Let y = 2x(x–1)

 log 2 y  x 2  x  x 2  x  log 2 y  0

1  1  4log 2 y
 x
2

1  1  4 log 2 y
 x= { x  1}
2
1
 f 1 (x)  1  1  4log 2 x 
2

0 if x is rational 0 if x is irrational
10. Let f (x) =  and g (x) = 
 
 x if x is irrational  x if x is rational
Then the function (f – g) x is
(A) odd (B) even
(C) neither odd nor even (D) odd as well as even

Ans. (A)
 – x; x  Q
Sol. Let h(x) = (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) = 
x ; x  Q '

Case-I : x  Q  h(x) = – x

 h(– x) = x = – h(x)  odd function

Case-II : x  Q  h(x) = x

 h(– x) = – x – h(x)  odd function

 From Case-I & II h(– x) = – h(x)  x  R

 h(x) = f(x) – g(x) is an odd function.

334
 2(e x  e  x )(sin x  tan x)
11. f(x) = is (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
 x  2 
2 3
  
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither even nor odd (D) both even and odd

Ans. (A)
Sol. Case i > If x = n, then f(x) = 0  f(x) is even as well odd
Case ii > If xn, then

2(e x  e  x )(sin x  tan x)

f(x) =
 x
2 2    3
 
x
2(e  e )(sin x  tan x)
x
f(x) =
x
1 2  

x
2(e  e )((sin x  tan x))
x
 f(– x) =
 x 
1 2  
  
x
2(e  e )(sin x  tan x)
x
x
= ; n
 x 
1  2  1    
 
2(e x  e  x )(sin x  tan x)
=
x
1 2  

f(– x) = – f(x)  f(x) is odd
 from case i > & case ii > ; f(x) is an odd function

12. If a  R and the equation – 3(x – [x])2 + 2(x – [x]) + a2 = 0 [IIT Mains 2014]
(where [x] denotes the greatest integer  x) has no integral solution, then all possible
values of 'a 'lie in the interval
(A) (– , – 2)  (2, ) (B) (– 1, 0)  (0, 1)
(C) (1, 2) (D) (– 2, – 1)

Ans. (B)
Sol. x – [x] = {x} = t  [0, 1)
–3t2+ 2t + a2 = 0
 a2= 3t2 – 2t  [0, 1)
Since eqn cannot have integral
root : t0
 a2  (0, 1)
 a  (–1, 0)  (0, 1)

335
13. The range of the function f(x) = sin(cos x)  cos(sin x) is :
(A) 1,1  cos1 (B)  cos1,1  cos1

(C)  cos1,1  sin1 (D) 1,1  sin1

Ans. (C)
Sol. f(x) = sin (cos x)  cos (sin x)

Domain : -

sin(cos x)  0 and cos(sin x)  0

cosx  [– 1, 1] sinx [– 1, 1]

but for cos x  [– 1, 0),  x  R

sin(cos x) is – ve

 sin(cos x) to be  0 cos x  [0, 1]

 x  [0, /2] and x  R

 
 Domain of f(x) is x   n, n   ; n  I
 2 

Now, f (x)  sin (cos x)  cos (sin x)

cos (cos x) (– sin x) (– sin (sin x)) cos x

f '(x)  
sin (cos x) cos (sin x)

 
f (x) < 0  x   0, 

2 

 
 f(x) is decreasing function  x  0,
 2 

  
 Range  f   , f (0) 
 2 

f(x)   cos1,1  sin1

 

336
14. Let f(x) = ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – (tan x)sgn x, be an even function for
all x  R, then sum of all possible values of ‘a’ is
(where [ ] and { } denote greatest integer function and fractional part functions
respectively)
17 53 31 35
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 3 3

Ans. (D)
Sol. f(x) = ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1)x – tan xsgn(x)

f(– x) = – ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4) x3 + (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – tan xsgn(x)

 f(x) is an even function

 f(– x) = f(x)  x R

 2([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – 2(6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x = 0 x  R

[a]2 – 5[a] + 4 = 0 and 6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1 = 0

 [a] = 1, 4 and {a} = 1/2, 1/3

a = [a] +{a}

=1 + 1/2, 1 + 1/3, 4 + 1/2, 4 + 1/3

= 3/2, 4/3, 9/2, 13/3

Sum of all possible values of ‘a’.

3 4 9 13 35
    
2 3 2 3 3

1 1
15. For x  R – [0, 1], let f1 (x)  , f 2 (x)  1  x and f3 (x)  be three given functions.
x 1 x
If a function, J(x) satisfies (f2oJof1 ) (x) = f3(x) then J(x) is equal to [JEE Main 2019]
1
(A) f3(x) (B) f3 (x) (C) f2(x) (D) f1(x)
x
Ans. (A)
Sol. f 2 ( J ( f1 ( x))  f3 ( x)
1 1
1 – J  
 x  1 x
1 1
J   1–
x 1x

 1  1  x –1 x
J   
x 1– x x 1
1/x
J(x) 
1 / x –1
1
J ( x) 
1 x
 J(x) = f3(x)

337
16. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, ....... , 20} onto {1, 2, 3, ..........., 20} such that
f(k) is a multiple of 3, whenever k is a multiple of 4, is : [JEE Main 2019]
(A) 65 × (15)! (B) 5! × 6! (C) (15)! × 6! (D) 56 × 15

Ans. (C) 1 1
Sol. for k = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} 2 2
 f(k) = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} 3 3
No. of ways = 6! 4 4
for remaining = 15! . .
 6! × 15! . .
. .
. .
20 20

17. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f : R–{–a} R be defined by
ax
f (x)  . Further suppose that for any real number x – a and f(x)  –a, (fof)(x) = x.
ax
Then f    is equal to:
1
 2
[JEE Main 2020]
1 1
(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) (D) –
3 3

Ans. (B)
ax
Sol. f(x) =
ax
a  f ( x)
f(f(x)) = x
a  f ( x)
a  ax ax
 f ( x) 
1 x ax

 1 x  a  x
a  a=1
 1 x  a  x
1 x
So f(x) =
1 x
 1 
f  3
 2 

338
18. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Then the set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f)(x)
= (g o g o f)(x), where (f o g)(x) = f(g(x)), is
[JEE Adv. 2011]
(A) ± n , n  {0, 1, 2, ....} (B) ± n , n  {1, 2, ....}

(C) + 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....} (D) 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....}
2
Ans. (A)
Sol. (g o f)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2) = sinx2
g o (g o f)(x) = g(sinx2) = sin (sinx2)
f o (g o g o f(x)) = f(sin(sinx2)) = (sin (sinx2) )2
 (sin (sinx2))2= sin(sinx2)
 (sin (sinx2)){ sin(sinx2)  1) = 0
sin (sinx2) = 0 or sin (sinx2) = 1

 sinx2 = n  or sinx2 =2n  
2
at n = 0 at n = 0

 sinx2 = 0 sinx2 = (Not possible)
2
 x2 = n 
 x   n ; n {0,1, 2,.....}

4x
19. Let the function f: [0,1]  R be defined by f ( x)  Then the value o
4x  2
 1   2   3   39  1
f   f   f    .......  f   f   is [JEE Adv 2020]
 40   40   40   40  2

Ans. (19)
Sol. f : [0, 1]  R
4x
f(x) = x
4 2
4
41 x x 4
f(1 – x) = 1 x  4 =
4 2 4 4  2.4x
 2
4x
2

2  4x
 f(x) + f(1-x) = 1

 1   2   39  1
f  f   ......  f   f 
 40   40   40  2
 20  1
 19 pairs + f    f   = 19
 40  2

339