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This document provides an overview of control systems engineering including continuous and discrete systems, open and closed loop systems, modeling techniques, stability analysis, and design methods. It covers topics such as transfer functions, state space models, linearization, controllability and observability, time and frequency response analysis, and design techniques like root locus and PID control.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
54 views5 pages

Contents 6

This document provides an overview of control systems engineering including continuous and discrete systems, open and closed loop systems, modeling techniques, stability analysis, and design methods. It covers topics such as transfer functions, state space models, linearization, controllability and observability, time and frequency response analysis, and design techniques like root locus and PID control.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Continuous and Discrete Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 State Space and Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Mathematical Modeling of Real Physical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 Models of Some Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6 Linearization of Nonlinear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.7 MATLAB Computer Analysis and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.8 Book Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.10 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
PART I — METHODS AND CONCEPTS
2. Transfer Function Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1 Frequency Domain Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.1 System Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2 Block Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.1 Modeling and Block Diagrams of a DC Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3 Block Diagram Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4 Signal Flow Graphs and Mason’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5 Sampled Data Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.5.1 Open-Loop Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.5.2 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.5.3 Transfer Functions of Digital Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.6 Transfer Function MATLAB Laboratory Experiment . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.8 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3. State Space Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1 State Space Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1.1 The State Space Model and Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1.2 State Space Variables from Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.2 Time Response from the State Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.2.1 Time Domain Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.2.2 Solution Using the Laplace Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.2.3 State Space Model and Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.3 Discrete-Time Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.3.1 Difference Equations and State Space Form . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.3.2 Discrete Transfer Function and State Space Model . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.3 Discretization of Continuous-Time Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.3.4 Solution of the Discrete-Time State Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.3.5 Solution of the Discrete State Equation by the -transform . . . 133
3.3.6 Response Between Sampling Instants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.3.7 Euler’s Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.4 The System Characteristic Equation and Eigenvalues . . . . . . . 137
3.4.1 Multiple Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.4.2 Modal Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.5 State Space MATLAB Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.5.1 Experiment 1—The Inverted Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.5.2 Experiment 2—Response of Continuous Systems . . . . . . . . . 146
3.5.3 Experiment 3—Response of Discrete Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4. Linear System Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.1 Stability Concept and Main Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.2 System Eigenvalues and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2.1 Stability of Distinct Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2.2 Stability of Multiple Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.2.3 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.2.4 Jordan Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.2.5 Multiple Eigenvalues on the Imaginary Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.2.6 Case Study: Flexible Space Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.3 Lyapunov Stability of Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.4 The Routh–Hurwitz Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.4.1 The Routh Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.5 Algebraic Stability Tests for Discrete Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4.5.1 Jury’s Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4.5.2 Bilinear Transformation and the Routh–Hurwitz Method . . . . . 201
4.6 Frequency Domain Stability Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.7 MATLAB Laboratory Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
4.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.9 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5. Controllability and Observability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.1 Observability of Discrete Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5.2 Observability of Continuous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.3 Controllability of Discrete Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
5.4 Controllability of Continuous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.5 Additional Controllability/Observability Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
5.6 Observer (Estimator) Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
5.6.1 Full-Order Observer Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
5.6.2 Reduced-Order Observer (Estimator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
5.7 MATLAB Case Study: F-8 Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5.8 MATLAB Laboratory Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
5.10 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
PART II — ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
6. Transient and Steady State Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
6.1 Response of Second-Order Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.2 Transient Response Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
6.3 Transient Response of High-Order Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.4 Steady State Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
6.5 Response of High-Order Systems by MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.6 Control System Performance Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.7 MATLAB Laboratory Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
6.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
6.9 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
7. Root Locus Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.2 Construction of the Root Locus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
7.3 Motivation for Time Domain Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.4 Discrete-Time Root Locus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.5 MATLAB Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.5.1 Case Study: F-8 Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.5.2 Case Study: A Synchronous Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.6 MATLAB Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.6.1 Hydro Power Plant Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.6.2 Discrete-Time Root Locus Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
7.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
7.8 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
8. Time Domain Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.2 State Feedback and Pole Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.3 Common Dynamic Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.3.1 PD Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.3.2 PI Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.3.3 PID Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.3.4 Phase-Lag Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.3.5 Phase-Lead Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.3.6 Phase-Lag-Lead Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
8.4 Rate Feedback Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
8.5 Compensator Design by the Root Locus Method . . . . . . . . . . . 342
8.5.1 Improvement of Steady State Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.5.2 Improvement of Transient Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
8.5.3 PID and Phase-Lag-Lead Controller Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
8.6 MATLAB Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
8.6.1 Ship Stabilization by a PD Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
8.6.2 PID Controller for a Voltage Regulator Control System . . . . . . 371
8.7 Comments on Discrete-Time Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
8.8 MATLAB Laboratory Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
8.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
8.10 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9. Frequency Domain Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
9.2 Frequency Response Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
9.3 Bode Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
9.3.1 Phase and Gain Stability Margins from Bode Diagrams . . . . . 392
9.3.2 Steady State Errors and Bode Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
9.4 Compensator Design Using Bode Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
9.4.1 Phase-Lag Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
9.4.2 Phase-Lead Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
9.4.3 Phase-Lag-Lead Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
9.4.4 Compensator Design with Phase-Lead Controller . . . . . . . . . 404
9.4.5 Compensator Design with Phase-Lag Controller . . . . . . . . . . 410
9.4.6 Compensator Design with Phase-Lag-Lead Controller . . . . . . 413
9.5 MATLAB Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
9.6 Comments on Discrete-Time Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
9.7 MATLAB Laboratory Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
9.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
9.9 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
10. Control System Theory Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
10.1 Time-Varying Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
10.2 Stochastic Linear Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
10.3 Optimal Linear Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
10.3.1 Optimal Deterministic Regulator Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
10.3.2 Optimal Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
10.3.3 Optimal Stochastic Regulator Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
10.4 Linear Time-Delay Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
10.5 System Identification and Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.5.1 System Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.5.2 Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
10.6 Nonlinear Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
10.7 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
10.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
A. Laplace Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
A.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform and its Main Property . . . . . 464
A.2 Tables of Properties and Common Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
B. -Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
B.1 Definition of the -Transform and its Main Property . . . . . . . . 469
B.2 Relation between the Z and Laplace Transforms . . . . . . . . . . 471
B.3 Tables of Properties and Common Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
C. Some Results from Linear Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
D. MATLAB Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
MATLAB Tutorial—Linear Systems and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

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