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Chapter 4 Analyzing The Meaning of The Data and Drawing Conclusions 1

The document discusses various techniques for analyzing qualitative data, including presenting data, identifying themes, coding, and interpreting results. It covers topics like thematic analysis, in-vivo coding, content analysis, narrative analysis, and discourse analysis. Steps in qualitative data analysis are also outlined, such as familiarization with data, coding, searching for themes, reviewing and defining themes.

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Aira Mae Peña
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273 views34 pages

Chapter 4 Analyzing The Meaning of The Data and Drawing Conclusions 1

The document discusses various techniques for analyzing qualitative data, including presenting data, identifying themes, coding, and interpreting results. It covers topics like thematic analysis, in-vivo coding, content analysis, narrative analysis, and discourse analysis. Steps in qualitative data analysis are also outlined, such as familiarization with data, coding, searching for themes, reviewing and defining themes.

Uploaded by

Aira Mae Peña
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYZING THE

Meaning of the
Data and Drawing
Conclusions

MR. CONSTANTINO, MS. DIONELA, MS. NAZARENO


Today's
Agenda

Presentation of Data Types of Qualitative Data Analysis

Techniques in Collecting
Steps in Thematic Analysis
Qualitative Data

Qualitative Data Analysis In-vivo Coding

Techniques to Identify Themes Interpretation of Data


Qualitative Data
Presentation of Data

The data are usually presented in charts, table


or figures with textual interpretation.

• Graph/Figure
This shows relation, comparisons and
distribution in a set of data, like absolute values,
percentages, or index numbers.
Examples:
-Area graph -Pie graph
-Bar graph
-Line graph
• Graph/Figure
Presentation of Data
• Table
It provides exact values and illustrate results
efficiently as they enable the researcher to
present a large amount of data in small
amount or space to examine multiple and
diverse angles.

Examples:
-Title -Columns
-Rows -Data
-Label
Qualitative Data Analysis
It involves the identification,
examination and interpretation
of patterns and themes in
textual data and determines
how these patterns and
themes help answer the
research questions at hand.
What is infer?
-short term for inference
-uses observation and background to reach
logical conclusion

What are patterns and themes from data?

• Pattern
-something that happens in regular or repeated
way
• Theme
-a theme is generated when similar issues and ideas
expressed by expressed by participants within
qualitative data are brought together by the researcher
into a single category or cluster.
Techniques to Identify Themes in
Qualitative Data

Word Repetitions
Word repetitions, key indigenous terms and key
words-in-contexts (KWIC) all draw on a simple
observation based on the words they use. It can
be analyzed through:
• Informal mode - invetigators simply read text
nd note words that people use a lot
• formal mode - generate a list of all unique
words in text and count the number of times
each occurs
Techniques to Identify Themes in
Qualitative Data

Indigenous Categories
-To find themes, look for local terms that may sound
unfamiliar or used in unfamiliar ways. Patton
(1990:306, 393-400) refers to these as " indigenous
categories" and contrasts them with "analyst
constructed typologies." Grounded theorist refers to
the process of identifying local terms as in vivo
coding (Strauss 1987:28-32, Strauss and Corbin
1990:61-74)
Techniques to Identify Themes in
Qualitative Data

Key-words-in-context (KWIC)
-In this techniques researchers identify key words
and then systematically search the corpus of text to
find all instances of the word or phrase. Each time
they find a word, they make a copy of it and its
immediate context. Themes get identified by
physically sorting the examples into piles of similar
meaning.
Techniques to Identify Themes in
Qualitative Data

Compare and Contrast


-It is based on the idea that themes represent the
ways in which texts are either similar or different
from each other. Glazer and Strauss (1967:101_116)
refer to this as the "constant comparison method."
Techniques to Identify Themes in
Qualitative Data

Social Science Queries


-Researchers are interested in understanding how
textual data illuminate questions of importance to
social science. Spradley (1979:199-201) suggested
searching interview for evidence of social conflict,
cultural contradictions, informal methods of social
control things that people do in managing
impersonal social relationships, methods by which
people acquire and maintain achieved and
ascribed status, and information about how people
solved problems.
Types of Qualitative Analysis

Content
Analysis
-It is used to
analyze and
interpret verbal
data, or
behavioral data.
Content can be
analyzed
descriptively or
interpretatively.
Types of Qualitative Analysis

Narrative
Analysis
-It is used to analyze text
that may come from
variety of sources
including transcripts from
interviews, diaries, field
notes, surveys and other
written forms. Narrative
analysis often involves
reformulating stories
presented by people in
different context and
based on their different
experiences.
Types of Qualitative Analysis

Discourse
Analysis
-It is a method of
analyzing naturally
occurring spoken
interactions and written
text and is concerned with
the social context in which
Example sentence:
the communication
Woman likes both to give and get compliment.
occurred. It focuses on
how language is used in
everyday life and looks at (If we will analyze the sentence in discourse analysis, we will see
how people express different cultures. In Indian culture, if you are complimenting someone,
themselves. you need to accept and give gifts. However, in foreign culture it simply
means you are complimenting someone.
Types of Qualitative Analysis

Grounded
Theory
-It is also called analytic
induction. This is a
method that attempts
to develop causal
explanations of a
phenomenon from one
or more cases being
studied. Explanations
are altered as additional
cases are studied until
the researcher arrives at
a statement that fits all
cases.
Types of Qualitative Analysis

Thematic
Analysis
Braun and Clarke
(2006) define
themaic analysis
as " a method for
ide tifying,
analyzing and
reporting
patterns within
the data." (p.79)
Steps in Thematic Analysis

1. Familiarization with the data: This phase


involves reading and re-reading the data and
record similarities and differences observed
across tha data.

2. Coding: This phase attempts to reduce


segments of data into codes that often
compromise several words or
descriptions.This aims to simplify the data and
recognize the patterns and themes.
Steps in Thematic Analysis
3. Searching for themes: This phase involves
examining the codes and collated data to identify
significant broader patterns of meaning (potential
themes). It then involves collating data relevant to
each candidate theme (couple of phrases or
sentences), so that you can work with the data and
review the viability of each candidate theme.

4. Reviewing the themes: This phase involves checking


the candidate themes against the data set, to
determine that they tell a convincing story of the data,
and one that answers the research question. In this
phase, themes are typically refined, which sometimes
involves them being split, combined or discarded
Steps in Thematic Analysis
5. Defining and naming themes: This phase
involves developing a detailed analysis of each
theme, working out the scope and focus of
each theme, determining the 'stiry' of each. It
also involves deciding on an informative name
for each theme.

6. Writing up: This final phase involves weaving


together analytic narrative and data extracts,
and contextualizing the analysis in relation to
exisiting literature.
In Vivo Coding
A first cycle method in qualitative analysis also known as verbatim
coding. It utilizes the language and terminology used by the participant
rather thn alternative method where codes are research-derived. It helps
researcher attain an in-depth understanding of the direct stories, ideas
and meanings that are expressed by research participants.
In Vivo Coding Example:
What is a code?
Code may be a word or short
phrase that symbolically assigns a
cumulative, prominent and essence
capturing a portion or a text of a
visual data.
For Meaningful Coding

• Read your transcripts repeatedly.


• Save the brief description of all
codes or the meaning or context.
• Mention when and who coded the
data.
• Coding is not just labelling, it is
linking of data as well.
Types of Coding

Predefined codes
-These are codes that are formulated by the
researcher based on his/her knowledge
through the reviewed literatures.

Literature
Types of Coding

Emergent Codes
-These are codes that becomes apparent as
one reviews data.
Interpreting the Data

In this process, the results are


synthesized in a coherent whole.
Meaning and significant are attached
to the analysis of data. The themes
and patterns serve to explain the
findings.
Steps in Interpreting
Research Findings:
• Points or important findings should
be listed.
• the lessons learned and new things
should be noted.
• Quotes or descriptive examples
given by the participants should be
included.
• The new found knowledge from
other settings, programs or
reviewed literatures should be
applied.
Levels of Interpretation
(Ducut &Pangilinan, 2006)
Level 1. Data collected are compared and
contrasted and any unexpected results may
be included.
Level 2. The internal validity o the results, as
well as their consistency or reliability, is
explained.
Level 3. The external validity of the reults, that
is, their generality or applicability of external
condition is explained.
Level 4. The data are related to theoretical
research or with reviewed literature.
References

• Delve, L. (2021, April 6). How to do In Vivo Coding Using Delve


(Video)
Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VKAW7MpSVo
• Research Tube. (2021, March 17). Types of Qualitative Data
Analysis (Video)
Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxxES6YYwMs
• Virginia, B., & Victoria, C. (2006) Using thematic analysis in
psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, 77-101,
DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
• Delve, L., & Limpaecher, A. (2020, August 31). How to Do
Thematic Analysis. Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative
Data. https://delvetool.com/blog/thematicanalysis

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